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Cited by 65Traumatic Brain Injury ResearchTraumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Research

Chronic Stress, Sense of Belonging, and Depression Among Survivors of Traumatic Brain Injury

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Bay, Esther, Hagerty, Bonnie M., Williams, Reg A., Kirsch, Ned, Gillespie, Brenda·2002·Journal of Nursing Scholarship
DOI 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00221.x
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Abstract

Purpose: To test whether chronic stress, interpersonal relatedness, and cognitive burden could explain depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: A nonprobability sample of 75 mild‐to‐moderately injured TBI survivors and their significant others, were recruited from five TBI day‐rehabilitation programs. All participants were within 2 years of the date of injury and were living in the community. Methods: During face‐to‐face interviews, demographic information, and estimates of brain injury severity were obtained and participants completed a cognitive battery of tests of directed attention and short‐term memory, responses to the Perceived Stress Scale, Interpersonal Relatedness Inventory, Sense of Belonging Instrument, Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale;. Findings: Chronic stress was significantly and positively related to post‐TBI depression. Depression and postinjury sense of belonging were negatively related. Social support and results from the cognitive battery did not explain depression. Conclusions: Postinjury chronic stress and sense of belonging were strong predictors of post‐injury depression and are variables amenable to interventions by nurses in community health, neurological centers, or rehabilitation clinics. Future studies are needed to examine how these variables change over time during the recovery process.

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Authors
Bay, E., Hagerty, B. M., Williams, R. A., Kirsch, N., & Gillespie, B.
Affiliations
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author
Bay, Esther
ORCID
Gillespie, Brenda
Venue
Journal of Nursing Scholarship
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2002-09
Volume
34
Issue
3
Pages
221-226
ISSN
  • 0363-2792 (ISSN-L)
  • 1527-6546
  • 1547-5069
DOI
10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00221.x
OpenAlex
W2061366409
Cited by
65
References
5
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
FWCI
0.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 600 d)
Locations
  • Journal of Nursing Scholarship (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Keywords
traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic depression, chronic stress, sense of belonging, interpersonal relatedness, cognitive burden, social support, family caregivers
MeSH terms
Adult, Brain Injuries, Cognition Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Stress, Psychological

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