Effects of visual and verbal presentation on cognitive load in vigilance, memory, and arithmetic tasks
Abstract
Degree of pupil dilation has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure of cognitive load, but the effect of aural versus visual task presentation on pupil dilation is unknown. To evaluate effects of presentation mode, pupil dilation was measured in three tasks spanning a range of cognitive activities: mental multiplication, digit sequence recall, and vigilance. Stimuli were presented both aurally and visually, controlling for all known visual influences on pupil diameter. The patterns of dilation were similar for both aural and visual presentation for all three tasks, but the magnitudes of pupil response were greater for aural presentation. Accuracy was higher for visual presentation for mental arithmetic and digit recall. The findings can be accounted for in terms of dual codes in working memory and suggest that cognitive load is lower for visual than for aural presentation.
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Higher peak pupil dilation has been shown to be associated with increasing task difficulty.
“Further, higher peak pupil dilation has been shown to be associated with increasing task difficulty (Klingner et al. 2011).”
From Measuring physician cognitive load: validity evidence for a physiologic and a psychometric tool (2017) · cites this paper as Klingner et al. 2011
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- Authors
- Klingner, J., Tversky, B., & Hanrahan, P.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klingner, Jeff
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-08-16
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-332
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2111274740
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 10.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- cognitive load, pupil dilation, visual presentation, presentation format, sustained attention, working memory, mental arithmetic, dual coding, task accuracy
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Arousal, Blinking, Cognition, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Processes, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Pupil, Reflex, Pupillary, Young Adult
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