Development of the Epidermis in the Newborn
Abstract
Histological development of the epidermis was studied on skin samples from 169 infants (gestation 24–40 weeks, age up to 1 year). Gestation markedly influenced epidermal development. Before 30 weeks, the epidermis is thin, has few cell layers and a poorly formed stratum corneum, but by 34 weeks it has largely matured. Postnatal influence on epidermal development is marked in the preterm infant, so that histologically the epidermis of the most immature infant resembles that of a term infant by 2 weeks of age. These changes in histology exactly parallel the development of the barrier properties of newborn skin.
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At 24 to 30 weeks gestation, the epidermis is 60% as thick as it is at 36 to 40 weeks, and it is considerably more fragile.
“At 24 to 30 weeks gestation, the epidermis is 60% as thick as it is at 36 to 40 weeks (20), and it is considerably more fragile.”
From Binodal, wireless epidermal electronic systems with in-sensor analytics for neonatal intensive care (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
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Blume‐Peytavi, U., Tan, J. K. L., Tennstedt, D., Boralévi, F., Fabbrocini, G., Torrelo, A., Soares‐Oliveira, R., Haftek, M., Rossi, A. B., Thouvenin, M., et al. (2016) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.13636 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Kalia, Y. N., Merino, V., & Guy, R. H. (1998) · Dermatologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70011-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Unobtrusive ECG monitoring in the NICU using a capacitive sensing array
Atallah, L., Serteyn, A., Meftah, M., et al. (2014) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/35/5/895 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Although in term infants the skin is structurally similar to that of adults, it is incompletely developed in preterm neonates [1, 2].”
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Trompette, A., & Ubags, N. D. J. (2023) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.02.005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Cleminson, J. S., & McGuire, W. L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001150.pub3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
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Skin Barrier Function in Infants: Update and Outlook
Rahma, A., & Lane, M. E. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14020433 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Newborns excrete urine every 1 to 3 h on average [85] but the frequency decreases to 7 times a day by the end of infancy [86].”
BackgroundThermoregulation: Incubators, Radiant Warmers, Artificial Skins, and Body Hoods
LeBlanc, M. H. (1991) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30505-0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Effect of age and sex on the elicitation of irritant contact dermatitis
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Shah, U. U., Roberts, M., Orlu, M., Tuleu, C., & Beresford, M. W. (2011) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.07.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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Transepidermal Water Loss in Developing Rats: Role of Aquaporins in the Immature Skin
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Percutaneous Absorption and Age
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Keyworth, N., Millar, M. R., & Holland, K. T. (1992) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.67.7_spec_no.797 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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Characterization of Vernix Caseosa as a Natural Biofilm: Comparison to Standard Oil‐Based Ointments
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“In such infants, the Malpighian epidermis is thin, has few cell layers, and the stratum corneum is absent or deficient (1).”
BackgroundEffect of Less Frequent Bathing of Preterm Infants on Skin Flora and Pathogen Colonization
Franck, L. S., Quinn, D., & Zahr, L. K. (2000) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2000.tb02071.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Development of Human Fetal Skin Transplanted to the Nude Mouse
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Neonatal Infant Skin: Development, Structure and Function
Visscher, M. O., & Narendran, V. (2014) · Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews · doi:10.1053/j.nainr.2014.10.004 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Biological Variation in Skin Barrier Function: From A (Atopic Dermatitis) to X (Xerosis)
Danby, S. G. (2016) · Current problems in dermatology · doi:10.1159/000441545 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Fluid management considerations in extremely preterm infants born at 22-24 weeks of gestation
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Effect of Less Frequent Bathing on Premature Infant Skin
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Pathophysiology of Neonatal Sepsis
Wynn, J. L., & Wong, H. R. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35214-7.00152-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“75 The immature and incompletely developed stratum corneum of preterm newborns takes at least 1 to 2 weeks after birth to become fully functional 76 and may take up to 8 weeks in the extremely preterm neonate, significantly increasing the risk for barrier dysfunction.”
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Early development of the skin microbiome: therapeutic opportunities
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Early life host-microbe interactions in skin
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Changes in Electrophysiological Properties of Rat Skin with Age.
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Biomarkers of neonatal skin barrier adaptation reveal substantial differences compared to adult skin
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Skin Barrier Function in Neonates and Infants
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Improved Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants with Tegaderm® Application to Skin
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- Authors
- Evans, N. J., & Rutter, N.
- Affiliations
- Nottingham City Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Evans, N.J.
- Rutter, N.
- ORCID
- Rutter, N.
- Venue
- Biology of the Neonate
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2009-09-24
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 74-80
- ISSN
- 0006-3126 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9727
- OpenAlex
- W2032893178
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biology of the Neonate (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Neonatal skin health care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- epidermal development, neonatal skin, skin histology, stratum corneum, gestational age, preterm infants, postnatal maturation, skin barrier function, epidermal cell layers
- MeSH terms
- Epidermis, Gestational Age, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Premature, Skin
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