A preliminary profile of neuropsychological deficits associated with major depression
Abstract
A profile of neuropsychological deficits of clinically depressed (major depression) but otherwise unimpaired individuals is presented, based on a meta-analysis of all studies published since 1975 and meeting stringent methodological and sample selection criteria. Deficits are discussed separately for different cognitive areas in terms of mean size of deficit, variability between studies, variability of individual scores in depressed populations relative to that of controls, and expected proportion of depressed individuals scoring two standard deviations or more below the mean of controls. The neuropsychological deficits of individuals with major depression are shown to be consistent with a global-diffuse impairment of brain functions with particular involvement of the frontal lobes. Recent neuro-imaging studies also indicating frontal dysfunction in clinical (functional) depression are referred to. Both the severity and the profile of cognitive deficiencies in depression are postulated to be similar to those seen in moderately severe traumatic brain injury.
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The cognitive impairments most commonly associated with major depressive disorder are in executive function, selective attention, and verbal learning.
“The impairments most commonly associated with MDD are in the domains of executive function, selective attention, and verbal learning [1, 3].”
Cognitive deficits are commonly reported by patients with major depressive disorder.
“Cognitive deficits are commonly reported by patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) [1, 2]”
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“While cognitive dysfunction is common among older persons suffering from a major depression, not all components of cognition are equally impaired (Boone et al. 1995; Lichtenberg et al. 1995; Veiel, 1997; Zakzanis et al. 1998).”
BackgroundResilience as a multimodal dynamic process
Stainton, A., Chisholm, K., Kaiser, N., Rosen, M., Upthegrove, R., Ruhrmann, S., & Wood, S. J. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12726 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
“appear to be marked and longstanding in many mental illnesses such as depression (Marazziti, Consoli, Picchetti, Carlini, & Faravelli, 2010; Veiel, 1997) and psychosis (Fioravanti, Bianchi, & Cinti, 2012; O'Carroll, 2000).”
BackgroundThe effects of depression and anxiety on memory performance
Kizilbash, A. H., Vanderploeg, R. D., & Curtiss, G. (2002) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(00)00101-3 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“A number of investigations have indicated that only some depressed individuals have memory dysfunction, but have stopped short of clearly identifying who those individuals are (Burt et al., 1995; Kindermann & Brown, 1997; Massman, Delis, Butters, Dupont, & Gillin, 1992; Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Meta-Analytic Review of Verbal Fluency Deficits in Depression
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/138033990513654 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“However, whilst patients often perform poorly on virtually all measures of cognition, it has been suggested that executive dysfunction may be one of the most prominent disturbances associated with the disorder (Fossati, Ergis, & Allilaire, 2002; Kaiser et al., 2003; Veiel, 1997).”
InfluentialWagner, G., Sinsel, E., Sobanski, T., Köhler, S., Marinou, V., Mentzel, H.-J., Sauer, H., & Schlösser, R. G. M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.025 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of cognitive functions in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder
Wagner, S., Müller, C., Helmreich, I., Huss, M., & Tadić, A. (2015) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-014-0559-2 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Frontal lobe function in bipolar disorder: A multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy study
Kameyama, M., Fukuda, M., Yamagishi, Y., Sato, T., Uehara, T., Ito, M., Suto, T., & Mikuni, M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.025 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Nebes, R. D., Pollock, B. G., Houck, P. R., Butters, M. A., Mulsant, B. H., Zmuda, M. D., & Reynolds, C. F. (2003) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(02)00085-7 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Cognitive functions in depressive disorders: evidence from a population-based study
Airaksinen, E., Larsson, M. U., Lundberg, I. E., & Forsell, Y. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008559 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
“In agreement with earlier findings (e.g. Burt et al. 1995; Veiel, 1997), the results of the present study indicate that depressive disorders in general are associated with deficits in both free and cued recall of episodic information.”
ResultSterner, E. Y., & Kalynchuk, L. E. (2010) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.005 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The effects of tryptophan depletion on cognitive and affective processing in healthy volunteers
Murphy, F., Smith, K., Cowen, P., Robbins, T., & Sahakian, B. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1128-9 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
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Cognitive deficits in major depression
Ravnkilde, B., Videbech, P., Clemmensen, K., Egander, A., Rasmussen, N. A., & Rosenberg, R. (2002) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00292 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Executive functioning in depressed patients with suicidal ideation
Marzuk, P. M., Hartwell, N., Leon, A. C., & Portera, L. (2005) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00585.x · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Executive functioning and verbal memory in young patients with unipolar depression and schizophrenia
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Cognitive Improvement With Treatment of Depression Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Fann, J. R., Uomoto, J. M., & Katon, W. J. (2001) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.42.1.48 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The effects of depression and anxiety on memory performance
Kizilbash, A. H., Vanderploeg, R. D., & Curtiss, G. (2002) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/17.1.57 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Reppermund, S., Ising, M., Lucae, S., & Zihl, J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170800411x · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Our data do not confirm a predominance of executive or memory deficits as suggested by others (e.g. Veiel, 1997 ; Fossati et al. 1999 ; Sweeney et al. 2000).”
ResultNeuropsychology of prefrontal cortex
Goyal, N., Siddiqui, S. V., Chatterjee, U., Kumar, D., & Siddiqui, A. (2008) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.43634 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“depression are similar to those seen in moderately traumatic head injury.[89] Merriam et al.”
Pizzagalli, D. A., Peccoralo, L. A., Davidson, R. J., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20172 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“Impairment in executive functions, which are critically needed for flexible problem solving, action monitoring, and adaptive behavioral modification, may be one of the core issues underlying cognitive deficits in depression [Austin et al., 2001; Veiel, 1997].”
BackgroundContribution of Depression to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Older Adults
Potter, G. G., & Steffens, D. C. (2007) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/01.nrl.0000252947.15389.a9 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“Experimental studies have found depressed individuals to be most prominently affected in the domains of executive function,(11,17) memory,(17,18) and processing speed,(19) results that are consistent with meta-analyses of the broader literature.(20,21) Increasing severity of depression and specific symptoms reflecting…”
ResultMotherhood and memory: a review
Brett, M. (2001) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00003-8 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“The deleterious effects of chronic and acute stress on cognitive performance are well documented (Buckelow & Hannay 1986; King et al, 1978 ; Mueller, 1979), as are the cognitive deficits commonly associated with anxiety and depression (Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundPost‐stroke depression, executive dysfunction and functional outcome
Pohjasvaara, T., Leskelä, M., Vataja, R., Kalska, H., Ylikoski, R., Hietanen, M., Leppävuori, A., Kaste, M., & Erkinjuntti, T. (2002) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2002.00396.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“Executive functions have been found to be impaired in depression in general (Veill, 1997; Degl’Innocenti et al., 1998; Channon and Green, 1999; Lockwood et al., 2000) and in patients with post-stroke depression (Kauhanen et al., 1999; Nyrkkö, 1999; Leeds et al., 2001).”
BackgroundClark, L., Sarna, A., & Goodwin, G. M. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1980 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Treatment of Cognitive Impairment After Poststroke Depression: A Double-Blind Treatment Trial
Kimura, M., Robinson, R. G., & Kosier, J. T. (2000) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.31.7.1482 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Olfaction as a marker for depression in humans
Croy, I., Symmank, A., Schellong, J., Hummel, C., Gerber, J. C., Joraschky, P., & Hummel, T. R. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.026 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Early depressive symptoms after stroke: neuropsychological correlates and lesion characteristics
Nys, G. M. S., van Zandvoort, M. J. E., van der Worp, H. B., de Haan, E. H. F., de Kort, P. L. M., & Kappelle, L. J. (2004) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.09.031 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“Major depression in these patients typically results in impairments in concentration, memory encoding, psychomotor speed, and executive functioning [41,42], whereas our patients showed disproportionately poor language capacities, long-term memory failure, and perceptual distortions.”
Neuropsychological Impairment in Major Depression: Its Nature, Origin and Clinical Significance
Porter, R. J., Bourke, C., & Gallagher, P. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670601109881 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“In fact, two early meta-analyses identified less than 25 studies as possessing sufficient methodological rigour to be particularly useful in the field [1,5].”
BackgroundWoo, Y. S., Rosenblat, J. D., Kakar, R., Bahk, W.-M., & McIntyre, R. S. (2016) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2016.14.1.1 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Defining and Measuring Functional Recovery from Depression
Greer, T. L., Kurian, B. T., & Trivedi, M. H. (2010) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11530230-000000000-00000 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Wagner, S., Doering, B., Helmreich, I., Lieb, K., & Tadić, A. (2012) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01762.x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“With respect to cognitive domains, impairment has been reported for executive functioning in particular (10–12), whereas less significant deficits have been found for psychomotor speed (13), attention (14) and memory (5).”
BackgroundGeriatric depression and cognitive impairment
Steffens, D. C., & Potter, G. G. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170700102x · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“…that depressed individuals tend to have worse performance relative to non-depressed comparison groups on a number of neuropsychological measures (Veiel, 1997 ; Zakzanis et al. 1998), with the most consistent deficits occurring in the areas of processing speed (Nebes et al. 2000 ; Sheline et al.…”
BackgroundKriesche, D., Woll-Weber, C. F. J., Tschentscher, N., Engel, R. R., & Karch, S. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01479-5 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Emotion modulates cognitive flexibility in patients with major depression
Murphy, F. C., Michael, A., & Sahakian, B. J. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711002418 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“2005) and the results of meta-analyses reporting the most consistent deficits in depressed patients on tasks assessing cognitive control and flexibility (Veiel, 1997) and a significant correlation between depression severity and compromised executive function (McDermott & Ebmeier, 2009).”
ResultBoyer, P., Phillips, J. L., Rousseau, F. L., & Ilivitsky, S. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.12.008 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Reliability of Three Alternate Forms of the Trail Making Tests A and B
Wagner, S., Helmreich, I., Dahmen, N., Lieb, K., & Tadić, A. (2011) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acr024 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“…been reported for executive functioning in particular (Fossati, Ergis, & Allilaire, 2002; Harvey et al., 2004), whereas less significant deficits have been found for psychomotor speed (Sobin & Sackeim, 1997), attention (Christensen, Griffiths, Mackinnon, & Jacomb, 1997), and memory (Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundCognitive impairment in patients with chronic pain: The significance of stress
Hart, R. P., Wade, J. B., & Martelli, M. F. (2003) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-003-0021-5 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Why People Are in a Generally Good Mood
Diener, E., Satoshi Kanazawa, A., Suh, E. M., & Oishi, S. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868314544467 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“They also are poorer at mental flexibility and control, and show cognitive signs paralleling those of brain damage (Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundÓlafsson, R. P., Smári, J., Guðmundsdóttir, F., Ólafsdóttir, G., Harðardóttir, H. L., & Einarsson, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.013 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Both focusing and shifting of attention as well as flexible control of thought are impaired in anxious and depressed moods (i.e., Elliott, 1998; Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007; Veiel, 1997), so corresponding sub-scales should all be related to measures of these symptoms.”
BackgroundNeurocognitive Functioning in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Horner, M., & Hamner, M. (2002) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1015439106231 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“In particular, there is evidence that other disorders of anxiety and mood are themselves associated with cognitive dysfunction, including attentional deficit (e.g., King and Caine, 1996; O’Donnell and Calev, 1999; Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundSelected executive skills in adolescents with recent first episode major depression
Kyte, Z. A., Goodyer, I. M., & Sahakian, B. J. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00400.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Effects of Depressed Mood on Objective and Subjective Measures of Attention
Farrin, L., Hull, L., Unwin, C., Wykes, T., & David, A. S. (2003) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.15.1.98 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Hartog, H. M. D., Derix, M. M. A., van Bemmel, A. L., Kremer, B., & Jolles, J. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170300833x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“1995; Lemelin & Baruch, 1998) and executive function (Veiel, 1997; Austin et al. 2001).”
BackgroundUNDERSTANDING HETEROGENEITY IN PTSD: FEAR, DYSPHORIA, AND DISTRESS
Zoellner, L. A., Pruitt, L. D., Farach, F. J., & Jun, J. J. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22133 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“In summary, many abnormalities in attention and memory in PTSD[66, 67] are similar to those seen in other anxiety disorders[87] and distinguishable from those in MDD.”
BackgroundResultInfluence of age and executive functioning on verbal memory of inpatients with depression
Fossati, P., Coyette, F., Ergis, A.-M., & Allilaire, J. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00362-1 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Induced rumination dampens executive processes in dysphoric young adults
Philippot, P., & Brutoux, F. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“It has been documented that depressed individuals present a chronic deficit in executive resources (Elliott, 1998; Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundMethodResultExecutive function, mentalizing and humor in major depression
UEKERMANN, J., CHANNON, S., LEHMKÄMPER, C., ABDEL-HAMID, M., VOLLMOELLER, W., & DAUM, I. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708080016 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“Major depression is associated with cognitive deficits including memory and executive impairment (Veiel, 1997; Zak-zanis et al., 1998).”
InfluentialReppermund, S., Zihl, J., Lucae, S., Horstmann, S., Kloiber, S., Holsboer, F., & Ising, M. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.027 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Trail Making Test Errors and Executive Function in Schizophrenia and Depression
Mahurin, R. K., Velligan, D. I., Hazleton, B. C., Davis, J. M., Eckert, S. L., & Miller, A. L. (2006) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040590947498 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“Although psychomotor slowing is well documented in (eg, Goodwin, 1992 ), and is one of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder (APA, 1994), additional reported cognitive impairments include deficits in attentional control, working memory, and processing speed (Elderkin-Thompson, Boone, Hwang, & Kumar, 2004 ; Veiel, 1…”
BackgroundHercher, C., Turecki, G., & Mechawar, N. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.006 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Such disinhibitions have been observed in MDD patients who show an attentional bias toward negative emotional stimuli (Gotlib et al., 2004), as well as deficits in cognitive control processes and decision making (Krawczyk, 2002; Veiel, 1997).”
BackgroundA randomized trial of two treatments for mild traumatic brain injury
Paniak, C., Toller-Lobe, G., Durand, A., & Nagy, J. (1998) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/026990598121927 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Word Memory Test and the Validity of Neuropsychological Test Scores
Green, P., Lees‐Haley, P. R., & Allen, L. M. (2003) · Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology · doi:10.1300/j151v02n03_05 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“In a meta-analysis of many studies of depressed patients, Veiel (1997) showed that test scores, such as those on Trail Making, were significantly lower than normal in all depressed patient groups.”
MethodRoth, R. S., Geisser, M. E., Theisen‐Goodvich, M. E., & Dixon, P. J. (2005) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.10.041 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Feeling unreal: cognitive processes in depersonalization
Guralnik, O., Schmeidler, J., & Simeon, D. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.103 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
ELGAMAL, S., McKINNON, M. C., RAMAKRISHNAN, K., JOFFE, R. T., & MacQUEEN, G. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001110 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“The domains targeted in these interventions include memory, sustained attention, reaction time and executive functioning, all areas that are disrupted in chronic MDD (Veiel, 1997; Landro et al. 2001; Fossati et al. 2002, 2004; GarciaToro et al. 2003; Sevigny et al. 2003; Harvey et al. 2004; Lampe et al. 2004; Stordal…”
BackgroundHypofunction of Right Temporoparietal Cortex During Emotional Arousal in Depression
Moratti, S., Rubio, G., Campo, P., Keil, A., & Ortiz, T. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.532 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Dichter, G. S., Felder, J. N., & Smoski, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.022 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by anomalous processing of sad stimuli (American Psychiatric Association, 1994; Peeters et al., 2003; Rottenberg, 2005) as well as by de fi cits in cognitive control (McDermott and Ebmeier, 2009; Veiel, 1997; Zakzanis et al., 1998).”
BackgroundBaune, B. T., Fuhr, M., Air, T., & Hering, C. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.052 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Overall, the moderate to large effect sizes as reported in our review, indirectly corroborate previous postulates suggesting that the severity and the profile of cognitive deficiencies in depression is clinically relevant and comparable to those seen in moderately severe traumatic brain injury (Veiel, 1997).”
ResultDepression in multiple sclerosis: Relationship to planning ability
Arnett, P. A., Higginson, C. I., & Randolph, J. J. (2001) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617701766027 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“…functioning in nonneurologically based depressives comparing the magnitude of deficits shown by depressives across different cognitive domains, Veiel (1997) reported that depressives were most impaired relative to controls on tasks with speeded processing0central executive elements to them.”
BackgroundResting-State Connectivity Predictors of Response to Psychotherapy in Major Depressive Disorder
Crowther, A., Smoski, M. J., Minkel, J. D., Moore, T. M., Gibbs, D. E., Petty, C., Bizzell, J., Schiller, C. E., Sideris, J. H., Carl, H., et al. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.12 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“…during goal-directed processes (Corbetta et al, 1998; Kim, 2010), and MDD is characterized by poor performance in cognitive control tasks (Veiel, 1997; Zakzanis et al, 1998) as well as dysfunction in dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex during…”
BackgroundQualitative analysis of verbal fluency in depression
Fossati, P., Guillaume, L. B., Ergis, A.-M., & Allilaire, J. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00300-1 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Beblo, T., Sinnamon, G., & Baune, B. T. (2011) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9171-0 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The neurocognitive profile of mood disorders – a review of the evidence and methodological issues
Porter, R., Robinson, L. J., Malhi, G. S., & Gallagher, P. (2015) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12342 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“However, most tests involve a number of cognitive processes and it has been suggested that assigning tests to specific cognitive categories can, in some instances, be somewhat arbitrary (1).”
BackgroundNuño, L., Gómez‐Benito, J., Carmona, V. R., & Pino, Ó. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11020147 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Deficits in visual cognition and attention following bilateral anterior cingulotomy
Ochsner, K. N., Kosslyn, S. M., Cosgrove, G. R., Cassem, E. H., Price, B. H., Nierenberg, A. A., & Rauch, S. L. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00114-7 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“because depressed patients may exhibit deficits in executive functioning [51].”
BackgroundLimbic over-activity in depression during preserved performance on the n-back task
Rose, E. J., Simonotto, E., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.002 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues.
Meyer, G. J., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L. D., Kay, G. G., Moreland, K. L., Dies, R. R., Eisman, E. J., Kubiszyn, T. W., & Reed, G. M. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.2.128 · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
“Short-term verbal learning and differentiation of major depression from controls (Veiel, 1997; although the author reported many effect sizes, we report the variable that was studied most often).”
BackgroundTrivedi, M. H., Morris, D. W., Wisniewski, S. R., Lesser, I. M., Nierenberg, A. A., Daly, E., Kurian, B. T., Gaynes, B. N., Balasubramani, G. K., & Rush, A. J. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020250 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
- Authors
- Veiel, H. O. F.
- Corresponding author
- Veiel, Hans O.F.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1997-08
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 587-603
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2071401336
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 4.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, neuropsychological deficits, cognitive impairment, frontal lobe dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Brain Injuries, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Space Perception, Speech, Verbal Learning, Neurobehavioral Manifestations
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