ENVIRONMENTAL MODULATION OF KARLOTOXIN LEVELS IN STRAINS OF THE COSMOPOLITAN DINOFLAGELLATE, KARLODINIUM VENEFICUM (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Adolf, Jason E.; Bachvaroff, Tsvetan R.; Place, Allen R.

doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00641.x

Cited by 65Marine Toxins and Detection MethodsMarine and coastal ecosystemsAquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics

ENVIRONMENTAL MODULATION OF KARLOTOXIN LEVELS IN STRAINS OF THE COSMOPOLITAN DINOFLAGELLATE, KARLODINIUM VENEFICUM (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Adolf, Jason E., Bachvaroff, Tsvetan R., Place, Allen R.·2009·Journal of Phycology

DOI 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00641.x

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Abstract

We examined the influence of N or P depletion, alternate N‐ or P‐sources, salinity, and temperature on karlotoxin (KmTx) production in strains of Karlodinium veneficum (D. Ballant.) J. Larsen, an ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate that shows a high degree of variability of toxicity in situ. The six strains examined represented KmTx 1 (CCMP 1974, MD 2) and KmTx 2 (CCMP 2064, CCMP 2283, MBM1) producers, and one strain that did not produce detectable karlotoxin under nutrient‐replete growth conditions (MD 5). We hypothesized that growth‐limiting conditions would result in higher cell quotas of karlotoxin. KmTx was present in toxic strains during all growth phases and increased in stationary and senescent phase cultures under low N or P, generally 2‐ to 5‐fold but with some observations in the 10‐ to 15‐fold range. No karlotoxin was observed under low‐N or low‐P conditions in the nontoxic strain MD 5. Nutrient‐quality (NO 3, NH 4, urea, and glycerophosphate) did not affect growth rate, but growth on NH 4 produced 2‐ to 3‐fold higher cellular toxicity and a 50% higher ratio of KmTx 1‐1:KmTx 1‐3 in CCMP 1974. CCMP 1974 showed higher cellular toxicity at low salinity (≤5 ppt) and high temperature (25°C). Our results suggested that given the presence of a toxic strain of K. veneficum in situ, the existence of environmental conditions that favor cellular accumulation of karlotoxin is likely a significant factor underlying K. veneficum–related fish kills that require both high cell densities (10 4 · mL−1) and high cellular toxin quotas relative to those generally observed in nutrient‐replete cultures.

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Karlodinium veneficum is known to be more toxic when in a heterotrophic state.
“K. veneficum is known to be more toxic when in a heterotrophic state (Adolf et al., 2008(Adolf et al., , 2009;;Place et al., 2012).”
From Current and Future Remote Sensing of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Chesapeake Bay to Support the Shellfish Industry (2020) · cites this paper as Adolf et al., 2009

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Karlodinium veneficum—The little dinoflagellate with a big bite.
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STRAIN VARIATION IN KARLODINIUM VENEFICUM (DINOPHYCEAE): TOXIN PROFILES, PIGMENTS, AND GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS1
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Characterization and bloom-forming potential of the toxic, fish-killing dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Lovko, V. J., Lohrenz, S. E., & Bowers, H. A. (2008)

Authors: Adolf, J. E., Bachvaroff, T. R., & Place, A. R.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
Corresponding author: Place, Allen R.
ORCID: Adolf, Jason E.
Bachvaroff, Tsvetan R.
Place, Allen R.
Venue: Journal of Phycology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2009-02
Volume: 45
Issue: 1
Pages: 176-192
ISSN: 0022-3646 (ISSN-L)
1529-8817
DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00641.x
OpenAlex: W2040365158
Cited by: 65
References: 44
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 11 d)
Locations: Journal of Phycology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Marine Toxins and Detection Methods
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
Keywords: Karlodinium veneficum, dinoflagellate toxins, ichthyotoxicity, nitrogen limitation, phosphorus limitation, salinity, temperature, ammonium, nitrate, urea, glycerophosphate, fish kills

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ENVIRONMENTAL MODULATION OF KARLOTOXIN LEVELS IN STRAINS OF THE COSMOPOLITAN DINOFLAGELLATE, KARLODINIUM VENEFICUM (DINOPHYCEAE)1

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