SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION

In the paper

“Empirical extrapolation appears to break down, for example, in the mismatch between the demonstrated potential of most populations for rapid net change and the prevalence of net morphological stasis in many lineages over long time-scales.”

In the paper

“geographical ranges are heritable among species within developmental types for Late Cretaceous molluscs”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Hunt 2006

In the paper

“First, the relation between geographical range and molluscan species duration is significant even within developmental categories”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Hunt 2006

In the paper

“When the observational scale is expanded to the myr timescale, speciation rate per species per myr (Lm.y) is inversely related to median geographical range of constituent species (from Jablonski and Roy 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Roy 2003

In the paper

“significant inverse relation between geographical range (as measured by number of biographic provinces occupied) and extinction intensity in marine bivalves for the end-Cretaceous extinction (after Jablonski and Raup 1995).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Raup 1995

In the paper

“for marine bivalve genera, extinction intensities are indistinguishable among Late Cretaceous biogeographical provinces, indicating that province-scale refugia cannot explain the preferential survival of widespread genera.”

In the paper

“The two slopes do not differ significantly and are shown for comparative purposes; Spearman rank correlation 0Æ72 and 0Æ73, respectively (both P < 0Æ0001”

In the paper

“The fossil record shows strong temporal and spatial patterns that violate expectations derived by simply scaling up simple random-mutation models to the origin of major groups or new body plans”

In the paper

“geographical range and geological duration are positively related for gastropod species within both planktotrophic (circles, slightly shallower regression line, n ¼ 55) and non-planktotrophic (crosses, slightly steeper regression line, n ¼ 51) modes of development.”

In the paper

“Such evolutionary bursts in disparity relative to taxonomic diversification occur in early Palaeozoic invertebrates”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Foote 1997
• Not checked yetcites Thomas et al. 2000
• Not checked yetcites Valentine 2004

In the paper

“Geographical range at the genus level is unrelated to the maximum geographical range of their constituent species in A, Late Cretaceous marine bivalves and B, present-day bivalves of the eastern Pacific shelf.”

In the paper

“but such inferences can be made more realistic whenever palaeontological data are available.”

In the paper

“Evolution by natural selection can occur at any level where there is heritable variation that affects birth and death of units by virtue of interaction with the environment.”

• Also stated in: § HIERARCHY · plain

  “Returning to Lewontin's formulation, selection can drive evolution at any level where (1) there is variation, (2) that variation influences reproduction and survival (¼ interaction at that level) and (3) the variation is heritable (¼ replication at that level).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lewontin 1970

In the paper

“the potential for organismic traits to hitch-hike on other factors that promote speciation or damp extinction is high.”

In the paper

“but it shows that short-term, localized observations on the evolutionary responsiveness of living populations are poor predictors of species-level behaviour over millions of years.”

In the paper

“This situation imposes a conceptual trap by promoting the assumption that the conditions and phenomena observed today, or monitored in an area small enough for experimental manipulation or intensive replicate sampling, are sufficient to understand all of the dynamics relevant to the present-day distribution or long-term behaviour of species and clades.”

• Also stated in: § SCALE · boosted

  “As discussed below, this is clearly not so in many instances.”

In the paper

“Differential survival and reproduction of units can occur at several levels within a biological hierarchy that includes DNA sequences, organisms, species and clades.”

In the paper

“Many comparative analyses of adaptation in extant species require not only a robust cladogram but also a set of inferred ancestral states for continuous characters.”

In the paper

“even in living systems population variability generally increases over time, regardless of taxa, body sizes, trophic level, latitude or type of population dynamics”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Inchausti and Halley 2001, 2002

In the paper

“the size-frequency distributions of the tetrapod faunas on all continents, even Africa, have been significantly truncated since the Pleistocene heyday of mammoths, mastodons and ground sloths”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barnosky et al. 2004
• Not checked yetcites Lyons et al. 2004

In the paper

“Expansion of temporal and spatial scales reveals evolutionary patterns and processes that are virtually inaccessible to, and unpredictable from, short-term, localized observations.”

In the paper

“hierarchical levels are linked by upward and downward causation, so that emergent properties at a focal level do not impart complete independence;”

In the paper

“the literature is rich in examples where tree topologies change with the addition of palaeontological data”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Padian et al. 1994
• Not checked yetcites Smith 1998
• Not checked yetcites Forey and Fortey 2001

In the paper

“Systematists now appreciate that an enlarged temporal window can greatly inform phylogenetic hypotheses, revealing character states and state combinations unknown in living taxa,”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Padian et al. 1994
• Not checked yetcites Smith 1998
• Not checked yetcites Forey and Fortey 2001

In the paper

“More generally, spatially explicit palaeontological data show that present-day distributions can be a poor indicator of the past deployment of clades.”

In the paper

“Spatially heterogeneous dynamics have now been recorded for many macroevolutionary events, including the Ordovician radiations, the marine Mesozoic revolution, recoveries from the end-Ordovician, end-Permian and end-Cretaceous mass extinctions, and the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Roy 1994
• Not checked yetcites Miller 1997a
• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 1998

In the paper

“Returning to Lewontin's formulation, selection can drive evolution at any level where (1) there is variation, (2) that variation influences reproduction and survival (¼ interaction at that level) and (3) the variation is heritable (¼ replication at that level).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lewontin 1970

In the paper

“The variation at lower levels was, in Brandon's terminology, screened off from selection at the organismic level.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Brandon 1990

In the paper

“Nor does replication need to be precise: this would exclude genes subject to mutation and crossing over, so long as it yields descendants 'similar enough to respond similarly to similar selection pressures'”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hull 1980

In the paper

“Even the latitudinal diversity gradient, the most pervasive biological pattern in the global biota, appears to be shaped significantly by interregional dispersal, contrary to the widespread assumption that in situ diversification predominates”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 1993
• Not checked yetcites Wiens and Donoghue 2004
• Not checked yetcites Jablonski et al. 2006

In the paper

“analysis of species-level phenotypic change in the fossil record is not a trivial task when confronted with the realities of sampling and environmental change in real sections, and the limits imposed a kind of Palaeontological Uncertainty Principle (Jablonski 2000), the frequent tradeoff between temporal resolution and spatial coverage.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 2000

In the paper

“Expanding temporal scales to the 10 6 )10 7 year timeframe encompasses a wealth of phenomena outside the range of empirical extrapolation.”

In the paper

“Because the organism was the focal level of the experiment, we know that the large-winged phenotype was the actual, and emergent, property under selection, and not the cellular or genetic underpinnings of this trait.”

In the paper

“First, all possible combinations of evolutionary tempo and mode (Text-fig.2) have been documented in the fossil record:”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 2000

In the paper

“independent movement of species having overlapping distributions is detectable only at the edges of their respective geographical ranges, which are rarely sampled palaeontologically, particularly in terrestrial systems”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Roy 2001

In the paper

“For example, selection on wing size in laboratory Drosophila can produce equivalent changes either by changes in cell size or by changes in cell number”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Robertson 1959 source

In the paper

“Many mechanisms for stasis have been proposed, and they are probably less mutually exclusive than generally assumed”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hansen and Houle 2004
• Not checked yetcites Eldredge et al. 2005

In the paper

“Even the famed Gondwanan distributions of plants and animals across the southern continents now appear to have arisen in part by relatively recent trans-oceanic dispersal rather than fragmentation of the supercontinent”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites de Queiroz 2005
• Not checked yetcites Waters and Craw 2006

In the paper

“The steepening of the species-area relationship (SPAR) with spatial scale probably represents a shift from situations dominated by immigration ⁄ emigration dynamics to those dominated by true origination and extinction”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Preston 1960
• Not checked yetcites Rosenzweig 1995 source
• Not checked yetcites Hubbell 2001

In the paper

“the buffering effects implied by SPAR slopes much lower than 1 no longer apply when perturbations approach the province-and continent-wide scales confronting palaeontologists and conservation biologists”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rosenzweig 2005

In the paper

“Seemingly clear-cut congruencies between phylogeny and large-scale biogeography, from the now-exclusively New World anteaters and hummingbirds to the now-exclusively Southern Hemisphere ratites to the nowexclusively Old World bananas and rhinoceroses, have been falsified by fossil evidence for past distributions outside present-day geographical ranges.”

In the paper

“The replicator-interactor model encompasses more than the canonical gene-organism couplet.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hull 1980

In the paper

“differential proliferation of a trait or a lineage at a given hierarchical level cannot simply be assumed to be driven by selection at that level”

In the paper

“Second, and more importantly, the evolutionary consequences of broad or narrow geographical ranges tend to be similar regardless of how those ranges are achieved at the organismal level, at least within broad groups such as benthic marine invertebrates.”

In the paper

“they provide solid evidence for causal links between the differential waxing and waning of clades and the intrinsic biotic properties of their constituent organisms, populations or species”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Freckleton et al. 2002
• Not checked yetcites Freckleton et al. 2003
• Not checked yetcites Coyne and Orr 2004

In the paper

“broad-sense species selection appears to modulate the frequency and persistence of many adaptations”

In the paper

“These results not only support the view that geographical range is an emergent property irreducible to a single organismic trait”

In the paper

“The ecological literature on 'evolutionary suicide', sometimes less vividly termed Darwinian extinction, represents an independent realization that organismic selection can create conflicts across levels, in this case by driving organismic evolution in directions that increase extinction probabilities at the species and clade levels”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webb 2003
• Not checked yetcites Parvinen 2005
• Not checked yetcites Rankin and Lo ´pez-Sepulcre 2005

In the paper

“but this view also fails empirically on two counts.”

In the paper

“allaying concerns that the pattern results solely from the heritability of larval modes”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Webb and Gaston 2005

In the paper

“As already noted, effect macroevolution, in which organismic or aggregate features determine speciation or extinction rates, can still yield outcomes at odds with processes operating exclusively at the organismic level, as when organismic selection favouring large body size conflicts with higher species-extinction probabilities or damped speciation probabilities in large-bodied taxa”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Van Valen 1975
• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 1996

In the paper

“Long-term directional changes appear to pervade the history of life at virtually all scales”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McNamara 1990
• Not checked yetcites McShea 1998a
• Not checked yetcites Bambach and Knoll 2000

In the paper

“these diverse factors underlying the variation in range size among species are screened off from (i.e.do not strongly influence) the macroevolutionary outcome”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Grantham 2007

In the paper

“This completes Lewontin's triad of prerequisites for evolution by selection at this higher focal level”

In the paper

“many patterns could arise via passive diffusion from a fixed boundary, as when a clade originates near a minimum viable body size”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stanley 1973
• Not checked yetcites Gould 1988
• Not checked yetcites McShea 1994

In the paper

“most neontological sister-clade comparisons measure net diversification rather than raw origination and extinction rates”

In the paper

“species selection in the broad sense has been validated as a significant evolutionary process many times by both palaeobiological analyses and the widespread application of comparative methods to extant clades”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 2000
• Not checked yetcites Coyne and Orr 2004

In the paper

“(2) contribute significantly to (i.e. are significant correlatives of) species survivorship and origination rates”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 1987
• Not checked yetcites Ricklefs and Latham 1992
• Not checked yetcites Brown 1995

In the paper

“the hierarchical structure of life imposes a more complex dynamic, because evolutionary processes can operate simultaneously at each level and can propagate upwards and downwards”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Campbell 1974
• Not checked yetcites Vrba and Gould 1986

In the paper

“The recognition of higher-level selection processes does not in itself complete a macroevolutionary theory”

In the paper

“Such passive trends arise owing to the topography of the adaptive landscape”

In the paper

“such arguments hold only if the shaping of organismal adaptation is the sole evolutionary process or outcome of interest, and if one ignores the operation of upward and downward causation”

In the paper

“but also provide a general approach to evaluating hypotheses for the relative contribution of different properties to macroevolutionary dynamics”

In the paper

“A further complication arises when trends are driven by protracted environmental changes, i.e. by evolution in a shifting landscape”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hunt and Roy 2006

In the paper

“these complications undermine the standard tests for recognizing passive trends”

In the paper

“For example, widespread species of marine bivalves, gastropods, echinoids and bryozoans are geologically longer-lived than spatially restricted species, regardless of whether that broad range is achieved primarily via free-swimming larvae”

In the paper

“they are also (3) heritable among species in the sense that daughter species or clades resemble their ancestors more closely than expected by chance”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 1987
• Not checked yetcites Ricklefs and Latham 1992
• Not checked yetcites Brown 1995

In the paper

“geographical ranges (1) vary in size among species”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jablonski 1987
• Not checked yetcites Ricklefs and Latham 1992
• Not checked yetcites Brown 1995

In the paper

“It appears, then, that geographical range size is determined by a complex interaction of factors whose strengths vary among clades”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Brown et al. 1996
• Not checked yetcites Case et al. 2005
• Not checked yetcites Parmesan et al. 2005

In the paper

“on very broad scales morphological convergence and iteration occurs frequently”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Vermeij 2006

In the paper

“Partitioning skewness in the distribution of the trending character among and within subclades can quantify the active and passive components of a trend”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang 2001

In the paper

“for marine bivalve genera, extinction intensities are indistinguishable among Late Cretaceous biogeographical provinces, indicating that province-scale refugia cannot explain the preferential survival of widespread genera.”

In the paper

“Despite the contingent aspects of these historical events, the history of life and the deployment of biodiversity today do not simply represent massive stochasticity layered on top of selection among millions of infinitesimally small mutations in millions of bodies in millions of species over billions of years.”

In the paper

“large-scale trends do appear to reflect upward-cascading effects from the organismic level”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Vermeij 1987 source
• Not checked yetcites Aronson 1994

In the paper

“The origin of the tetrapod limb (Clack 2005; Shubin et al. 2006), the teleost tail (Forey and Fortey 2001) and the avian wing (Norell and Xu 2005; Prum 2005) all become clearer as instances of sequential, mosaic evolution embedded within a larger radiation when data are included for the extinct stem lineages leading to the respective vertebrate classes.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Clack 2005
• Not checked yetcites Shubin et al. 2006
• Not checked yetcites Forey and Fortey 2001

In the paper

“But it is clear that selection pressures favouring flight have not reliably produced birds.”

In the paper

“predation or competition, which by definition negatively affect species at the organismic and population level, fragment populations or otherwise impose pressures that actually promote speciation or diversification rates”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stanley 1986
• Not checked yetcites Schluter 2000 source
• Not checked yetcites Nosil and Crespi 2006

In the paper

“Trends and other macroevolutionary patterns might also be shaped by ecological interactions”

In the paper

“Characteristic rates of change also tend to decrease with each ascending hierarchical level (e.g.Allen and Starr 1982; Valentine and May”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Allen and Starr 1982
• Not checked yetcites Valentine and May

In the paper

“not all developmentally feasible phenotypes are equally probable”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Arthur 2002
• Not checked yetcites Gould 2002
• Not checked yetcites Hansen and Houle 2004

In the paper

“They involve a set of dynamics also operating above and below the familiar level of bodies within populations, with rules manifested as statistical patterns in morphospace and the differential waxing and waning of clade richness.”

In the paper

“Dramatic evolutionary divergences or high rates of apomorphy acquisition tend to be more clearly concentrated in initial radiations than in recoveries, but this needs more thorough analysis”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Anstey and Pachut 1995
• Not checked yetcites Wagner 1995
• Not checked yetcites Foote 1999

In the paper

“Hierarchical approaches to evolutionary trends were first seen in the context of punctuated equilibrium”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stanley 1979
• Not checked yetcites Gould 2002

In the paper

“As already noted, clade interactions must also be an important component of macroevolution, if only from the standpoint of priority or incumbency effects that presumably dampen diversification dynamics under many circumstances.”

In the paper

“stasis is not necessary for largescale trends to be shaped by more than just selection and other processes at the organismic level”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bookstein et al. 1978
• Not checked yetcites Slatkin 1981
• Not checked yetcites Sober 1984