The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The effects of nicotine on locomotor activity in non‐tolerant and tolerant rats
Open accessAbstract
1--Rats were tested for locomotor activity in photocell cages, for 80 min starting immediately after subcutaneous injection of (-)-nicotine bitartrate or 0.9% w/v NaCl solution (saline). In non-tolerant subjects, nicotine (0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg base) depressed activity and induced ataxia in the first 20 min, but increased activity later in the session; these actions were dose-dependent. 2--Tolerance was studied by comparing rats given nicotine (0.4 mg/kg s.c.) every day with control rats given saline instead. Each week, every subject was tested once with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) and once with saline. With daily or even weekly injections of nicotine, the initial depressant action of the drug was replaced by a dose-dependent stimulant action which occurred throughout the session. In these tolerant animals, little ataxia was seen except when a larger dose of 0.8 mg/kg was given. Tolerance to the depressant action of nicotine persisted for at least 3 weeks. 3--In non-tolerant subjects, mecamylamine (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg s.c.) prevented the initial depressant action of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg). In tolerant rats, the locomotor stimulant action of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) was prevented by mecamylamine (0.1, 0.32, 1.0 mg/kg s.c.) in a dose-related way; the quaternary ganglion blocker, hexamethonium (0.2, 1.0, 5.0 mg/kg s.c.) had little or no such effect. Neither mecamylamine nor hexamethonium altered activity when given alone. 4--It is suggested that a few treatments with nicotine can unmask a stimulant action of the drug, probably of central origin, which possibly reflects a stimulation of nicotine receptors.
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“For nicotine, animal studies have shown that repeated intermittent injections of nicotine typically cause sensitization or enhancement of the drug’s locomotor activating effects (L. K. Baker et al., 2013; Benwell & Balfour, 1992; Clarke & Kumar, 1983; Vezina, McGehee, & Green, 2007).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Clarke & Kumar, 1983
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Cites
Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress
Ananth, J. (1979) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(79)73729-7 · Cited by 845
Persistent Behavior at High Rates Maintained by Intravenous Self-Administration of Nicotine
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Acute and chronic tolerance to nicotine measured by activity in rats
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The occurrence of tolerance to a central depressant effect of nicotine
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Guidelines on nicotine dose selection for in vivo research
Matta, S. G., Balfour, D. J., Benowitz, N. L., Boyd, R. T., Buccafusco, J. J., Caggiula, A. R., Craig, C. R., Collins, A. C., Damaj, M. I., Donny, E. C., et al. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0441-0 · Cited by 824
Laviola, G., Macrı̀, S., Morley-Fletcher, S., & Adriani, W. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00006-x · Cited by 621
Nisell, M., Nomikos, G. G., & Svensson, T. H. (1994) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.890160105 · Cited by 521
Benwell, M. E. M., & Balfour, D. J. K. (1992) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb09067.x · Cited by 426
Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal
S. Watkins, G. F. K. (2000) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200050011277 · Cited by 424
Metadata
- Authors
- Clarke, P. B. S., & Kumar, R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1983-02
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 329-337
- ISSN
- 0007-1188 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5381
- PMC
- PMC2044704
- OpenAlex
- W2054668681
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- nicotine, locomotor activity, nicotine tolerance, mecamylamine, hexamethonium, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, dose-dependent effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Tolerance, Hexamethonium Compounds, Humans, Male, Mecamylamine, Motor Activity, Nicotine, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Hexamethonium, Rats
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