Common genetic contributions to alcohol and cannabis use and dependence symptomatology
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Despite mounting evidence that use of and dependence on alcohol and cannabis are influenced by heritable factors, the extent to which heritable influences on these phenotypes overlap across the 2 substances has only rarely been explored. In the current study, we quantified cross-substance overlap in sources of variance and estimated the degree to which within-substance associations between use and dependence measures are attributable to common genetic and environmental factors for alcohol and cannabis. METHODS: The sample was comprised of 6,257 individuals (2,761 complete twin pairs and 735 singletons) from the Australian Twin Registry, aged 24 to 36 years. Alcohol and cannabis use histories were collected via telephone diagnostic interviews and used to derive an alcohol consumption factor, a frequency measure for cannabis use, and DSM-IV alcohol and cannabis dependence symptom counts. Standard genetic analyses were conducted to produce a quadrivariate model that provided estimates of overlap in genetic and environmental influences across the 4 phenotypes. RESULTS: Over 60% of variance in alcohol consumption, cannabis use, and cannabis dependence symptoms, and just under 50% of variance in alcohol dependence (AD) symptoms were attributable to genetic sources. Shared environmental factors did not contribute significantly to the 4 phenotypes. Nearly complete overlap in heritable influences was observed for within-substance measures of use and dependence symptoms. Genetic correlations across substances were 0.68 and 0.62 for use and dependence symptoms, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Common heritable influences were evident for alcohol and cannabis use and for AD and cannabis dependence symptomatology, but findings indicate that substance-specific influences account for the majority of the genetic variance in the cannabis use and dependence phenotypes. By contrast, the substantial correlations between alcohol use and AD symptoms and between cannabis use and cannabis dependence symptoms suggest that measures of heaviness of use capture much of the same genetic liability to alcohol- and cannabis-related problems as dependence symptomatology.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Profound comorbidity exists across diagnostic labels thought to separate internalizing and externalizing disorders, with high phenotypic correlations between diagnosis pairs.
“Profound comorbidity exists across diagnostic labels thought to separate internalizing and externalizing disorders; such studies reveal high phenotypic correlations between diagnosis pairs (13,14).”
From Methods and challenges for assessing heterogeneity (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2003) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1037/e560352009-001 · Cited by 6,930 · see citing works
Lee, J. A. H. (1986) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1986.03370120114036 · Cited by 2,252 · see citing works
Bucholz, K. K., Cadoret, R. J., Cloninger, C. R., Dinwiddie, S. H., HESSELBROCK, V. M., Nürnberger, J. I., Reich, T., Schmidt, I., & Schuckit, M. A. (1994) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1994.55.149 · Cited by 1,758 · see citing works
Self-citationGrant, B. F., Dawson, D. A., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., & Pickering, R. P. (2004) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.02.004 · Cited by 1,509 · see citing works
Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.3.411 · Cited by 1,378 · see citing works
Volume, I. I. (2017) · Institute for Social Research eBooks · doi:10.3998/2027.42/139710 · Cited by 1,369 · see citing works
Anthony, J. C., Warner, L. A., & Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.2.3.244 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Dinwiddie, S. H., Slutske, W. S., Bierut, L. J., Statham, D. J., Dunne, M. P., Whitfield, J. B., & Martin, N. G. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797005643 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation Between Self-reported Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adverse Psychosocial Outcomes
Nelson, E. C., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., Cooper, M. L., Dinwiddie, S. H., Bucholz, K. K., Glowinski, A. L., McLaughlin, T., Dunne, M. P., Statham, D. J., et al. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.139 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Self-citationA validity study of the SSAGA‐a comparison with the SCAN
Hesselbrock, M. N., Easton, C. J., Bucholz, K. K., Schuckit, M. A., & HESSELBROCK, V. M. (1999) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94913618.x · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Self-citationEscalation of Drug Use in Early-Onset Cannabis Users vs Co-twin Controls
Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Slutske, W. S., Madden, P. A. F., Nelson, E. C., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.4.427 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Self-citationKendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M., Neale, M. C., & Prescott, C. A. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.261 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Stockwell, T. R., Donath, S. M., Cooper‐Stanbury, M., Chikritzhs, T. N., Catalano, P., & Mateo, C. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00815.x · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Elkins, I. J., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1145 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Eath, A. C. H., Ucholz, K. K. B., Adden, P. A. F. M., Inwiddie, S. H. D., Lutske, W. S. S., Ierut, L. J. B., Tatham, D. J. S., Hitfield, J. B. W., & Artin, N. G. M. (1997) · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Cannabis use disorders in the USA: prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity
STINSON, F. S., RUAN, W. J., PICKERING, R., & GRANT, B. F. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008361 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Saha, T. D., Chou, S. P., & Grant, B. F. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170600746x · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Deviant Peer Affiliations, Crime and Substance Use: A Fixed Effects Regression Analysis
Fergusson, D. M., Swain-Campbell, N. R., & Horwood, L. J. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1015774125952 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Kendler, K. S., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.11.1313 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
The developmental antecedents of illicit drug use: Evidence from a 25-year longitudinal study
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.003 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Rates of Psychiatric Comorbidity Among U.S. Residents with Lifetime Cannabis Dependence
Agosti, V., Nunes, E. V., & LEVIN, F. R. (2002) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1081/ada-120015873 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Monitoring the future. Building an early warning system for the Dutch Ministry of Justice
Botterhuis, L., van der Duin, P. A., de Ruijter, P., & van Wijck, P. W. (2009) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2009.11.030 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Common genetic risk factors for conduct disorder and alcohol dependence.
Slutske, W. S., Heath, A. C., Dinwiddie, S. H., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., Dunne, M. P., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.3.363 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabis Use, Abuse, and Dependence in a Population-Based Sample of Female Twins
Kendler, K. S., & Prescott, C. A. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.8.1016 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
SHERMAN, D. K., IACONO, W. G., & McGUE, M. K. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199706000-00010 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental influences on drug use and abuse/dependence in male and female twins
van den Bree, M. B. M., Johnson, E. O., Neale, M. C., & Pickens, R. W. (1998) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00101-x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Han, C., Mcgue, M. K., & Iacono, W. G. (1999) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9479814.x · Cited by 225 · see citing works
The genetic epidemiology of cannabis use, abuse and dependence
Arpana Agrawal, A., & Lynskey, M. T. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01399.x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of alcohol consumption in future classifications of alcohol use disorders.
Saha, T., Stinson, F., & Grant, B. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.003 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Knopik, V. S., Sparrow, E. P., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., Hudziak, J. J., Reich, W., Slutske, W. S., Grant, J. D., McLaughlin, T., Todorov, A. A., et al. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704004155 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationCarney, M. A., Tennen, H., Affleck, G., del Boca, F. D., & Kranzler, H. (1998) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1998.59.447 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy
(2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01644_1.x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental contributions to cannabis dependence in a national young adult twin sample
Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Nelson, E. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Slutske, W. S., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701005062 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationYoung, S., Rhee, S., Stallings, M., Corley, R., & Hewitt, J. (2006) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-006-9066-7 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Genetic Predisposition to Organ‐Specific Endpoints of Alcoholism
Reed, T., Page, W. F., Viken, R. J., & Christian, J. C. (1996) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01695.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Marshal, M. P., Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham, W. E. (2003) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.17.4.293 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Developmental Sequence From Disruptive Behavior Diagnosis to Adolescent Alcohol Dependence
Samuel Kuperman, C., Schlosser, S., Kramer, J., Bucholz, K. K., HESSELBROCK, V. M., Reich, T., & Reich, W. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2022 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationCannabis dependence in young adults: an Australian population study
Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L. J., Lynskey, M. T., Sanci, L. A., & Patton, G. C. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00029.x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationO'Neill, S. E., Parra, G. R., & Sher, K. J. (2001) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037//0893-164x.15.4.350 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Grucza, R. A., Abbacchi, A. M., Przybeck, T. R., & Gfroerer, J. (2007) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01745.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
McGue, M. K., Iacono, W. G., & Krueger, R. F. (2006) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-006-9061-z · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Knopik, V. S., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., Slutske, W. S., Nelson, E. C., Statham, D. J., Whitfield, J. B., & Martin, N. G. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704002922 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationPape, H., Rossow, I. M., & Storvoll, E. E. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.11.002 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Heath, A. C., Howells, W. A. B., Kirk, K. M., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., Nelson, E. C., Slutske, W. S., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2001) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/twin.4.2.73 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationHeath, A. C., Meyer, J. M., Jardine, R., & Martin, N. G. (1991) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.1991.52.425 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationO'Neill, S. E., Parra, G. R., & Sher, K. J. (2001) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.15.4.350 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Furlong, R. A., Ho, L. W., Rubinsztein, J. S., Walsh, C., Paykel, E. S., & Rubinsztein, D. C. (1999) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990820)88:4 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cannabis use and mental health in secondary school children
Monshouwer, K., van Dorsselaer, S., Verdurmen, J. E. E., ter Bogt, T., de Graaf, R., & Vollebergh, W. (2006) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.188.2.148 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Li, T. (2008) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05298.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., Lynskey, M. T., Todorov, A. A., & Madden, P. A. F. (2002) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/1369052022983 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol Consumption Indices of Genetic Risk for Alcohol Dependence
Grant, J. D., Arpana Agrawal, A., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Pergadia, M. L., Nelson, E. C., Lynskey, M. T., Todd, R. D., Todorov, A. A., Hansell, N. K., et al. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.018 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationTeesson, M., Baillie, A., Lynskey, M. T., Manor, B. R., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.06.007 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationHeath, A. C., Howells, W., Kirk, K. M., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., Nelson, E. C., Slutske, W. S., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2001) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/1369052012182 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Genetics of Alcohol Intake and of Alcohol Dependence
Whitfield, J. B., Zhu, G., Madden, P. A. F., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2004) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000134221.32773.69 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, T., Hewitt, B. G., & Grant, B. F. (2006) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl125 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Patterns of co‐morbidity between alcohol use and other substance use in the Australian population
Degenhardt, L. J., & Hall, W. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/0959523021000059776 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Models of Treatment Seeking for Alcoholism: The Role of Genes and Environment
True, W. R., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., et al. (1996) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01702.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationHayatbakhsh, M. R., McGee, T. R., Bor, W., Najman, J. M., Jamrozik, K. D., & Mamun, A. A. (2008) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Hayatbakhsh, M. R., McGee, T. R., Bor, W., Najman, J. M., Jamrozik, K. D., & Mamun, A. A. (2007) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Miles, D. R., van den Bree, M. V. D., & Pickens, R. (2002) · American journal of medical genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.10178 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental contributions to nicotine, alcohol and cannabis dependence in male twins
Xian, H., Scherrer, J. F., Grant, J. D., Eisen, S. A., True, W. R., Jacob, T., & Bucholz, K. K. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02243.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationDeveloping a Quantitative Measure of Alcohol Consumption for Genomic Studies on Prospective Cohorts
Agrawal, A., Grant, J. D., Littlefield, A. K., et al. (2009) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2009.70.157 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationDependence symptoms in young cannabis users? A prospective epidemiological study
Nocon, A., Wïttchen, H., Pfister, H., et al. (2005) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.07.011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sisson, J. H., May, K., & Wyatt, T. A. (1999) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04677.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Family Transmission and Heritability of Externalizing Disorders: A Twin-Family Study
Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.922 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Gillespie, N. A., Neale, M. C., Jacobson, K. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2009) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02457.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Genetic analysis of diagnostic systems of alcoholism in males
van den Bree, M. B. M., Johnson, E. O., Neale, M. C., Svikis, D. S., McGue, M. K., & Pickens, R. W. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00225-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sartor, C. E., Arpana Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M. T., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., & Heath, A. C. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.013 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationMcBride, O., Adamson, G., Bunting, B. P., & McCann, S. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.07.019 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Etiological Contributions to Heavy Drinking From Late Adolescence to Young Adulthood.
King, S. M., Burt, S. A., Malone, S. M., McGue, M. K., & Iacono, W. G. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.587 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VAPreprint
Klein, R. A., Burke, B., Ebersole, C. R., et al. (2017) · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The p Factor: One General Psychopathology Factor in the Structure of Psychiatric Disorders?
Caspi, A., Houts, R. M., Belsky, D. W., Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Harrington, H., Israel, S., Meier, M. H., Ramrakha, S., Shalev, I., Poulton, R., et al. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613497473 · Cited by 2,449 · see citing works
Methods and challenges for assessing heterogeneity
Feczko, E., & Fair, D. A. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.015 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sartor, C. E., Grant, J. D., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Heath, A. C., Agrawal, A., Whitfield, J. B., Statham, D. J., Martin, N. G., & Lynskey, M. T.
- Affiliations
- University of the Sunshine Coast (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 545-554
- ISSN
- 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-0277
- PMC
- PMC3089946
- OpenAlex
- W2163592229
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 21 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R37AA007728, K05AA017688, AA010248, AA 007728, R01AA010249, R01AA013321, AA011998, P50AA011998, AA13321, R01AA007728, AA017688, R01AA012640, AA013320, R01AA013320)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA018267, R01DA018660, R01DA018267, R01DA014363, DA018660, R01DA012854)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Keywords
- alcohol consumption, cannabis use, alcoholism, cannabis use disorder, genetic overlap, heritability, genetic correlation, shared environmental factors, twin studies, Australian Twin Registry
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Alcoholism, Australia, Marijuana Abuse, Environment, Female, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Models, Genetic, Phenotype, Comorbidity, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
