Cited by 5,152Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchPsychological Testing and AssessmentHistorical and Modern Theater Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 161 of the 161 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Mini‐Mental State Examination: A Comprehensive Review

Tombaugh, Tom N., McIntyre, Nancy J.·1992·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society

DOI 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of information accumulated over the past 26 years regarding the psychometric properties and utility of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Participants: The reviewed studies assessed a wide variety of subjects, ranging from cognitively intact community residents to those with severe cognitive impairment associated with various types of dementing illnesses. Main Outcome Measures: The validity of the MMSE was compared against a variety of gold standards, including DSM‐III‐R and NINCDS‐ADRDA criteria, clinical diagnoses, Activities of Daily Living measures, and other tests that putatively identify and measure cognitive impairment. Results: Reliability and construct validity were judged to be satisfactory. Measures of criterion validity showed high levels of sensitivity for moderate‐to‐severe cognitive impairment and lower levels for mild degrees of impairment. Content analyses revealed the MMSE was highly verbal, and not all items were equally sensitive to cognitive impairment. Items measuring language were judged to be relatively easy and lacked utility for identifying mild language deficits. Overall, MMSE scores were affected by age, education, and cultural background, but not gender. Conclusions: In general, the MMSE fulfilled its original goal of providing a brief screening test that quantitatively assesses the severity of cognitive impairment and documents cognitive changes occurring over time. The MMSE should not, by itself, be used as a diagnostic tool to identify dementia. Suggestions for the clinical use of the MMSE are made.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x

Cites

161 of 161 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

“Mini-mental state”
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282
Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS‐ADRDA Work Group* under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Siegel, L. J., & Fletcher‐Janzen, E. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0655 · Cited by 8,467
Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Wechsler, D. (1955) · Psychological Corp. eBooks · Cited by 4,941
The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assesment of Alzheimer's disease
Moms, J. C., Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C., Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., Mellits, E. D., & Clark, C. (1989) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.39.9.1159 · Cited by 4,130
The Association Between Quantitative Measures of Dementia and of Senile Change in the Cerebral Grey Matter of Elderly Subjects
Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B. E., & Roth, M. (1968) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.114.512.797 · Cited by 4,117
Untitled work
(1987) · PubMed · Cited by 2,657
Psychiatric disorders in America: the epidemiologic catchment area study
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-5931 · Cited by 2,561
Validation of a short Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test of cognitive impairment
Katzman, R., Brown, T., Fuld, P. A., Peck, A., Schechter, R., & Schimmel, H. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.6.734 · Cited by 2,119
CAMDEX. A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia
Roth, M., Tym, E., Mountjoy, C. Q., Huppert, F. A., Hendrie, H., Verma, S., & Goddard, R. (1986) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.149.6.698 · Cited by 2,090

Show all 161 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

Holzer CE, 1984, Research in Community Mental Health, 3
Reisberg B, 1985, Thresholds in Aging
Teng EL, 1990, Psychogeriatrics: Biomedical and Social Advances, 189
JAckson MD, 1988, Use of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) to screen for dementia in elderly outpatients, J Am Geriatr Soc, 36, 662
Lautenschlaeger E, 1986, Folstein vs. Goldfarb mental status exams, Clin Gerontol, 4, 41
Ashford J, 1986, Mini‐mental status and activities of daily living: Cross validation by scalogram and item analysis techniques, Gerontologist, 26, 143
Tomlinson BE, 1977, Aging and Dementia, 25
Gurland BJ, 1981, Clinical Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease and Senile Dementia, Aging, 61
Folstein MF, 1978, Alzheimer's Disease: Senile Dementia and Related Disorders, Aging
Folstein MF, 1983, Cognitive impairment of Alzheimer's disease, Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol, 5, 631
Tombaugh TN, 1991, The Mini‐Mental State (MMSE): Normative data over a 60‐year‐age range
Yesavage JA, 1982, Degree of dementia and improvement with memory training, Clin Gerontol, 1, 77
Raven JC, 1969, Coloured Progressive Matrices

Sorted by citations

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x · Cited by 25,553
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission
Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Liu, K. Y., Costafreda, S. G., Selbæk, G., Alladi, S., Ames, D., Banerjee, S., Burns, A., Brayne, C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01296-0 · Cited by 3,860
Six-item screener to identify cognitive impairment among potential subjects for clinical research
Callahan, C. M., Unverzagt, F. W., Hui, S. L., Perkins, A. J., & Hendrie, H. C. (2002) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200209000-00007 · Cited by 1,499
Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes—systematic overview of prospective observational studies
Cukierman, T., Gerstein, H. C., & Williamson, J. D. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-0023-4 · Cited by 1,049
A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia
Mathuranath, P. S., Nestor, P. J., Berrios, G. E., Rakowicz, W., & Hodges, J. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19 · Cited by 1,029
Health Literacy Among Medicare Enrollees in a Managed Care Organization
Gazmararian, J. A. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.6.545 · Cited by 876
Mediterranean diet, stroke, cognitive impairment, and depression: A meta‐analysis
Psaltopoulou, T., Sergentanis, T. N., Panagiotakos, D. B., Sergentanis, I. N., Kosti, R., & Scarmeas, N. (2013) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.23944 · Cited by 793
Mapping Scores Onto Stages: Mini-Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating
Perneczky, R., Wagenpfeil, S., Komossa, K., Grimmer, T., Diehl, J., & Kurz, A. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000192478.82189.a8 · Cited by 768
Improved discrimination of AD patients using β-amyloid (1-42) and tau levels in CSF
Hulstaert, F., Blennow, K., Ivanoiu, A., Schoonderwaldt, H. C., Riemenschneider, M., Deyn, P. P. D., Bancher, C., Cras, P., Wiltfang, J., Mehta, P. D., et al. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.8.1555 · Cited by 724
Comparison of the Saint Louis university mental status examination and the mini-mental state examination for detecting dementia and mild neurocognitive disorder—a pilot study
Tariq, S. H., Tumosa, N., Chibnall, J. T., Perry, M. H., & Morley, J. E. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000221510.33817.86 · Cited by 724
Anxiety and Depression in Later Life: Co-Occurrence and Communality of Risk Factors
Beekman, A. T. F., de Beurs, E., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Deeg, D. J. H., van Dyck, R., & van Tilburg, W. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.89 · Cited by 669
Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: The EURODEM Studies
Andersen, K., Launer, L. J., Dewey, M. E., Letenneur, L., Ott, A., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J.-F., Kragh–Sorensen, P., Baldereschi, M., Brayne, C., et al. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.1992 · Cited by 650
Handgrip strength as a predictor of functional, psychological and social health. A prospective population-based study among the oldest old
Taekema, D. G., Gussekloo, J., Maier, A. B., Westendorp, R. G. J., & de Craen, A. J. M. (2010) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afq022 · Cited by 625
Urinary Incontinence: Does it Increase Risk for Falls and Fractures?
Brown, J. S., Vittinghoff, E., Wyman, J. F., Stone, K. L., Nevitt, M. C., Ensrud, K. E., & Grady, D. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04744.x · Cited by 557
Factors influencing help seeking, hearing aid uptake, hearing aid use and satisfaction with hearing aids: A review of the literature.
Vestergaard Knudsen, L., Öberg, M., Nielsen, C., Naylor, G., & Kramer, S. E. (2010) · Trends in Amplification · doi:10.1177/1084713810385712 · Cited by 494
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Antioxidants, and Cognitive Function in Very Old Men
Kalmijn, S., Feskens, E. J. M., Launer, L. J., & Kromhout, D. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009029 · Cited by 453
Diversity and Disparity in Dementia: The Impact of Ethnoracial Differences in Alzheimer Disease
Chin, A. L., Negash, S., & Hamilton, R. (2011) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e318211c6c9 · Cited by 416
Homocysteine and folate as risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer disease
Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Maioli, F., Martelli, M., Servadei, L., Brunetti, N., Porcellini, E., & Licastro, F. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.3.636 · Cited by 500
Fish consumption, n−3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study
van Gelder, B. M., Tijhuis, M., Kalmijn, S., & Kromhout, D. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1142 · Cited by 346
Poor Cognitive Function and Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes
Punthakee, Z., Miller, M. E., Launer, L. J., Williamson, J. D., Lazar, R. M., Cukierman-Yaffee, T., Seaquist, E. R., Ismail-Beigi, F., Sullivan, M. D., Lovato, L. C., et al. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1855 · Cited by 337
The Course of Cognitive Impairment in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease: Three- and 6-Year Follow-up of a Population-Based Sample
Small, B. J., Fratiglioni, L., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., & Bäckman, L. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.6.839 · Cited by 329
Cognitive and physical rehabilitation of intensive care unit survivors: Results of the RETURN randomized controlled pilot investigation*
Jackson, J. C., Ely, E. W., Morey, M. C., Anderson, V. M., Denne, L. B., Clune, J., Siebert, C. S., Archer, K. R., Torres, R., Janz, D., et al. (2012) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182373115 · Cited by 318
The relationship between type 2 diabetes and cognitive dysfunction: longitudinal studies and their methodological limitations
Allen, K. V., Frier, B. M., & Strachan, M. W. J. (2004) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.054 · Cited by 319
Physical activity in relation to cognitive decline in elderly men: The FINE Study
van Gelder, B. M., Tijhuis, M. A. R., Kalmijn, S., Giampaoli, S., Nissinen, A., & Kromhout, D. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000147474.29994.35 · Cited by 311
Activity in Older Adults: Cause or Consequence of Cognitive Functioning? A Longitudinal Study on Everyday Activities and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults
Aartsen, M. J., Smits, C. H. M., van Tilburg, T., Knipscheer, K. C. P. M., & Deeg, D. J. H. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.2.p153 · Cited by 303
Anger and depression management: psychoeducational skill training interventions for women caregivers of a relative with dementia
Coon, D. W., Thompson, L., Steffen, A., Sorocco, K., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2003) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/43.5.678 · Cited by 283
Severe hypoglycemia and cognitive decline in older people with type 2 diabetes: The Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study
Feinkohl, I., Aung, P. P., Keller, M., Robertson, C. M., Morling, J. R., McLachlan, S., Deary, I. J., Frier, B. M., Strachan, M. W. J., Price, J. F., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1384 · Cited by 266
Progression of Cognitive, Functional, and Neuropsychiatric Symptom Domains in a Population Cohort With Alzheimer Dementia: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study
Tschanz, J. T., Corcoran, C. D., Schwartz, S., Treiber, K., Green, R. C., Norton, M. C., Mielke, M. M., Piercy, K., Steinberg, M., Rabins, P. V., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181faec23 · Cited by 244
“, MMSE) have been criticized for differential performance in classifying the cognitive status of individuals from different ages and educational backgrounds, and for significant floor effects when studying persons with severe dementia (reviewed in (43)).”
Background
Modeling the Association between 43 Different Clinical and Pathological Variables and the Severity of Cognitive Impairment in a Large Autopsy Cohort of Elderly Persons
Nelson, P. T., Abner, E. L., Schmitt, F. A., Kryscio, R. J., Jicha, G. A., Smith, C. D., Davis, D. G., Poduska, J. W., Patel, E., Mendiondo, M. S., et al. (2010) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00244.x · Cited by 239
Tea consumption and cognitive impairment and decline in older Chinese adults
Ng, T.-P., Feng, L., Niti, M., Kua, E.-H., & Yap, K.-B. (2008) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.224 · Cited by 236
Coffee consumption is inversely associated with cognitive decline in elderly European men: the FINE Study
van Gelder, B. M., Buijsse, B., Tijhuis, M., Kalmijn, S., Giampaoli, S., Nissinen, A., & Kromhout, D. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602495 · Cited by 228
Malnutrition as a strong predictor of the onset of sarcopenia
Beaudart, C., Sanchez-Rodriguez, D., Locquet, M., Reginster, J.-Y., Lengelé, L., & Bruyère, O. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122883 · Cited by 226
Large-scale proteomic analysis of human brain identifies proteins associated with cognitive trajectory in advanced age
Wingo, A. P., Dammer, E. B., Breen, M. S., Logsdon, B. A., Duong, D. M., Troncosco, J. C., Thambisetty, M., Beach, T. G., Serrano, G. E., Reiman, E. M., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09613-z · Cited by 211
Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer??s disease
Montgomery, S. A., Thal, L. J., & Amrein, R. (2003) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200303000-00001 · Cited by 209
Functional implications of hippocampal volume and diffusivity in mild cognitive impairment
Müller, M. J., Greverus, D., Dellani, P. R., Weibrich, C., Wille, P. R., Scheurich, A., Stoeter, P., & Fellgiebel, A. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.029 · Cited by 210
Tracking cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease using the Mini-Mental State Examination: A meta-analysis
Han, L., Cole, M., Bellavance, F., McCusker, J., & Primeau, F. (2000) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610200006359 · Cited by 202
Risk Factors for Falls in Older Disabled Women With Diabetes: The Women's Health and Aging Study
Volpato, S., Leveille, S. G., Blaum, C., Fried, L. P., & Guralnik, J. M. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.12.1539 · Cited by 203
Marital status and living situation during a 5-year period are associated with a subsequent 10-year cognitive decline in older men: The FINE Study
van Gelder, B. M., Tijhuis, M., Kalmijn, S., Giampaoli, S., Nissinen, A., & Kromhout, D. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/61.4.p213 · Cited by 197
In Vivo Detection of Cerebral Cortical Microinfarcts with High-Resolution 7T MRI
van Veluw, S. J., Zwanenburg, J. J., Engelen-Lee, J., Spliet, W. G., Hendrikse, J., Luijten, P. R., & Biessels, G. J. (2013) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.196 · Cited by 193
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Epidemiology and Dementia Risk in an Elderly Italian Population
Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Montesi, F., Lucicesare, A., Pisacane, N., Rietti, E., Dalmonte, E., Bianchin, M., & Mecocci, P. (2008) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01503.x · Cited by 173
Coffee Consumption and Cognitive Function among Older Adults
Johnson-Kozlow, M. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf119 · Cited by 173
Religious Attendance and Cognitive Functioning Among Older Mexican Americans
Hill, T. D., Burdette, A. M., Angel, J. L., & Angel, R. J. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/61.1.p3 · Cited by 173
Prevalence and treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease
Veazey, C., Ozlem Erden Aki, S., Cook, K. F., Lai, E. C., & Kunik, M. E. (2005) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.17.3.310 · Cited by 162
A multi-centre randomized control group trial on the use of art therapy for older people with dementia
Rusted, J., Sheppard, L., & Waller, D. (2006) · Group Analysis · doi:10.1177/0533316406071447 · Cited by 162
Disability and cognitive impairment in the elderly
Barberger-Gateau, P., & Fabrigoule, C. (1997) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638289709166525 · Cited by 158
Endogenous subclinical thyroid disorders, physical and cognitive function, depression, and mortality in older individuals
de Jongh, R. T., Lips, P., van Schoor, N. M., Rijs, K. J., Deeg, D. J. H., Comijs, H. C., Kramer, M. H. H., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Dekkers, O. M. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0430 · Cited by 157
Vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment in a stroke-free cohort
Unverzagt, F. W., McClure, L. A., Wadley, V. G., Jenny, N. S., Go, R. C., Cushman, M., Kissela, B. M., Kelley, B. J., Kennedy, R., Moy, C. S., et al. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318236ef23 · Cited by 152
The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study: epidemiologic and neuropathologic research on cognitive impairment
P. Gelber, R., J. Launer, L., & R. White, L. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512801322618 · Cited by 149
Transient Cognitive Impairment in TIA and Minor Stroke
Pendlebury, S. T., Wadling, S., Silver, L. E., Mehta, Z., & Rothwell, P. M. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.621490 · Cited by 145
Diversity in Alzheimer's disease drug trials: the importance of eligibility criteria
Franzen, S., Smith, J. E., van den Berg, E., Rivera Mindt, M., van Bruchem‐Visser, R. L., Abner, E. L., Schneider, L. S., Prins, N. D., Babulal, G. M., & Papma, J. M. (2022) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12433 · Cited by 146
A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer's disease: Primary results of the AMBAR Study
Boada, M., López, O. L., Olazarán, J., Núñez, L., Pfeffer, M., Paricio, M., Lorites, J., Piñol‐Ripoll, G., Gámez, J. E., Anaya, F., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12137 · Cited by 143
Cognitive impairment, physical disability and depressive symptoms in older diabetic patients: the Fremantle Cognition in Diabetes Study
Bruce, D. G., Casey, G. P., Grange, V., Clarnette, R. C., Almeida, O. P., Foster, J. K., Ives, F. J., & Davis, T. M. E. (2003) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(03)00084-6 · Cited by 145
Longitudinal change of self-perceptions of aging and mortality
Sargent-Cox, K. A., Anstey, K. J., & Luszcz, M. A. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbt005 · Cited by 141
Direct and indirect effects of age on interoceptive accuracy and awareness across the adult lifespan
Murphy, J., Geary, H., Millgate, E., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1339-z · Cited by 137
Homocysteine and cognitive function in healthy elderly community dwellers in Italy
Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Maioli, F., Muscari, A., Sacchetti, L., Arnone, G., Nativio, V., Talerico, T., & Mariani, E. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.3.668 · Cited by 131
Allothetic orientation and sequential ordering of places is impaired in early stages of Alzheimer's disease: corresponding results in real space tests and computer tests
Kalová, E., Vlček, K., Jarolímová, E., & Bureš, J. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2004.10.016 · Cited by 131
A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Physical and Cognitive Decline on the Personal Network in Old Age
Aartsen, M. J., van Tilburg, T., Smits, C. H. M., & Knipscheer, K. C. P. M. (2004) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407504041386 · Cited by 128
The mix matters: Complex personal networks relate to higher cognitive functioning in old age
Ellwardt, L., Van Tilburg, T. G., & Aartsen, M. J. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.007 · Cited by 117
Measuring the Values and Preferencesfor Everyday Care of Persons With Cognitive Impairment and Their Family Caregivers
Whitlatch, C. J., Feinberg, L. F., & Tucke, S. S. (2005) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/45.3.370 · Cited by 113
Mild cognitive impairment in symptomatic and asymptomatic cerebrovascular disease
Popović, I. M., Šerić, V., & Demarin, V. (2007) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.029 · Cited by 113
Testing a model of patient characteristics, psychologic status, and cognitive function as predictors of self-care in persons with chronic heart failure
Cameron, J., Worrall-Carter, L., Riegel, B., Lo, S. K., & Stewart, S. (2009) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2008.11.004 · Cited by 110
Investigating the Accessibility of Voice Assistants With Impaired Users: Mixed Methods Study
Masina, F., Orso, V., Pluchino, P., Dainese, G., Volpato, S., Nelini, C., Mapelli, D., Spagnolli, A., & Gamberini, L. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18431 · Cited by 105
“Users with severe cognitive impairment (MMSE score <18) [36] may still be able to use these systems effectively (performance index >50”
Background
Multiple Microbleeds are Related to Cerebral Network Disruptions in Patients with Early Alzheimer's Disease
Heringa, S. M., on behalf of the Utrecht Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI) Study Group, Reijmer, Y. D., Leemans, A., Koek, H. L., Kappelle, L. J., & Biessels, G. J. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-130542 · Cited by 100
Caffeine Intake is Associated with a Lower Risk of Cognitive Decline: A Cohort Study from Portugal
Santos, C., Lunet, N., Azevedo, A., de Mendonça, A., Ritchie, K., & Barros, H. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-091303 · Cited by 100
The Impact of Genetic Research on our Understanding of Normal Cognitive Ageing: 1995 to 2009
Payton, A. (2009) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9116-z · Cited by 95
Anxiety and depression in community‐dwelling, Italian Alzheimer's disease caregivers
Sansoni, J., Vellone, E., & Piras, G. (2004) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1440-172x.2003.00461.x · Cited by 96
BE-ACTIV for depression in nursing homes: primary outcomes of a randomized clinical trial
Meeks, S., Van Haitsma, K., Schoenbachler, B., & Looney, S. W. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu026 · Cited by 95
Effects of mindfulness training on cognition and well-being in healthy older adults.
Mallya, S., & Fiocco, A. J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0468-6 · Cited by 94
A longitudinal population study of the mini-mental state examination in the very old: relation to dementia and education
Aevarsson, Ó., & Skoog, I. (2000) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000017231 · Cited by 94
Motivational interviewing: a pilot test of active ingredients and mechanisms of change
Morgenstern, J., Kuerbis, A., Amrhein, P., Hail, L., Lynch, K., & McKay, J. R. (2012) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0029674 · Cited by 93
Assessment of Medication Management Skills in Older Outpatients
Ruscin>, J. M., & Semla, T. P. (1996) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/106002809603001003 · Cited by 93
TMEM106B Effect on cognition in Parkinson disease and frontotemporal dementia
Tropea, T. F., Mak, J., Guo, M. H., Xie, S. X., Suh, E., Rick, J., Siderowf, A., Weintraub, D., Grossman, M., Irwin, D., et al. (2019) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.25486 · Cited by 83
The relationship of functional limitations to disability and the moderating effects of psychological attributes in community-dwelling older persons
Kempen, G. I. J. M., van Heuvelen, M. J. G., van Sonderen, E., van den Brink, R. H. S., Kooijman, A. C., & Ormel, J. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00427-4 · Cited by 90
Reallocating Accelerometer-Assessed Sedentary Time to Light or Moderate- to Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity Reduces Frailty Levels in Older Adults: An Isotemporal Substitution Approach in the TSHA Study
Mañas, A., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Guadalupe-Grau, A., Marín-Puyalto, J., Alfaro-Acha, A., Rodríguez-Mañas, L., García-García, F. J., & Ara, I. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.11.003 · Cited by 86
Measurement of cumulative physiological dysregulation in an older population
Seplaki, C. L., Goldman, N., Weinstein, M., & Lin, Y.-H. (2006) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2006.0009 · Cited by 84
An investigation into physical frailty as a link between the gut microbiome and cognitive health
Verdi, S., Jackson, M. A., Beaumont, M., Bowyer, R. C. E., Bell, J. T., Spector, T. D., & Steves, C. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00398 · Cited by 82
The relationship between dementia severity and rest/activity circadian rhythms
Gehrman, P., Marler, M., Martin, J. L., Shochat, T., Corey-Bloom, J., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2005) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/nedt.1.2.155.61043 · Cited by 82
2- 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in delirium
Haggstrom, L. R., Nelson, J. A., Wegner, E. A., & Caplan, G. A. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17701764 · Cited by 78
Measuring Cognitive Function With Age: The Influence of Selection by Health and Survival
Euser, S. M., Schram, M. T., Hofman, A., Westendorp, R. G. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31816a1d31 · Cited by 77
Exergaming platform for older adults residing in long-term care homes: User-centered design, development, and usability study
Chu, C. H., Biss, R. K., Cooper, L., Quan, A. M. L., & Matulis, H. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/22370 · Cited by 74
Validity and reliability of the Arabic version of activities of daily living (ADL)
Nasser, R., & Doumit, J. (2009) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-9-11 · Cited by 72
Subregional volume reduction of the cholinergic forebrain in subjective cognitive decline (SCD)
Scheef, L., Grothe, M. J., Koppara, A., Daamen, M., Boecker, H., Biersack, H., Schild, H. H., Wagner, M., Teipel, S., & Jessen, F. (2019) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101612 · Cited by 63
Positive attitude toward life, emotional expression, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms among centenarians and near-centenarians
Kato, K., Zweig, R., Schechter, C. B., Barzilai, N., & Atzmon, G. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1056770 · Cited by 71
“Its internal consistency has been reported to be between .54 and .96 in the adult population (Tombaugh & McIntyre, 1992).”
Background
High Prevalence of Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy in Elderly Patients With Chronic Pain Receiving Home Care are Associated With Multiple Medication-Related Problems
Schneider, J., Algharably, E. A. E., Budnick, A., Wenzel, A., Dräger, D., & Kreutz, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.686990 · Cited by 70
Building up and wearing down episodic memory: mnemonic discrimination and relational binding
Ngo, C. T., Lin, Y., Newcombe, N. S., & Olson, I. R. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000583 · Cited by 65
Positive affect and suicide ideation in older adult primary care patients.
Hirsch, J. K., Duberstein, P. R., Chapman, B., & Lyness, J. M. (2007) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.22.2.380 · Cited by 68
Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with anxiety and depression: a randomised controlled trial
Silfvernagel, K., Westlinder, A., Andersson, S., Bergman, K., Diaz Hernandez, R., Fallhagen, L., Lundqvist, I., Masri, N., Viberg, L., Forsberg, M.-L., et al. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1388276 · Cited by 65
Lack of associations between modifiable risk factors and dementia in the very old: findings from the Cambridge City over-75s cohort study
Deckers, K., Köhler, S., van Boxtel, M., Verhey, F., Brayne, C., & Fleming, J. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1280767 · Cited by 64
Association of Cognitive Impairment With Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, Tea Consumption, and Exercise Among Chinese Nonagenarians/Centenarians
Huang, C.-Q., Dong, B.-R., Zhang, Y.-L., Wu, H.-M., & Liu, Q.-X. (2009) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0b013e3181b2790b · Cited by 62
Loneliness is associated with an increased risk of sedentary life in older Israelis
Netz, Y., Goldsmith, R., Shimony, T., Arnon, M., & Zeev, A. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.715140 · Cited by 58
In vivo direct relation of tau pathology with neuroinflammation in early Alzheimer’s disease
Terada, T., Yokokura, M., Obi, T., Bunai, T., Yoshikawa, E., Ando, I., Shimada, H., Suhara, T., Higuchi, M., & Ouchi, Y. (2019) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09400-2 · Cited by 60
Associations between social networks, social contacts, and cognitive function among Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians
Wang, B., He, P., & Dong, B. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.01.002 · Cited by 59
Cognitive function and short-term exposure to residential air temperature: A repeated measures study based on spatiotemporal estimates of temperature
Dai, L., Kloog, I., Coull, B. A., Sparrow, D., Spiro, A., Vokonas, P. S., & Schwartz, J. D. (2016) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.036 · Cited by 58
Depression among Centenarians and the Oldest Old: Contributions of Cognition and Personality
Margrett, J., Martin, P., Woodard, J. L., Miller, L. S., MacDonald, M., Baenziger, J., Siegler, I. C., Davey, A., & Poon, L. (2010) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000272018 · Cited by 57
A pilot trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety in older adults residing in long-term care facilities.
Davison, T. E., Eppingstall, B., Runci, S., & O'Connor, D. W. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1156051 · Cited by 55
Major depression among medically ill elders contributes to sustained poor mental health in their informal caregivers
McCusker, J., Latimer, E., Cole, M., Ciampi, A., & Sewitch, M. (2007) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afm059 · Cited by 50
Validation of the Arabic Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (A-RUDAS) in elderly with mild and moderate dementia
Chaaya, M., Phung, T. K. T., El Asmar, K., Atweh, S., Ghusn, H., Khoury, R. M., Prince, M., Nielsen, T. R., & Waldemar, G. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1043620 · Cited by 51
Functional cognitive disorder: what is it and what to do about it?
Pennington, C., Newson, M., Hayre, A., & Coulthard, E. (2015) · Practical Neurology · doi:10.1136/practneurol-2015-001127 · Cited by 49
The protective properties of Act-Belong-Commit indicators against incident depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment among older Irish adults: Findings from a prospective community-based study
Santini, Z. I., Koyanagi, A., Tyrovolas, S., Haro, J. M., Donovan, R. J., Nielsen, L., & Koushede, V. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.02.074 · Cited by 49
The effects of memory, attention, and executive dysfunction on outcomes of depression in a primary care intervention trial: the PROSPECT study
Bogner, H. R., Bruce, M. L., Reynolds, C. F., Mulsant, B. H., Cary, M. S., Morales, K., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2007) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1767 · Cited by 48

Authors: Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J.
Affiliations: Carleton University (CA)
Venue: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1992-09
Volume: 40
Issue: 9
Pages: 922-935
ISSN: 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
1532-5415
DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x
OpenAlex: W2109140840
Cited by: 5,152
References: 161
Citations by year: 2026: 207 · 2025: 257 · 2024: 233 · 2023: 231 · 2022: 239 · 2021: 283 · 2020: 279 · 2019: 271 · 2018: 257 · 2017: 232 · 2016: 222 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 195 · 2013: 166 · 2012: 179
FWCI: 6.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 8273 d)
Locations: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Mental Health
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
Keywords: Mini-Mental State Examination, cognitive screening, dementia diagnosis, psychometric properties, criterion validity, construct validity, reliability statistics, language assessment, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, DSM-III-R
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Age Factors, Aged, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, Female, Humans, Probability, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Mini‐Mental State Examination: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks