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POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CUTANEOUS FLEXOR REFLEX: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRETERM INFANTS AND NEWBORN RAT PUPS
Abstract
SUMMARY: Cutaneous flexor reflex thresholds have been used as a measure of somatosensory function: the authors measured threshold in preterm infants and newborn rat pups. Preterm infants of less than 30 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) had very low thresholds of less than 1·0g, but by 37·5+ weeks PCA thresholds were equivalent to those in normal term babies, although these are still well below adult levels. Newborn rat pups also have very low flexor reflex thresholds, which do not approach adult levels until four postnatal weeks. Repeated stimulation of the foot in preterm babies resulted in sensitization of the flexion reflex up to about 32 weeks PCA. After that age repeated stimulation resulted in habituation, as is observed in the adult. Sensitization also occurred in newborn rat pups, which changed at four postnatal weeks to habituation. The results demonstrate, the sensitivity of spinal reflexes to cutaneous inputs in the neonate and it is argued that this results from lack of inhibitory control in the immature spinal cord. RÉSUMÉ: Développement post‐natal du réflexe cutané en flexion: étude comparative du prématuré et du raton nouveau–né Les seuils de réflexe cutané en flexion de nourrissons prématurés et á terme ainsi que de ratons nouveau‐nés ont été enregistrés comme mesure de la fonction somato‐sensorielle. Les prématures de moins de trois semaines d'âge conceptionnel (PCA) avaient des seuils très bas de moins de 1·0g, mais à 37·5 semaines les seuils étaient équivalents de ceux de nourrissons normaux à terme quoique bien en dessous des niveaux adultes. Les ratons nouveau‐nés avaient aussi des seuils très bas qui n'approchaient les niveaux adultes qu'après quatre semaines post‐natales. La stimulation répétée du pied des prématurés provoquaient une sensibilisation du réflexe de flexion jusqu'aux environs de 32 semaines PCA aprés quoi il y avait habituation. La sensibilisation survenait également chez les ratons nouveau‐nés mais l'habituation survenait à quatre semaines post‐natales. Ces résultats démontrent la sensibilité des réflexes spinaux à la stimulation cutanée chez les nouveau–nés, résultat de manque de contrôle inhibiteur d'une moelle épinière immature. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Postnatale Entwicklung des kutunen Beugereflexes: Vergleichsstudie zwischen fruhgeborenen Kindern und neugeborenen Ratten Bei Frühgeborenen und reif geborenen Kindern und bei neugeborenen Ratten wurde die Reizschwelle des kutanen Beugereflexes als Maβ somatosensorischer Funktion getestet. Frühgeborene mit einem Konzeptionsalter von weniger als 30 Wochen hatten sehr niedrige Reizschwellen von weniger als 1·0g, aber mit 37,5 Wochen waren die Reizschwellen wie bei normalen reifen Neugeborenen, auch wenn diese noch weit unter den Erwachsenenwerten liegen. Die neugeborenen Ratten hatten ebenfalls sehr niedrige Reizschwellen, die die Erwachsenenwerte erst vier Wochen nach der Geburt erreichten. Wiederholte Fuβstimulation Frühgeborener resultierte in einer Sensibilisierung des Beugereflexes etwa bis zum Konzeptionsalter von 32 Wochen, danach kam es zur Gewöhnung. Eine Sensibilisierung trat auch bei neugeborenen Ratten auf, aber bei ihnen kam es vier Wochen nach der Geburt zur Gewöhnung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Empfindlichkeit spinaler Reflexe auf kutane Stimulation bei Neugeborenen, die durch das Fehlen einer inhibitorischen Kontrolle im unreifen Rückenmark bedingt ist. RESUMEN: Desarrollo postnatal del reflejo cutáneo flexor: estudio comparativo en lactantes pretérmino y en ratas recien nacidas Se examinaron los dinteles del reflejo cutáneo flexor en lactantes pretérmino y a término y en ratas recién nacidas, como medición de la función somatosensorial. Los lactantes pretérmino de menos de 30 semanas postconcepcion (edad posconcepción = EPC) tenían unos dinteles muy bajos, de menos de 1·0g, pero a las 37·5 semanas los dinteles eran eqivalentes a los lactantes a término normales, aun que éstos aún estan muy por debajo de los niveles del adulto. Las ratas recién nacidas tambien tenían unos niveles muy bajos que no se acercaban a los de los adultos hasta la cuarta semana postnatal. La estimulación repetida del pie en niños pretérmino dió lugar a una sensibilización del reflejo cutáneo flexor hacia las 32 semanas de EPC, despues de lo cual hubo habituación. La sensibilización también se daba en las ratas recién nacidas, pero se habituaron a la cuarta semana postnatal. Estos resultados demuestran la sensibilidad de los reflejos espinales por estimulación cutánea en recién nacidos, lo que es debido a una falta del control inhibitorio de la médula inmadura.
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The development of nociceptive circuits
Fitzgerald, M. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1701 · Cited by 778
Pain activates cortical areas in the preterm newborn brain
Bartocci, M., Bergqvist, L. L., Lagercrantz, H., & Anand, K. J. S. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.015 · Cited by 507
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Postnatal maturation of spinal dynorphin circuits and their role in somatosensation
Brewer, C. L., Styczynski, L. M., Serafin, E. K., & Baccei, M. L. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001884 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- FitzgeraId, M., Shaw, A., & MacIntosh, N.
- Venue
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1988-08
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 520-526
- ISSN
- 0012-1622 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8749
- OpenAlex
- W1994209780
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 15
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- FitzgeraId, M., Shaw, A., & MacIntosh, N. (1988). POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CUTANEOUS FLEXOR REFLEX: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRETERM INFANTS AND NEWBORN RAT PUPS. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1988.tb04779.x
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