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Cited by 540

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The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: scale development and evidence of validity and reliability

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Eliasson, Ann-Christin, Krumlinde-Sundholm, Lena, Rösblad, Birgit, Beckung, Eva, Arner, Marianne, Öhrvall, Ann-Marie, Rosenbaum, Peter·2007·Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology

Abstract

The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) has been developed to classify how children with cerebral palsy (CP) use their hands when handling objects in daily activities. The classification is designed to reflect the child's typical manual performance, not the child's maximal capacity. It classifies the collaborative use of both hands together. Validation was based on the experience within an expert group, a review of the literature, and thorough analysis of children across a spectrum of function. Discussions continued until consensus was reached, first about the constructs, then about the content of the five levels. Parents and therapists were interviewed about the content and the description of levels. Reliability was tested between pairs of therapists for 168 children (70 females, 98 males; with hemiplegia [n= 52], diplegia [n= 70], tetraplegia [n= 19], ataxia [n= 6], dyskinesia [n= 19], and unspecified CP [n= 2]) between 4 and 18 years and between 25 parents and their children's therapists. The results demonstrated that MACS has good validity and reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient between therapists was 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.96–0.98), and between parents and therapist was 0.96 (0.89-0.98), indicating excellent agreement.

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Metadata

Authors
Eliasson, A.-C., Krumlinde-Sundholm, L., Rösblad, B., Beckung, E., Arner, M., Öhrvall, A.-M., & Rosenbaum, P.
Venue
Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2007-02-13
Volume
48
Issue
7
Pages
549-554
ISSN
  • 0012-1622 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-8749
OpenAlex
W4234561154
Cited by
540
References
2
FWCI
9.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: scale development and evidence of validity and reliability. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2006.tb01313.x
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Eliasson, A.-C., Krumlinde-Sundholm, L., Rösblad, B., Beckung, E., Arner, M., Öhrvall, A.-M., & Rosenbaum, P. (2007). The Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) for children with cerebral palsy: scale development and evidence of validity and reliability. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2006.tb01313.x

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