Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal

S. Watkins, George F. Koob, Athina, Shelly

doi:10.1080/14622200050011277

Cited by 424Smoking Behavior and CessationNicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors StudyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal

S. Watkins, George F. Koob, Athina, Shelly·2000·Nicotine & Tobacco Research

DOI 10.1080/14622200050011277

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Abstract

The neurobiology of nicotine addiction is reviewed within the context of neurobiological and behavioral theories postulated for other drugs of abuse. The roles of various neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and opioid peptides in acute nicotine reinforcement and withdrawal from chronic administration are examined followed by a discussion of potential neuroadaptations within these neurochemical systems that may lead to the development of nicotine dependence. The link between nicotine administration, depression and schizophrenia are also discussed. Finally, a theoretical model of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying acute nicotine withdrawal and protracted abstinence involves alterations within dopaminergic, serotonergic, and stress systems that are hypothesized to contribute to the negative affective state associated with nicotine abstinence.

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This phenomenon could underlie the cyclical mood dysregulation experienced by smokers between smoking episodes and could perpetuate smoking behavior.
“This phenomenon could also underlie the cyclical mood dysregulation experienced by smokers between smoking episodes, and could therefore perpetuate smoking behavior (Watkins et al., 2000).”
From Mood and anxiety regulation by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: A potential pathway to modulate aggression and related behavioral states (2015) · cites this paper as Watkins et al., 2000

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Authors: S. Watkins, G. F. K.
Venue: Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2000-02-01
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 19-37
ISSN: 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
1469-994X
DOI: 10.1080/14622200050011277
OpenAlex: W2158696674
Cited by: 424
References: 217
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 8.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5f31da005898-02)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA04398, DA-08467, DA05898, R01DA004398, R01DA008467)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: nicotine dependence, nicotine withdrawal, nicotine reinforcement, neurotransmitter systems, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, opioid peptides, neural adaptation, depression, schizophrenia, negative affect, abstinence, stress system
MeSH terms: Animals, Mental Disorders, Humans, Models, Neurological, Neuropeptides, Reinforcement, Psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Neurotransmitter Agents

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Neural mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction: acute positive reinforcement and withdrawal

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