Obesity and the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease
Open accessAbstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking have all been directly related to CHD. Obesity is on the rise in the United States and has also been associated with CHD. This review clearly establishes obesity as an independent risk factor for CHD as demonstrated by the Framingham Heart Study, Nurses' Health Study, Buffalo Health Study, and the Cancer Prevention Study II. Morbid obesity was found to correlate with a significant risk of mortality from CHD, especially in young men. Prevention of obesity, and therefore reduction in risk from cardiovascular disease, is paramount in the management of obesity. New approaches to behavioral, medical, and surgical management of obesity are reviewed, including thalidomide, an antiangiogenic agent. A primary and secondary prevention model details a multidisciplinary approach to reducing risk in obesity.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Preventing weight gain requires less difficult behavioral changes than achieving and maintaining weight loss.
“Increased emphasis should be put on prevention of weight gain, because achievement and maintenance of weight loss, although certainly possible, require more difficult behavioral changes (ie, greater calorie reduction and more physical activity) than prevention of weight gain in the first place.13,14”
From Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee (2006) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372425a0 · Cited by 13,419 · see citing works
Serum Immunoreactive-Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Humans
Considine, R. V., Sinha, M. K., Heiman, M. L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T. W., Nyce, M. R., Ohannesian, J. P., Marco, C. C., McKee, L. J., Bauer, T. L., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602013340503 · Cited by 6,326 · see citing works
Hubert, H. B., Feinleib, M., McNamara, P. M., & Castelli, W. P. (1983) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.67.5.968 · Cited by 4,241 · see citing works
Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults
Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Heath, C. W. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199910073411501 · Cited by 3,643 · see citing works
Antitumor Activity of Thalidomide in Refractory Multiple Myeloma
Singhal, S., Mehta, J., Desikan, R., Ayers, D., Roberson, P., Eddlemon, P., Munshi, N., Anaissie, E., Wilson, C., Dhodapkar, M., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199911183412102 · Cited by 2,575 · see citing works
Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis.
D'Amato, R. J., Loughnan, M. S., Flynn, E., & Folkman, J. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.9.4082 · Cited by 2,454 · see citing works
Pories, W. J., Swanson, M. S., MacDonald, K. G., Long, S. B., Morris, P. G., Brown, B. M., Barakat, H. A., deRamon, R. A., Israel, G., Dolezal, J. M., et al. (1995) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-199509000-00011 · Cited by 2,293 · see citing works
The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality
Stevens, J., Cai, J., Pamuk, E. R., Williamson, D. F., Thun, M. J., & Wood, J. L. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801013380101 · Cited by 1,611 · see citing works
A Prospective Study of Obesity and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., ROSNER, B. A., Monson, R. R., Speizer, F. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199003293221303 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Sjöström, L., Rissanen, A., Andersen, T., Boldrin, M., Golay, A., Koppeschaar, H. P., & Krempf, M. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11509-4 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Body Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of US Adults
Calle, E. E., Thun, M. J., Petrelli, J. M., Rodriguez, C., & Heath, C. (2000) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200003000-00010 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Rosamond, W. D., Chambless, L. E., Folsom, A. R., Cooper, L. S., Conwill, D. E., Clegg, L. X., Wang, C.-H., & HEISS, G. M. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199809243391301 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Serum leptin levels in women with anorexia nervosa
Grinspoon, S. K., Gulick, T., Askari, H., Landt, M., Lee, K., Anderson, E. J., Ma, Z., Vignati, L., Bowsher, R. R., Herzog, D. B., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.11.8923829 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Effects of Thalidomide and Related Metabolites in a Mouse Corneal Model of Neovascularization
Kenyon, B. M., Browne, F., & D’Amato, R. J. (1997) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1006/exer.1997.0292 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Excessive Mortality and Causes of Death in Morbidly Obese Men
Drenick, E. J. (1980) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1980.03300310031018 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Results of the surgical treatment of obesity
MacLean, L. D., Rhode, B. M., Sampalis, J. S., & Forse, R. A. (1993) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80420-9 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Mortality Rates and Risk Factors for Coronary Disease in Black as Compared with White Men and Women
KEIL, J. E., Sutherland, S. E., Knapp, R. G., Lackland, D. T., Gazes, P. C., & Tyroler, H. A. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199307083290201 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Orlistat (Ro 18-0647), a lipase inhibitor, in the treatment of human obesity: a multiple dose study.
Drent, M. L., Larsson, I., William-Olsson, T., QUAADE, F., Czubayko, F., von Bergmann, K., Strobel, W. M., Sjöström, L., & van der Veen, E. A. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Sudden death as a result of heart disease in morbid obesity
Duflou, J. A., Virmani, R., Rabin, I., BURKE, A. P., Farb, A. A., & Smialek, J. E. (1995) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(95)90445-x · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Neurologic complications after gastric restriction surgery for morbid obesity
Abarbanel, J. M., Berginer, V. M., Osimani, A., et al. (1987) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.37.2.196 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
(1995) · PubMed · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Alexander, J. K. (1985) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(85)80002-5 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Assessment of Excess Mortality in Obesity
Bender, R., Trautner, C., Spraul, M., & Berger, M. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009365 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Dorn, J. M., Schisterman, E. F., Winkelstein, W., & Trevisan, M. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009218 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
McNeely, W., & Benfield, P. (1998) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-199856020-00007 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Involvement of the Histaminergic System in Leptin-Induced Suppression of Food Intake
Morimoto, T., Yamamoto, Y., Mobarakeh, J. I., Yanai, K., Watanabe, T., Watanabe, T., & Yamatodani, A. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00123-7 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Andersen, T., Stokholm, K. H., Backer, O., et al. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 81 · see citing works
An eight-year experience with a very-low-calorie formula diet for control of major obesity.
Kirschner, M. A., Schneider, G. H., Ertel, N. H., & Gorman, J. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Relationship of weight loss to cardiovascular risk factors in morbidly obese individuals.
Anderson, J. W., Brinkman-Kaplan, V., Lee, H., & Wood, C. L. (1994) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718406 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Anderson, J. W., Hamilton, C., Crown-Weber, E., Riddlemoser, M., & Gustafson, N. (1991) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)01438-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
β 3-Adrenoceptors and the regulation of metabolism in adipose tissues
Arch, J. R. S., & Wilson, S. (1996) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0240412 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Expression of human β3-adrenergic receptor induces adipocyte-like features in CHO/K1 fibroblasts
Gros, J., Gerhardt, C. C., & Strosberg, A. D. (1999) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.112.21.3791 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- McNeely W, Benfield P. Orlistat. Drugs. 1998;56:241-249.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome
Wajchenberg, B. L. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.6.0415 · Cited by 2,961 · see citing works
Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Carnethon, M., Daniels, S., Franch, H. A., Franklin, B., Kris-Etherton, P., Harris, W. S., Howard, B., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.176158 · Cited by 2,705 · see citing works
Summary of American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006
Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Brands, M., Carnethon, M., Daniels, S., Franch, H. A., Franklin, B., Kris-Etherton, P., Harris, W. S., Howard, B., et al. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000238352.25222.5e · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Higami, Y., Pugh, T. D., Page, G. P., Allison, D. B., Prolla, T. A., & Weindruch, R. (2004) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.03-0678fje · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Effect of Biliopancreatic Diversion on Hypertension in Severely Obese Patients
ADAMI, G. F., PAPADIA, F., CARLINI, F., MURELLI, F., & SCOPINARO, N. (2005) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1291/hypres.28.119 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rashid, M. N., Fuentes, F., Touchon, R. C., & Wehner, P. S.
- Affiliations
- Marshall University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rashid, Mitchell N.
- ORCID
- Fuentes, Francisco
- Venue
- Preventive Cardiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-47
- ISSN
- 1520-037X (ISSN-L)
- 1751-7141
- OpenAlex
- W2002582015
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Preventive Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- obesity, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk factors, morbid obesity, cardiovascular mortality, obesity prevention, thalidomide, anti-angiogenic therapy, bariatric surgery, behavioral weight management, primary and secondary prevention, Framingham Heart Study, Nurses' Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, United States, Evidence-Based Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
