The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Route Choice in Hilly Terrain
Open accessAbstract
The orienteering route choice problem involves finding the fastest route between two given points, with running speed determined by various properties of the terrain. In this study, I consider only the effect of climbing or descending on running speed. If a runner's pace p (the reciprocal of speed) varies linearly with gradient m, the straight‐line route always is fastest. However, a nonlinear formulation for p(m), with d 2 p/dm 2 > 0, will more accurately model runners’ capabilities. As a result, critical gradients may exist for ascent and/or descent, such that optimal routes will never ascend or descend more steeply than the critical gradient. I review and propose several formulations for the pace function p(m) and calculate their critical gradients. In principle, the Euler–Lagrange equation can be used to find optimal routes between arbitrary points on any topography where the height can be expressed as a smooth function of horizontal coordinates. I obtain first integrals of this equation for idealized landforms: hillsides with straight contours and axisymmetric hills. Next, optimal routes are computed for various combinations of start‐ and endpoints on these landforms based on various pace functions. These routes are classified as either subcritical or maximal steepness: The former ascends or descends less steeply than the critical gradient; the latter takes the line of steepest ascent where it is not steeper than the critical gradient, but follows a curve at the critical gradient where the slope is steeper. In some cases, the optimal route zigzags up or down a hill along sections of a critical‐gradient curve. El problema de trazo y selección de ruta en terrenos accidentados (orienteering route choice problem) consiste en encontrar la ruta más rápida entre dos puntos dados, cuando la velocidad de desplazamiento está en función a varias propiedades del terreno. En este estudio, el autor sólo considera el efecto de subir o bajar sobre la velocidad de desplazamiento. Si el paso p de un individuo (la inversa de la velocidad) varía linealmente con la pendiente m, la ruta en línea recta siempre es la más rápida. Sin embargo, una formulación no lineal de p (m), con D2P / dm 2> 0, resulta en un modelo más preciso de las capacidades de los individuos que se desplazan por el terreno. Como resultado, es posible que existan gradientes críticos tanto para el movimiento de ascenso como el de descenso. En dicho caso, las rutas óptimas nunca ascenderán o descenderán por gradientes más pronunciados que las identificadas comode gradiente crítico. El autor revisa y propone varias fórmulas para una función de paso p (m) y calcula los gradientes críticos respectivos. En principio, la ecuación de Euler‐Lagrange puede ser utilizada para trazar las rutas óptimas entre puntos arbitrarios en cualquier topografía en donde la altura pueda ser expresada como una función suavizada de las coordenadas horizontales. El autor calcula las integrales de esta ecuación para dos formas terrestres idealizadas: laderas con contornos rectos, y colinas con simetría axial. A continuación, las rutas óptimas son calculadas para diversas combinaciones de puntos de inicio y destino de estos accidentes geográficos basados en varias funciones de paso. Una vez identificadas, estas rutas se clasifican ya sea como subcríticas o como de máxima‐pendiente. Las primeras ascienden o descienden gradientes menos pronunciadas que el gradiente crítico. Las segundas ascienden por la línea del gradiente más pronunciado que es menor que el gradiente crítico, pero siguen una curva en la gradiente crítica donde la pendiente es más pronunciada. En algunos casos, la ruta óptima se desplaza en zigzags hacia arriba o abajo de una colina a lo largo algunas secciones de una curva de gradiente crítica. 移动速度受制于地表形态的诸多属性,定向路线选择问题涉及给定两点之间最快路线查找。本研究仅考虑爬升或下降对移动速度的影响。如果奔跑者的步速p(速度的倒数)与坡度m呈线性相关,那么直线路线始终是最快的。然而,当 d2p∕ dm2 > 0时,非线性方程 p(m)具有更好的行进模拟性能。试验表明,在上坡或下坡的过程中存在一个临界的坡度值,相应地上坡或下坡的最佳路线坡度将一定不超过较陡的临界坡度值。本文总结并提出了函数p(m)的几个公式,并对其临界坡度值进行了估计。欧拉‐拉格朗日方程原则上可用于寻找任何地形中任意两点之间的最优路径,高度可表示为横坐标的光滑函数。首先,通过方程的一次积分得到理想化地形,即具有直等高线的山坡和对称的山地;然后在这些地形面上,基于起点和终点的多种组合和不同的步速方程计算最佳路线。计算路径被分类为次临界或最大坡度的路线:前者上坡或下坡的坡度大于临界坡度值;后者则在不超过临界坡度值时采用最陡上坡路径,但在坡度陡峭的地区遵循临界坡度曲线。在某些情况下,最优到达路径沿临界坡度曲线截面呈“之”字型曲折上下变化。
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Previous work identified the existence of a critical gradient, the angle at which it is faster to zig-zag up a hill rather than ascend directly, occurring at a walking slope of around 15-21 degrees.
“Furthermore, previous work [11, 29–31] has identified the existence of a critical gradient; the angle at which it is faster to zig-zag up a hill, rather than ascend directly. This occurs at a walking slope of around 15—21 degrees, so models which failed to predict the critical gradient occurring below 21 degrees were removed.”
From Improved prediction of hiking speeds using a data driven approach (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kay, A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Mathematical Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough U.K.
- Venue
- Geographical Analysis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 87-108
- ISSN
- 0016-7363 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4632
- OpenAlex
- W1942460747
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.lboro.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Geographical Analysis (publishedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Optimization and Variational Analysis
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Transportation Planning and Optimization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- orienteering, route choice, hilly terrain, optimal paths, critical gradient, running speed, Euler-Lagrange equations, first integrals, hillsides, steepest ascent
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