The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Importance of Delirium: Economic and Societal Costs
Open accessAbstract
Although a number of studies have documented the negative clinical and economic consequences of delirium, interventions to prevent and treat delirium are infrequently implemented. The importance of delirium may continue to be underestimated until its societal and economic effects are documented. The current article outlines the existing literature related to long‐term sequelae and costs associated with delirium and stresses the importance of such research in prompting recognition, prevention, and treatment efforts that could reduce the effect of delirium and improve quality of life for older adults and their caregivers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“with estimated direct health care costs over US $164 billion a year in the United States [11,13,14].”
From A Protocol-Driven, Bedside Digital Conversational Agent to Support Nurse Teams and Mitigate Risks of Hospitalization in Older Adults: Case Control Pre-Post Study (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“delirium contributes to falls, cognitive decline, disability, morbidity, and mortality”
From A Protocol-Driven, Bedside Digital Conversational Agent to Support Nurse Teams and Mitigate Risks of Hospitalization in Older Adults: Case Control Pre-Post Study (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Delirium significantly increases the risk of falls in the hospital setting [11,13,14].”
From A Protocol-Driven, Bedside Digital Conversational Agent to Support Nurse Teams and Mitigate Risks of Hospitalization in Older Adults: Case Control Pre-Post Study (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Clarifying Confusion: The Confusion Assessment Method: A New Method for Detection of Delirium
Inouye, S. K., van Dyck, C. H., Alessi, C. A., Balkin, S., Siegal, A. P., & Horwitz, R. I. (1990) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941 · Cited by 5,250
Self-citationEconomic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002
American Diabetes Association (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.917 · Cited by 4,147
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2006 Update
Writing Group Members, Thom, T., Haase, N., Rosamond, W. D., Howard, V. J., Rumsfeld, J. S., Manolio, T. A., Zheng, Z., Flegal, K. M., O’Donnell, C. J., et al. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.171600 · Cited by 3,488
A Multicomponent Intervention to Prevent Delirium in Hospitalized Older Patients
Inouye, S. K., Bogardus, S. T., Charpentier, P. A., Leo-Summers, L. S., Acampora, D., Holford, T. R., & Cooney, L. M. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199903043400901 · Cited by 2,904
Self-citationThe costs of fatal and non-fatal falls among older adults
Stevens, J. A., Corso, P. S., Finkelstein, E. A., & Miller, T. R. (2006) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2005.011015 · Cited by 1,494
Precipitating Factors for Delirium in Hospitalized Elderly Persons
Inouye, S. K. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530350034031 · Cited by 1,430
Self-citationReducing Delirium After Hip Fracture: A Randomized Trial
Marcantonio, E. R., Flacker, J. M., Wright, R. J., & Resnick, N. M. (2001) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49108.x · Cited by 1,344
One-Year Health Care Costs Associated With Delirium in the Elderly Population
LESLIE, D. L. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2007.4 · Cited by 1,038
Self-citationInouye, S. K., Viscoli, C. M., Horwitz, R. I., Hurst, L. D., & Tinetti, M. E. (1993) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00005 · Cited by 854
Self-citationCosts associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients*
Milbrandt, E. B., Deppen, S. A., Harrison, P. L., Shintani, A., Speroff, T., Stiles, R. A., Truman, B., Bernard, G. R., Dittus, R. S., & Ely, E. W. (2004) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000119429.16055.92 · Cited by 828
Reuben, D. B., Inouye, S. K., Bogardus, S. T., Baker, D. I., Leo‐Summers, L., & Cooney, L. M. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03885.x · Cited by 802
Self-citationDoes delirium contribute to poor hospital outcomes?
Inouye, S. K., Rushing, J. T., Foreman, M. D., Palmer, R. M., & Pompei, P. (1998) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00073.x · Cited by 695
Self-citationInouye, S. K. (1994) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(94)90011-6 · Cited by 591
Self-citationEconomic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2002Preprint
Dall, T. M., Nikolov, P., & Hogan, P. F. (2003) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 482
Delirium. The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients
Levkoff, S. E. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.152.2.334 · Cited by 478
The Prognostic Significance of Delirium in Older Hospital Patients
O’Keeffe, S. T., & Lavan, J. N. (1997) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb04503.x · Cited by 475
Inouye, S. K., Schlesinger, M. J., & Lydon, T. J. (1999) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00070-4 · Cited by 425
Self-citationThe risk of dementia and death after delirium
Rockwood, K. J. (1999) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/28.6.551 · Cited by 410
McCusker, J., Cole, M. G., Dendukuri, N., Belzile, É., & Primeau, F. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 391
Levkoff, S. E. (1992) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400140082019 · Cited by 371
Prognosis after Hospital Discharge of Older Medical Patients with Delirium
Francis, J., & Kapoor, W. N. (1992) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb02111.x · Cited by 355
Acute Delirium and Functional Decline in the Hospitalized Elderly Patient
Murray, A. M., Levkoff, S. E., Wetle, T. T., Beckett, L. A., Cleary, P. D., Schor, J. D., Lipsitz, L. A., Rowe, J. W., & Evans, D. A. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.5.m181 · Cited by 294
Prognosis of delirium in elderly hospital patients.
Cole, M. G., & Primeau, F. J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 259
Premature Death Associated With Delirium at 1-Year Follow-up
LESLIE, D. L., Zhang, Y., Holford, T. R., Bogardus, S. T., Leo-Summers, L. S., & Inouye, S. K. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.14.1657 · Cited by 247
Self-citationDolan, M. M., Hawkes, W., Zimmerman, S. I., Morrison, R. S., Gruber‐Baldini, A. L., Hebel, J. R., & Magaziner, J. S. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.9.m527 · Cited by 229
The Cost of Delirium in the Surgical Patient
Franco, K. S. N., Litaker, D. G., Locala, J. A., & Bronson, D. L. (2001) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.42.1.68 · Cited by 228
An educational intervention can prevent delirium on acute medical wards
Tabet, N. (2005) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afi031 · Cited by 197
Multicomponent Targeted Intervention to Prevent Delirium in Hospitalized Older Patients
Rizzo, J. A., Bogardus, S. T., Leo-Summers, L. S., Williams, C. S., Acampora, D., & Inouye, S. K. (2001) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200107000-00010 · Cited by 190
Self-citationThe Occurrence and Duration of Symptoms in Elderly Patients With Delirium
Rockwood, K. J. (1993) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/48.4.m162 · Cited by 188
Sustainability and Scalability of the Hospital Elder Life Program at a Community Hospital
Rubin, F. H., Neal, K., Fenlon, K., Hassan, S., & Inouye, S. K. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03243.x · Cited by 186
Self-citationPilot clinical trial of gabapentin to decrease postoperative delirium in older patients
Leung, J. M., Sands, L. P., Rico, M., Petersen, K. L., Rowbotham, M. C., Dahl, J. B., Ames, C. P., Chou, D., & Weinstein, P. R. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000233831.87781.a9 · Cited by 170
Delirium: acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically ill
Pandharipande, P. P., Jackson, J. C., & Ely, E. W. (2005) · Current Opinion in Internal Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccx.0000170503.76528.4b · Cited by 170
Influence of bright light therapy on postoperative patients: A pilot study
Taguchi, T., Yano, M., & Kido, Y. (2007) · Intensive and Critical Care Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.iccn.2007.04.004 · Cited by 147
Costs and consequences of hip fracture occurrence in old age: An economic perspective
Haentjens, P., Lamraski, G., & Boonen, S. (2005) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280500055529 · Cited by 135
A Multifactorial Intervention to Reduce Prevalence of Delirium and Shorten Hospital Length of Stay
Naughton, B. J., Saltzman, S., Ramadan, F. H., Chadha, N., Priore, R. L., & Mylotte, J. M. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53005.x · Cited by 133
Consequences of Preventing Delirium in Hospitalized Older Adults on Nursing Home Costs
LESLIE, D. L., Zhang, Y., Bogardus, S. T., Holford, T. R., Leo-Summers, L. S., & Inouye, S. K. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53156.x · Cited by 128
Self-citationRubin, F. H., Williams, J. T., Lescisin, D. A., Mook, W. J., Hassan, S., & Inouye, S. K. (2006) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00744.x · Cited by 125
Self-citationRecruitment of volunteers to improve vitality in the elderly: the REVIVE* study
Caplan, G. A., & Harper, E. L. (2007) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01265.x · Cited by 118
Cognitive decline : strategies for prevention
Fillit, H. M., & Butler, R. N. (1997) · Cited by 24
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2002, A Profile of Older Americans: 2001
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Association of Delirium With Long-term Cognitive Decline: A Meta-analysis
Goldberg, T. E., Chen, C., Wang, Y., Jung, E., Swanson, A., Ing, C., Garcia, P. S., Whittington, R. A., & Moitra, V. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2273 · Cited by 606
Delirium in critical illness: clinical manifestations, outcomes, and management
Stollings, J. L., Kotfis, K., Chanques, G., Pun, B. T., Pandharipande, P. P., & Ely, E. W. (2021) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06503-1 · Cited by 571
Neurocognitive Function after Cardiac Surgery
Berger, M., Terrando, N., Smith, S. K., Browndyke, J. N., Newman, M. F., & Mathew, J. P. (2018) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000002194 · Cited by 271
One-Year Medicare Costs Associated With Delirium in Older Patients Undergoing Major Elective Surgery
Gou, R. Y., Hshieh, T. T., Marcantonio, E. R., Cooper, Z. R., Jones, R. N., Travison, T. G., Fong, T. G., Abdeen, A. R., Lange, J. K., Earp, B. E., et al. (2021) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2020.7260 · Cited by 253
Self-citationAntipsychotics for Treating Delirium in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review
Nikooie, R., Neufeld, K. J., Oh, E. S., Wilson, L. M., Zhang, A., Robinson, K. A., & Needham, D. M. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-1860 · Cited by 246
Metadata
- Authors
- Leslie, D. L., & Inouye, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leslie, Douglas L.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- s2
- Pages
- S241-3
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- PMC
- PMC3415302
- OpenAlex
- W1985331765
- Cited by
- 423
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG031720)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
- Keywords
- delirium, economic costs, social costs, long-term sequelae, older adults, caregivers, delirium prevention, delirium management, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Costs and Cost Analysis, Delirium, Humans, Cost of Illness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
