Cited by 1,868Risk Perception and ManagementDisaster Management and ResiliencePublic Relations and Crisis Communication

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The Protective Action Decision Model: Theoretical Modifications and Additional Evidence

Lindell, Michael K., Perry, Ronald W.·2012·Risk Analysis

DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01647.x

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Abstract

The Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) is a multistage model that is based on findings from research on people's responses to environmental hazards and disasters. The PADM integrates the processing of information derived from social and environmental cues with messages that social sources transmit through communication channels to those at risk. The PADM identifies three critical predecision processes (reception, attention, and comprehension of warnings or exposure, attention, and interpretation of environmental/social cues)—that precede all further processing. The revised model identifies three core perceptions—threat perceptions, protective action perceptions, and stakeholder perceptions—that form the basis for decisions about how to respond to an imminent or long‐term threat. The outcome of the protective action decision‐making process, together with situational facilitators and impediments, produces a behavioral response. In addition to describing the revised model and the research on which it is based, this article describes three applications (development of risk communication programs, evacuation modeling, and adoption of long‐term hazard adjustments) and identifies some of the research needed to address unresolved issues.

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Authors: Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W.
Affiliations: Texas A&M University (US)
Arizona State University (US)
Corresponding author: Lindell, Michael K.
ORCID: Lindell, Michael K.
Venue: Risk Analysis
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-06-20
Volume: 32
Issue: 4
Pages: 616-632
ISSN: 0272-4332 (ISSN-L)
1539-6924
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01647.x
OpenAlex: W2139452699
Semantic Scholar: 01136b8cc8a5b5fcf6bcd2578fb3cfef2acb6b4d
Cited by: 1,868
References: 114
Citations by year: 2026: 268 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 176 · 2022: 205 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 110 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 82.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Risk Analysis (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
Keywords: Protective Action Decision Model, environmental hazards, disaster response, risk communication, evacuation modeling, threat perception, stakeholder perspectives, social cues
MeSH terms: Decision Making, Decision Support Techniques, Disasters, Humans, Perception, Risk, Hazardous Substances, Risk Assessment

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The Protective Action Decision Model: Theoretical Modifications and Additional Evidence

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