The DOI matches its Crossref record; 305 of the 309 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 153 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION
Open accessAbstract
Abstract: Scale and hierarchy must be incorporated into any conceptual framework for the study of macroevolution, i.e. evolution above the species level. Expansion of temporal and spatial scales reveals evolutionary patterns and processes that are virtually inaccessible to, and unpredictable from, short‐term, localized observations. These larger‐scale phenomena range from evolutionary stasis at the species level and the mosaic assembly of complex morphologies in ancestral forms to the non‐random distribution in time and space of the origin of major evolutionary novelties, as exemplified by the Cambrian explosion and post‐extinction recoveries of metazoans, and the preferential origin of major marine groups in onshore environments and tropical waters. Virtually all of these phenomena probably involve both ecological and developmental factors, but the integration of these components with macroevolutionary theory has only just begun. Differential survival and reproduction of units can occur at several levels within a biological hierarchy that includes DNA sequences, organisms, species and clades. Evolution by natural selection can occur at any level where there is heritable variation that affects birth and death of units by virtue of interaction with the environment. This dynamic can occur when selfish DNA sequences replicate disproportionately within genomes, when organisms enjoy fitness advantages within populations (classical Darwinian selection), when differential speciation or extinction occurs within clades owing to organismic properties (effect macroevolution), and when differential speciation or extinction occurs within clades owing to emergent, species‐level properties (in the strict sense species selection). Operationally, emergent species‐level properties such as geographical range can be recognized by testing whether their macroevolutionary effects are similar regardless of the different lower‐level factors that produce them. Large‐scale evolutionary trends can be driven by transformation of species, preferential production of species in a given direction, differential origination or extinction, or any combination of these; the potential for organismic traits to hitch‐hike on other factors that promote speciation or damp extinction is high. Additional key attributes of macroevolutionary dynamics within biological hierarchies are that (1) hierarchical levels are linked by upward and downward causation, so that emergent properties at a focal level do not impart complete independence; (2) hierarchical effects are asymmetrical, so that dynamics at a given focal level need not propagate upwards, but will always cascade downwards; and (3) rates are generally, although not always, faster at lower hierarchical levels. Temporal and spatial patterns in the origin of major novelties and higher taxa are significantly discordant from those at the species and genus levels, suggesting complex hierarchical effects that remain poorly understood. Not only are many of the features promoting survivorship during background times ineffective during mass extinctions, but also they are replaced in at least some cases by higher‐level, irreducible attributes such as clade‐level geographical range. The incorporation of processes that operate across hierarchical levels and a range of temporal and spatial scales has expanded and enriched our understanding of evolution.
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77 Not checked yet · 44 Own interpretation · 19 No basis given · 5 Own result
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In the paper
“Empirical extrapolation appears to break down, for example, in the mismatch between the demonstrated potential of most populations for rapid net change and the prevalence of net morphological stasis in many lineages over long time-scales.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > SCALE AND HIERARCHY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“geographical ranges are heritable among species within developmental types for Late Cretaceous molluscs”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Hunt 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“First, the relation between geographical range and molluscan species duration is significant even within developmental categories”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Hunt 2006
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In the paper
“When the observational scale is expanded to the myr timescale, speciation rate per species per myr (Lm.y) is inversely related to median geographical range of constituent species (from Jablonski and Roy 2003).”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Roy 2003
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In the paper
“significant inverse relation between geographical range (as measured by number of biographic provinces occupied) and extinction intensity in marine bivalves for the end-Cretaceous extinction (after Jablonski and Raup 1995).”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Raup 1995
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In the paper
“for marine bivalve genera, extinction intensities are indistinguishable among Late Cretaceous biogeographical provinces, indicating that province-scale refugia cannot explain the preferential survival of widespread genera.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
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In the paper
“The two slopes do not differ significantly and are shown for comparative purposes; Spearman rank correlation 0Æ72 and 0Æ73, respectively (both P < 0Æ0001”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
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In the paper
“The fossil record shows strong temporal and spatial patterns that violate expectations derived by simply scaling up simple random-mutation models to the origin of major groups or new body plans”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > ORIGIN OF NOVELTIES
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In the paper
“geographical range and geological duration are positively related for gastropod species within both planktotrophic (circles, slightly shallower regression line, n ¼ 55) and non-planktotrophic (crosses, slightly steeper regression line, n ¼ 51) modes of development.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
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In the paper
“Such evolutionary bursts in disparity relative to taxonomic diversification occur in early Palaeozoic invertebrates”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > ORIGIN OF NOVELTIES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foote 1997
- Not checked yetcites Thomas et al. 2000
- Not checked yetcites Valentine 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 41
- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
In the paper
“Palaeontological data, however, can test per-taxon speciation rates against maximum geographical ranges of species within lineages, circumventing this problem and showing a highly significant inverse relation between geographical range and speciation rate, at least in marine gastropods”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Roy 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“All possible combinations of evolutionary tempo and mode have been recorded from the fossil record.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The fossil record is adequate to document the full range of combinations of evolutionary tempo and mode.
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In the paper
“the number of species varies by several orders of magnitude among those groups, and not all of them are still with us.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
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In the paper
“the net macroevolutionary trend towards size increase in the Eocene mammal Hyopsodus emerges from an underlying dynamic containing three gradual size increases, one punctuational size increase, one period of size stasis and three gradual size decreases, i.e. gradualistic change was random with respect to the macroevolutionary outcome”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bookstein et al. 1978
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Larval mode does improve the fit relative to the simplest model, but the model using geographical range as the predictor performs much better, and there is only a slight, non-significant increase in log-likelihood when adding larval mode as a second predictor”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It gives abundant evidence for the spatial volatility of species distributions, with the individualistic behaviour of most species through the Pleistocene and Holocene generating transient associations that lack precise equivalents on the modern landscape”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bennett 1997
- Not checked yetcites Jackson and Overpeck 2000
- Not checked yetcites Davis and Shaw 2001
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, some authors have argued (convincingly, in my view) that the logic of natural selection and other evolutionary forces need not reside exclusively at the organismic level: differential success of heritable variation owing to interaction with the environment, the Darwinian dynamic, also occurs at higher and lower levels.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > SCALE AND HIERARCHY
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses restricted to a single time plane can be powerful, but can also be misleading or yield multiple alternatives because almost always they must deal with net diversification rates rather than the fundamental dynamic variables of raw speciation and extinction rates.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Virtually all of these phenomena probably involve both ecological and developmental factors, but the integration of these components with macroevolutionary theory has only just begun.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scale and hierarchy must be incorporated into any conceptual framework for the study of macroevolution, i.e. evolution above the species level.”
- Also stated in: § SCALE AND HIERARCHY · plain
“Scale and hierarchy are essential components of the conceptual framework for macroevolutionary analysis.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Also stated in: § SCALE AND HIERARCHY · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hierarchical effects are asymmetrical, so that dynamics at a given focal level need not propagate upwards, but will always cascade downwards;”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not only are many of the features promoting survivorship during background times ineffective during mass extinctions, but also they are replaced in at least some cases by higher-level, irreducible attributes such as clade-level geographical range.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“rates are generally, although not always, faster at lower hierarchical levels.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“whereas present-day populations show great responsiveness to directional selection over the short run, palaeontological observations on many species show a tendency to net stasis and fairly stable boundaries to phenotypic change through time”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jackson and Cheetham 1999
- Not checked yetcites Gould 2002
- Not checked yetcites Eldredge et al. 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, palaeontological data can both provide the necessary empirical foundation for some clades, and test the power and accuracy of inferential methods with independent estimates of ancestral traits”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Polly 2001
- Not checked yetcites Webster and Purvis 2002a, b
- Not checked yetcites Finarelli and Flynn 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Operationally, emergent species-level properties such as geographical range can be recognized by testing whether their macroevolutionary effects are similar regardless of the different lower-level factors that produce them.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Inferences on these character states are highly model-dependent and are generally saddled with wide confidence intervals”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cunningham et al. 1998
- Not checked yetcites Martins 2000
- Not checked yetcites Pagel et al. 2004
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the 'living fossil' members of the ancient molluscan class Monoplacophora, which are limpet-like forms that are apparently the outgroup to the rest of the living conchiferans (bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, cephalopods), were often used to infer character states at the start of the great molluscan radiations but are now understood to be highly derived”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Large-scale evolutionary trends can be driven by transformation of species, preferential production of species in a given direction, differential origination or extinction, or any combination of these;”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Molecular phylogenetic methods provide an independent (though hardly infallible) basis for inferring evolutionary tree topologies but are largely uninformative about the phenotypes residing at key nodes”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Erwin et al. 1997
- Not checked yetcites Erwin and Davidson 2002
- Not checked yetcites Valentine 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Temporal and spatial patterns in the origin of major novelties and higher taxa are significantly discordant from those at the species and genus levels, suggesting complex hierarchical effects that remain poorly understood.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Comparative developmental analysis can shed light on evolutionary transformations, but the rampant co-option of regulatory genes can make inferences about nodal forms extremely difficult,”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Valentine et al. 1999
- Not checked yetcites Erwin and Davidson 2002
- Not checked yetcites Valentine 2004
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, there is differential speciation or extinction (i.e.differential survival and reproduction of species within clades) by virtue of the interaction of the emergent properties of species (such as geographical range or genetic population structure) with the biotic and physical environment.This is species selection in the strict sense.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > HIERARCHY
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“This approach, which is similar to Brandon's (1990) application of the statistical concept of 'screening-off', has often been tacitly applied at the organismic level.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brandon 1990
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The apparent temporal coherence in these assemblages could just as readily be a passive consequence of sampling artefacts, overlapping tolerances and rates of displacement,”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One relatively straightforward operational approach to identifying emergent properties is to treat a feature as emergent at a given level if its evolutionary consequences do not depend on how the feature is generated at lower levels”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jablonski 2000
- Not checked yetcites Jablonski and Hunt 2006
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“For example, mean body size or pelt coloration may validly characterize species but are essentially statistical statements about organisms within the species; these have been termed aggregate properties to distinguish them from emergent ones”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vrba and Eldredge 1984
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The cohesion or discreteness of the interactor need not be absolute; indeed, such a requirement would exclude even organisms, the paradigmatic interactors: interactors thus reside at many levels in the biological hierarchy”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > HIERARCHY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hull 1980
- Not checked yetcites Hull 2001
- Not checked yetcites Eldredge 1985
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the biota is proving in many cases to be more dynamic than the earth beneath it.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Spatial scale
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evolution thus involves both replication (reproduction of 'individuals' with heritability) and interaction (fitness differentials among 'individuals'), and many authors have argued that the interplay of those two processes can shape lineages at any hierarchical level”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > HIERARCHY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wright 1959
- Not checked yetcites Lewontin 1970
- Not checked yetcites Hull 1980
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Second, there is differential extinction or speciation (i.e.differential survival and reproduction of species within clades) by virtue of the interaction of the phenotypes of bodies with the biotic and physical environment.This is effect macroevolution as defined by Vrba (1980;Vrba and Gould 1986).”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > HIERARCHY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vrba 1980
- Not checked yetcites Vrba and Gould 1986
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most famous of these is the extraordinary frequency of net evolutionary stasis through the history of morphospecies despite the short-term malleability of most populations.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Temporal scale
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lewontin's (1970) classic prescription for evolution by natural selection requires heritable variation in traits that influence fitness of units at a given level.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > HIERARCHY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lewontin 1970
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For the purposes of this discussion, consider three evolutionary processes that can occur simultaneously.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > HIERARCHY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vrba 1980
- Not checked yetcites Vrba and Gould 1986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The second and third processes are often grouped into broad-sense species selection, with the key criteria being emergent fitness at the species level, i.e. differential birth and death (replication) rather than emergent properties (interaction) at the species level”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > HIERARCHY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stanley 1979
- Not checked yetcites Gould 2002
- Not checked yetcites Grantham 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thus, the mechanism of replication is less important than the descriptive, essentially statistical issue of heritability (Mayr 1982;Wagner 1988Wagner , 1990)), which can also be addressed at any hierarchical level.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > HIERARCHY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mayr 1982
- Not checked yetcites Wagner 1988
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“such dispersal events, and presumably regional extinctions, are probabilistic and not truly random”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Spatial scale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cook and Crisp 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“dynamics at the species level can determine the persistence and number of genealogical units bearing wings within and among clades, and even the long-term persistence of such a trait”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the biased replication of selfish genetic elements with each cell cycle is rapid relative to the generation times of most metazoan organisms, which in turn are brief relative to the speciation rates of most metazoan clades”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gregory and Mable 2005
- Not checked yetcites Masterson 1994
- Not checked yetcites Tate et al. 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the number of replicating units decreases going up the hierarchy so that chance effects may become more important”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stanley 1979
- Not checked yetcites Levinton et al. 1986
- Not checked yetcites Levinton 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such long-term changes can arise via a wide range of mechanisms, and that different dynamics can operate simultaneously, in opposition or in concert, at different levels”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Trends
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast to body size, geographical range is widely regarded as an emergent property at the species level, inversely related to both extinction and speciation rates”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jablonski 1987
- Not checked yetcites Brown 1995
- Not checked yetcites Grantham 1995
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the propagation of effects is asymmetrical: dynamics at lower levels need not impinge on higher levels but dynamics at higher levels must always propagate downwards”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Emergence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Salthe 1985 source
- Not checked yetcites Valentine and May 1996
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a trend may be underlain by transformation of its constituent species, by preferential origination of new species, by random speciation followed by differential survival or proliferation in the direction of the trend, or by any combination of these very different processes”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Trends
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In extreme cases, taxa can weather a mass extinction only to disappear a few million years later, or fall into marginal roles.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > J A B L O N S K I : S C A L E A N D H I E R A R C H Y 9 9
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More puzzling are the clades that survive mass extinctions but fail to participate in the evolutionary recovery.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > J A B L O N S K I : S C A L E A N D H I E R A R C H Y 9 9
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most clades probably experience more complex pressures, and those may change over geological time-scales”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Trends
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as in Patzkowsk's (1995) finding that bivalves and mammals produce more new genera relative to estimated speciation rates during postextinction recoveries than expected from 'normal' times.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > J A B L O N S K I : S C A L E A N D H I E R A R C H Y 9 9
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patzkowsk's (1995)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“every new clade of high rank must begin with a new species, but when and where those clade-founding species occur evidently depends strongly on ecological context”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > ORIGIN OF NOVELTIES
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such approaches have been little explored and will face difficulties pinpointing the focal level of selection, but are likely to produce novel insights”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Trends
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When within-species anagenetic changes are significant, they can be reinforced by higher-level processes, or they may be unrelated to, or even counter to, the overall trend”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Trends
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Historical context and the biological raw material available to a clade must be important to many aspects of macroevolution, and I have barely touched upon those aspects here.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“macroevolutionary principles reviewed here in no way invalidate the operation of the traditional neodarwinian mechanisms, but they expand evolutionary theory to a richer and more realistic picture of processes across a range of temporal and spatial scales and across hierarchical levels.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recoveries need not involve an across-the-board expansion of a surviving clade in morphospace, but can instead involve only subregions of the occupied morphospace or be channelled in just one or a few directions”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > J A B L O N S K I : S C A L E A N D H I E R A R C H Y 9 9
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dommergues et al. 1996
- Not checked yetcites Lockwood 2004
- Not checked yetcites McGowan 2004a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is worth keeping in mind that if mass-extinction survivorship is simply indifferent, rather than truly antithetical, to many of the factors that promote success during the normal times that constitute the vast bulk of geological time, then some 'preadaptation' to mass extinction drivers should occur by chance (see discussion by Jablonski 2005a).”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > J A B L O N S K I : S C A L E A N D H I E R A R C H Y 9 9
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jablonski 2005a
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Just as survivors of mass extinctions can be difficult to predict from pre-extinction successes, long-term post-extinction successes are difficult to predict from the survivors of mass extinctions.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > J A B L O N S K I : S C A L E A N D H I E R A R C H Y 9 9
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presumably, as with any large-scale biotic upheaval, the post-extinction trajectories of clades depend upon the interaction of intrinsic diversification rates (as set by organismic and higher-level traits), biotic interactions and physical environmental factors, along with stochastic effects.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > J A B L O N S K I : S C A L E A N D H I E R A R C H Y 9 9
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recovery dynamics are poorly understood, in part because they have received so little attention from a comparative standpoint.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > J A B L O N S K I : S C A L E A N D H I E R A R C H Y 9 9
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Much of the comparative biology literature is an attempt to grapple with this possibility, phrased in terms of phylogenetic effects, but it has rarely been tested palaeontologically (but seeWagner 1996).”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wagner 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The origins of major novelties and higher taxa need to be evaluated in terms of both scale and hierarchy”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > ORIGIN OF NOVELTIES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
The fossil record is adequate to document the full range of combinations of evolutionary tempo and mode.
“All possible combinations of evolutionary tempo and mode have been recorded from the fossil record.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Thus, the expectation of morphological novelty differs depending on the specific drivers of an individual adaptive radiation [74–80].”
From Novelty and Innovation in the History of Life (2015) · cites this paper as [80]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > Trends
“Damuth and Heisler 1988;Arnold and Fristrup 1992;Okasha 2004;Rice 2004”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > References
“A R N O L D , A. J. and F R I S T R U P , K. 1982. The theory of evo- lution by natural selection: a hierarchical expansion.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > References
“Macroevolutionary trends: perception depends on the measure used. 348-385.”
§ SCALE AND HIERARCHY IN MACROEVOLUTION > References
“Evolutionary patterns: growth, form, and tempo in the fossil record. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 344 pp.”
Citations
Cites
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Developmental Plasticity and Evolution
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The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography
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The Structure of Evolutionary Theory
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Upham, N. S., Esselstyn, J. A., & Jetz, W. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 · Cited by 1,235
Evolution, the Extended Synthesis
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The evolution of hierarchical gene regulatory networks
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Species Selection: Theory and Data
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Self-citationBIOTIC INTERACTIONS AND MACROEVOLUTION: EXTENSIONS AND MISMATCHES ACROSS SCALES AND LEVELS
Jablonski, D. (2008) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00317.x · Cited by 296
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- JABLONSKI, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- JABLONSKI, DAVID
- ORCID
- JABLONSKI, DAVID
- Venue
- Palaeontology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 87-109
- ISSN
- 0031-0239 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-4983
- OpenAlex
- W2110891168
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a31025e070434d76593fd165b24006ab766a5e1
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 309
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Palaeontology (publishedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant Diversity and Evolution
- Keywords
- macroevolution, biological hierarchy, species selection, emergent properties, speciation and extinction, evolutionary innovation, Cambrian explosion, post-extinction recovery, metazoan origin, geographic range, evolutionary rates, natural selection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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