The DOI matches its Crossref record; 161 of the 161 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Mini‐Mental State Examination: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of information accumulated over the past 26 years regarding the psychometric properties and utility of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Participants: The reviewed studies assessed a wide variety of subjects, ranging from cognitively intact community residents to those with severe cognitive impairment associated with various types of dementing illnesses. Main Outcome Measures: The validity of the MMSE was compared against a variety of gold standards, including DSM‐III‐R and NINCDS‐ADRDA criteria, clinical diagnoses, Activities of Daily Living measures, and other tests that putatively identify and measure cognitive impairment. Results: Reliability and construct validity were judged to be satisfactory. Measures of criterion validity showed high levels of sensitivity for moderate‐to‐severe cognitive impairment and lower levels for mild degrees of impairment. Content analyses revealed the MMSE was highly verbal, and not all items were equally sensitive to cognitive impairment. Items measuring language were judged to be relatively easy and lacked utility for identifying mild language deficits. Overall, MMSE scores were affected by age, education, and cultural background, but not gender. Conclusions: In general, the MMSE fulfilled its original goal of providing a brief screening test that quantitatively assesses the severity of cognitive impairment and documents cognitive changes occurring over time. The MMSE should not, by itself, be used as a diagnostic tool to identify dementia. Suggestions for the clinical use of the MMSE are made.
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In the citing paper
“Users with severe cognitive impairment (MMSE score <18) [36] may still be able to use these systems effectively (performance index >50%) if their level of linguistic skills is normal (Robertson Dysarthria Profile = 4) [29], which somehow compensates for the cognitive difficulties.”
From Investigating the Accessibility of Voice Assistants With Impaired Users: Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The results are sensitive to age, level of education and cultural background, but not to gender (Tombaugh and McIntyre 1992).”
From Effectiveness of a training programme based on acceptance and commitment therapy aimed at older adults – no moderating role of cognitive functioning (2021) · cites this paper as Tombaugh and McIntyre 1992
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, the decline in MMSE generally parallels that of more detailed testing55.”
From Large-scale proteomic analysis of human brain identifies proteins associated with cognitive trajectory in advanced age (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“This instrument (which was designed as a tool for assessing global cognitive function) has a limited ability to detect changes in specific cognitive domains such as attention and processing speed [17, 82].”
From Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies (2005) · cites this paper as [17]
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x · Cited by 25,553
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Liu, K. Y., Costafreda, S. G., Selbæk, G., Alladi, S., Ames, D., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Brayne, C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01296-0 · Cited by 3,860
Six-item screener to identify cognitive impairment among potential subjects for clinical research
Callahan, C. M., Unverzagt, F. W., Hui, S. L., Perkins, A. J., & Hendrie, H. C. (2002) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200209000-00007 · Cited by 1,499
Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies
Cukierman, T., Gerstein, H. C., & Williamson, J. D. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4 · Cited by 1,049
A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia
Mathuranath, P. S., Nestor, P. J., Berrios, G. E., Rakowicz, W., & Hodges, J. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19 · Cited by 1,029
Metadata
- Authors
- Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Carleton University (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1992-09
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 922-935
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- OpenAlex
- W2109140840
- Cited by
- 5,152
- References
- 161
- Citations by year
- 2026: 207 · 2025: 257 · 2024: 233 · 2023: 231 · 2022: 239 · 2021: 283 · 2020: 279 · 2019: 271 · 2018: 257 · 2017: 232 · 2016: 222 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 195 · 2013: 166 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- Mini-Mental State Examination, cognitive screening, dementia diagnosis, psychometric properties, criterion validity, construct validity, reliability statistics, language assessment, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, DSM-III-R
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Age Factors, Aged, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, Female, Humans, Probability, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results
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