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Delving Below the Surface. Understanding How Race and Ethnicity Influence Relationships in Health Care
Open accessAbstract
There is increasing evidence that racial and ethnic minority patients receive lower quality interpersonal care than white patients. Therapeutic relationships constitute the interpersonal milieu in which patients are diagnosed, given treatment recommendations, and referred for tests, procedures, or care by consultants in the health care system. This paper provides a review and perspective on the literature that explores the role of relationships and social interactions across racial and ethnic differences in health care. First, we examine the social and historical context for examining differences in interpersonal treatment in health care along racial and ethnic lines. Second, we discuss selected studies that examine how race and ethnicity influence clinician-patient relationships. While less is known about how race and ethnicity influence clinician-community, clinician-clinician, and clinician-self relationships, we briefly examine the potential roles of these relationships in overcoming disparities in health care. Finally, we suggest directions for future research on racial and ethnic health care disparities that uses a relationship-centered paradigm.
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“(3) providers interact less effectively with minority than with white patients.32–37”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [36]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cooper, L. A., Beach, M. C., Johnson, R. L., & Inui, T. S.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Regenstrief Institute (US)
- Venue
- Journal of General Internal Medicine
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S21-S27
- ISSN
- 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-1497
- PMC
- PMC1484840
- OpenAlex
- W1534154425
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fetzer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- race and ethnicity, racial and ethnic health disparities, clinician-patient relationship, relationship-centered care, minority patients
- MeSH terms
- Ethnicity, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Interprofessional Relations, Minority Groups, Physician-Patient Relations, Quality of Health Care, Race Relations, Cultural Diversity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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