Cited by 670Social Robot Interaction and HRIMedia, Gender, and AdvertisingSocial and Intergroup Psychology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Are Machines Gender Neutral? Gender‐Stereotypic Responses to Computers With Voices

Nass, Clifford, Moon, Youngme, Green, Nancy·1997·Journal of Applied Social Psychology

DOI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00275.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This study tested whether computers embedded with the most minimal gender cues will evoke gender‐based stereotypic responses. Using an experimental paradigm (N = 40) that involved computers with voice output, the study tested 3 gender‐based stereotypes under conditions in which all suggestions of gender were removed, with the sole exception of vocal cues. In all 3 cases, gender‐stereotypic responses were obtained. Because the experimental manipulation involved no deception regarding the source of the voices. this study presents evidence that the tendency to gender stereotype is extremely powerful, extending even to stereotyping of machines.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00275.x

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction
Horton, D., & Richard Wohl, R. (1956) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049 · Cited by 4,380
Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students.
Rosenkrantz, P. S., Vogel, S. R., Bee, H. L., Broverman, I. K., & Broverman, D. M. (1968) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025909 · Cited by 842
Are women prejudiced against women?
Goldberg, P. A. (1968) · Society · doi:10.1007/bf03180445 · Cited by 643
Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication
Briton, N. J., & Hall, J. A. (1995) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01544758 · Cited by 336
When stereotypes hurt: Three studies of penalties for sex-role reversals
Costrich, N., Feinstein, J., Kidder, L. H., Marecek, J., & Pascale, L. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(75)90003-7 · Cited by 278
Inferred sex differences in status as a determinant of gender stereotypes about social influence.
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.915 · Cited by 263
Sex stereotypes: Issues of change in the 1970s
Ruble, T. L. (1983) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289675 · Cited by 151
Men's and Women's Beliefs, Ideals, and Self-Concepts
McKee, J. P., & Sherriffs, A. C. (1959) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/222495 · Cited by 116
The dynamic relations among interpersonal behaviors: A test of complementarity and anticomplementarity.
Strong, S. R., Hills, H. I., Kilmartin, C. T., DeVries, H. M., Lanier, K., Nelson, B. N., Strickland, D., & Meyer, C. W. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.54.5.798 · Cited by 114
Sex role stereotypes: Effect on perceptions of self and others and on personal adjustment.
Deutsch, C. J., & Gilbert, L. A. (1976) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.23.4.373 · Cited by 92

Show all 13 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Pleck J. H., 1978, The psychology of women: Future directions in research
Spence J. T., 1974, The Personal Attributes Questionnaire: A measure of sex‐role stereotypes and masculinity‐femininity, JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 43

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 667

Human, I Know How You Feel: Individual Psychological Determinants Influencing Smartwatch Anthropomorphism
Makady, H. (2023) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-023-00351-0 · Cited by 8
Source Factors in Recommender System Credibility Evaluation
Yoo, K., Ulrike Gretzel, B., & Zanker, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7637-6_20 · Cited by 8
A Virtual Reality-based Platform to Validate HMI Design for Increasing User’s Trust in Autonomous Vehicle
Shi, Y., Azzolin, N., Picardi, A., Zhu, T., Bordegoni, M., & Caruso, G. (2020) · Computer-Aided Design and Applications · doi:10.14733/cadaps.2021.502-518 · Cited by 8
Exploring Gender-Expansive Categorization Options for Robots
Seaborn, K., Pennefather, P., & Kotani, H. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3519646 · Cited by 8
Gender stereotypes and voice assistants: do users’ gender and conversation topic matter?
Dogruel, L., & Joeckel, S. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2235021 · Cited by 9
Agency Attribution in Human-Computer Interaction
McEneaney, J. E. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02728-4_9 · Cited by 8
Social Evaluation of Artificial Agents by Language Varieties
Krenn, B., Schreitter, S., Neubarth, F., & Sieber, G. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33197-8_39 · Cited by 8
Sex Differences in Persuadability of Human and Computer-Synthesized Speech: Meta-Analysis of Seven Studies
Stern, S. E., & Mullennix, J. W. (2004) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.94.3c.1283-1292 · Cited by 8
Hey There! What Do You Look Like? User Voice Switching and Interface Mirroring in Voice‐Enabled Digital Assistants ( VDAs )
Bilal, D., & Barfield, J. K. (2021) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.431 · Cited by 8
Presence Theory
Lombard, M., Lee, S., Sun, W., Xu, K., & Yang, H. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0087 · Cited by 8
Artificial intelligence versus human providers for personalized solutions? The influence of expected group size and perceived uniqueness on adoption intentions
Hou, C., Li, T., & Gu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104544 · Cited by 7
Empathic embarrassment towards non-human agents in virtual environments
Hapuarachchi, H., Higashihata, K., Sugiura, M., Sato, A., Itakura, S., & Kitazaki, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41042-3 · Cited by 7
Differential Effect of the Physical Embodiment on the Prefrontal Cortex Activity as Quantified by Its Entropy
Keshmiri, S., Sumioka, H., Yamazaki, R., & Ishiguro, H. (2019) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e21090875 · Cited by 9
“Imagine this smart speaker to have a body”: An analysis of the external appearances and the characteristics that people associate with voice assistants
Carolus, A., & Wienrich, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2022.981435 · Cited by 7
INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS ON ATTRIBUTION TOWARD COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY
Falaleeva, N. G., & Johnson, R. D. (2002) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 7
Impact of Chatbot Gender on User’s Stereotypical Perception and Satisfaction
Baxter, D., McDonnell, M., & McLoughlin, R. (2018) · Electronic workshops in computing · doi:10.14236/ewic/hci2018.154 · Cited by 7
The Ontological Classification of Conversational Agents
Etzrodt, K. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68288-0_4 · Cited by 7
Do You Feel a Connection? How the Human-Like Design of Conversational Agents Influences Donation Behaviour
Bührke, J., Brendel, B., Lichtenberg, S., Diederich, S., & Morana, S. (2021) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86797-3_19 · Cited by 7
The effect of interviewer image in a virtual-world survey
Murphy, J., Dean, E., Cook, S., & Keating, M. (2011) · doi:10.3768/rtipress.2010.rr.0014.1012 · Cited by 7
Human-Machine Communication: Complete Volume. Volume 12
(2021) · Human-Machine Communication · doi:10.30658/hmc.2 · Cited by 7
Voice accentedness, but not gender, affects social responses to a computer tutor
Jones, A., & Zellou, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1436341 · Cited by 6
Color, voice type and pitch: how multi-sensory cues of virtual shopping assistants influence young people’s purchase intention in VR shopping
Tao, Y., Ren, Z., Liu, X., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-025-09965-3 · Cited by 6
Measuring Fundamental Aspects of the Social Perception of Robots: Development and Validation of a Shortened Version of the RoSAS (RoSAS-SF)
Neuenswander, K. L., Dash, A., Koya, P. D., Lin, L., Gillespie, G. S. R., & Stroessner, S. J. (2025) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-025-01251-4 · Cited by 7
Conversational agents and charitable behavioral intentions: The roles of modality, communication style, and perceived anthropomorphism
Shao, J., Su, L. Y.-F., Gong, Z., & Chen, M. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2025.103616 · Cited by 6
Does Bot Gender Matter? Theory and Evidence From a High-Tension Service Context
Guo, Y., De, L., Xu, S. X., & Yin, X. (2025) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2025/17909 · Cited by 6
Gender bias in perception of human managers extends to AI managers
Cui, H., & Yasseri, T. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.100984 · Cited by 6
Effects of gender neutralization on the anthropomorphism of natural and synthetic voices
Kuch, J. M., Melchior, F., & Becker-Asano, C. (2023) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man57019.2023.10309479 · Cited by 6
Acoustic cues to femininity and masculinity in spontaneous speech
Nylén, F., Holmberg, J., & Södersten, M. (2024) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0025932 · Cited by 6
Representing Robots : The Appearance of Artificial Humans in Cinematic Media
Schofield, D., & LeRoy, N. (2018) · Journal of Arts and Humanities · doi:10.18533/journal.v7i5.1345 · Cited by 10
O que têm em comum Alexa, Siri, Lu e Bia? Assistentes digitais, sexismo e rupturas de performances de gênero
dos Santos, L. C., & Polivanov, B. B. (2021) · Galáxia (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/1982-2553202154473 · Cited by 9
Assisting the Assistant
Schneider, F., & Hagmann, J. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05412-9_38 · Cited by 6
Siri, Stereotypes, and the Mechanics of Sexism
Elder, A. M. (2022) · Feminist Philosophy Quarterly · doi:10.5206/fpq/2022.3/4.14294 · Cited by 6
Die video-unterstützte Online-Befragung: Soziale Präsenz, soziale Erwünschtheit und Underreporting sensitiver Informationen
Fuchs, M., & Funke, F. (2009) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-91791-7_10 · Cited by 6
Collaborative Automated Systems: Older Adults' Mental Model Acquisition and Trust in Automation
Olson, K. E., Fisk, A. D., & Rogers, W. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/154193120905302210 · Cited by 6
Investigating Older Adults’ Trust, Causal Attributions, and Perception of Capabilities in Robots as a Function of Robot Appearance, Task, and Reliability
Branyon, J., & Pak, R. (2015) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931215591335 · Cited by 5
Double Standards in Perceived Traits of Women Labeled Victims Versus Survivors
Setia, A., Marks, M. J., & An, S. (2020) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-020-09712-w · Cited by 6
The Rise of Interactional Multimodality in Human-Computer Interaction
Klowait, N. O., & Ерофеева, M. (2021) · Monitoring obŝestvennogo mneniâ: èkonomičeskie i socialʹnye peremeny · doi:10.14515/monitoring.2021.1.1793 · Cited by 6
Effects of Team-Based Computer Interaction: The Media Equation and Game Design Considerations
Johnson, D. M., & Gardner, J. (2005) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11558651_45 · Cited by 6
Social Skills Training Tool in Virtual Reality, Intended for Managers and Sales Representatives
Taupiac, J.-D., Rodriguez, N., Strauss, O., & Beney, P. (2019) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr.2019.8798317 · Cited by 6
Gender Differences in Social Networking Presence Effects on Web-Based Impression Formation
Albert, L. J., Hill, T. R., & Venkatsubramanyan, S. (2013) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2919-6.ch059 · Cited by 6
Mujeres y digitalización. De las brechas a los algoritmos
(2020) · doi:10.30923/mujdigbrealg · Cited by 6
Social Robot Personality: A Review and Research Agenda
Diefenbach, S., Herzog, M., Ullrich, D., & Christoforakos, L. (2023) · Technikzukünfte, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-37641-3_9 · Cited by 5
Social support of virtual characters reduces pain perception
Neumann, I., Andreatta, M., Pauli, P., & Käthner, I. (2023) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.2220 · Cited by 5
Listen to this: Why consumer behavior researchers should care about listening
Itzchakov, G., & Wheeler, S. C. (2023) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.1092 · Cited by 5
Who is a robot? A fundamental model of artificial identity
Miranda, L. (2024) · IEEE RO-MAN · doi:10.1109/ro-man60168.2024.10731452 · Cited by 5
Social evaluation of text-to-speech voices by adults and children
Lilley, K. D., Dossey, E., Cohn, M., Clopper, C. G., Wagner, L., & Zellou, G. (2024) · Speech Communication · doi:10.1016/j.specom.2024.103163 · Cited by 5
The Role of Age-Related Changes to Memory in Social Judgment and Decision Making Involving Artificial Social Agents
Wang, S., & Lighthall, N. R. (2024) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000535 · Cited by 5
Optimizing Cost-Benefit Efficiency of Gender-Responsive AI Voice Agents for Enhanced Small and Medium Sized Business Operations
Srivastava, A., Saraswat, P., Pandey, P., Saraswat, S., Kannan, L. A., Naqvi, S., & Sarkar, S. (2025) · International Conference on Educational Technology Management (ICETM) · doi:10.1109/icetm63734.2025.11051779 · Cited by 5
Voice Similarity and its Impact on Cognitive and Affective Trust in Automated Vehicles
Zhang, Q., Yang, X. J., & Robert, L. (2025) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/10711813251364804 · Cited by 5
Social Responses to Conversational TV VUI
Park, E. K., Lee, K. M., & Shin, D. (2015) · International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijthi.2015010102 · Cited by 5
Voice Switching in Voice-Enabled Digital Assistants (VDAs)
Bilal, D., & Barfield, J. K. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78462-1_39 · Cited by 5
The Work of Educational Psychologists in a Digitally Networked World
Mishra, P., Koehler, M. J., & Greenhow, C. M. (2015) · doi:10.4324/9781315688244.ch3 · Cited by 5
- Human–Computer Etiquette: Should Computers Be Polite?
(2010) · Auerbach Publications eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10420-6 · Cited by 5
A Risk-Reduction Model of Sharing: Role of Social Stimuli and Inequity
Jimenez, S. T., & Pietras, C. J. (2016) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-016-0202-3 · Cited by 6
Socio-Economic and Legal Impact of Autonomous Robotics and AI Entities: The RAiLE Project
Broman, M. M. E., & Finckenberg-Broman, P. (2018) · IEEE Technology and Society Magazine · doi:10.1109/mts.2018.2795120 · Cited by 5
Effects of Gender of Artificial Intelligence Speaker on Mindfulness Meditation Users
Lee, S., & Nam, Y. (2020) · Journal of Digital Contents Society · doi:10.9728/dcs.2020.21.9.1645 · Cited by 5
Implicit Measures as a Useful Tool for Evaluating User Experience
Actis-Grosso, R., Capellini, R., Ghedin, F., & Tassistro, F. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78092-0_1 · Cited by 5
A Special Interest Group on Developing Theories of Language Use in Interaction with Conversational User Interfaces
Peña, P., Doyle, P. R., Ip, E. Y. J., Liberto, G. M. D., Higgins, D., Mcdonnell, R., Branigan, H., Gustafson, J., Mcmillan, D., Moore, R. J., et al. (2023) · CHI Extended Abstracts · doi:10.1145/3544549.3583179 · Cited by 6
An introduction to gender
Eckert, P., & McConnell‐Ginet, S. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139245883.002 · Cited by 5
DESIGNING THE NON-PLAYER CHARACTER OF AN EDUCATIONAL ADVENTURE-GAME: THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY, NATURALISM, AND COLOR
Linek, S. B., Schwarz, D., Hirschberg, G., Kickmeier-Rust, M., & Albert, D. (2007) · Cited by 5
Human–Computer Etiquette
Hayes, C. C., & Miller, C. (2010) · Auerbach Publications eBooks · doi:10.1201/b10420-2 · Cited by 5
Inter(sectional) Alia(s): Ambiguity in Voice Agent Identity via Intersectional Japanese Self-Referents
Fujii, T., Seaborn, K., Steeds, M., & Kato, J. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713323 · Cited by 5
Persuasive Conversational Agents for Environmental Sustainability: A Survey
Giudici, M., Crovari, P., & Garzotto, F. (2025) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3774751 · Cited by 4
Can an AI agent lead human teams?
Simpson, J., Patil, G., Stening, H., Kamruddin, A. B., Somerville, D., Seage, S., Nalepka, P., Dras, M., Hosking, S. G., Kallen, R. W., et al. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2026.100278 · Cited by 5
Gender similarity effects in human–AI interaction: Development and validation of the Behavioral AI Anthropomorphism Scale (BAAS) and implications for trust and gender attribution
Ibrahim, F., Telle, N.-T., Lauckner, M., Karl, J. A., & Daseking, M. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.101003 · Cited by 4
It’s a Long Way to Neutrality. An Evaluation of Gendered Artificial Faces
Parlangeli, O., Palmitesta, P., Masi, L., Tittarelli, M., & Guidi, S. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35708-4_27 · Cited by 4
Linguistic patterning of laughter in human-socialbot interactions
Booker, N. P., Cohn, M., & Zellou, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1346738 · Cited by 4
Ethics and children's information systems
Silverstein, J., Nissenbaum, H. F., Flanagan, M., & Freier, N. G. (2006) · Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/meet.14504301133 · Cited by 4
A Study of Gender Similarity Between Animated Pedagogical Agents and Young Learners
Kervellec, A.-L., Jamet, É., Dardier, V., Erhel, S., Maner‐Idrissi, G. L., & Michinov, E. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39483-1_46 · Cited by 4
My Smart TV Agent: Designing Smart TV Persona for Linguistic UX
Lee, S., Moon, J.-W., Im, H. K., Shi, C., & Jun, B. G. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07788-8_25 · Cited by 4
Wywiad telefoniczny ze wspomaganiem komputerowym (CATI). Działania ankieterskie w call centers
Jabłoński, W. (2016) · Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego eBooks · doi:10.18778/8088-050-4 · Cited by 4
PERMUTATION: A Corpus-Based Approach for Modeling Personality and Multimodal Expression of Affects in Virtual Characters
Clavel, C., & Martin, J. (2009) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02809-0_23 · Cited by 4
As You Like It
Linek, S. B. (2011) · Advances in game-based learning book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-60960-495-0.ch029 · Cited by 4
Can Computer-Generated Speech Have an Age?
Huff, E. W., Stigall, B., Brinkley, J., Pak, R., & Caine, K. E. (2020) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3334480.3383082 · Cited by 4
The Cognitive and Emotional Consequences of Anthropomorphic Thought.
Chandler, J. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 4
Trust in gendered voice assistants—the special case of gender ambiguity
Mooshammer, S., Etzrodt, K., & Weidmüller, L. (2025) · Publizistik · doi:10.1007/s11616-025-00907-5 · Cited by 3
AI in the Newsroom: How Presentation of AI Anchor and Viewers’ Familiarity with AI Shape Perceptions of AI Anchor
Choi, M., & Jang, J.-W. (2026) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2025.2607505 · Cited by 3
Resolving the personalization paradox in therapeutic AI: a boundary-aware framework for ethical personalization
Kang, B. (2026) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-026-01011-8 · Cited by 3
İletişim Çalışmalarında İnsan-Makine İletişimi: Paradigma Değişikliği ve Temel Yaklaşımlar
NARİN, B. (2021) · Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.31123/akil.988494 · Cited by 3
Toward a Third-Kind Voice for Conversational Agents in an Era of Blurring Boundaries Between Machine and Human Sounds
Oh, J., Im, H., & Lee, S. (2024) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3640794.3665880 · Cited by 3
Design and development of an automated fall risk assessment system for older adults
Sun, R., Paramathayalan, V. R., Ratnam, R., Jain, S., Morrow, D. G., & Sosnoff, J. J. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811272-4.00006-3 · Cited by 3
Human-Robot Interaction: Exploring the Ability to Express Emotions by a Social Robot
Ayanoğlu, H., Saraiva, M., Teixeira, L. F., & Duarte, E. (2019) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96722-6_10 · Cited by 3
Women’s online opinions are still not as influential as those of their male peers in buying decisions
Fan-Osuala, O. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01504-5 · Cited by 3
The Impact of Gender and Personality in Human-AI Teaming: The Case of Collaborative Question Answering
Milella, F., Natali, C., Scantamburlo, T., Campagner, A., & Cabitza, F. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42283-6_19 · Cited by 3
Do Computers Have Gender Roles?: Investigating Users’ Gender Role Stereotyping of Anthropomorphized Voice Agents
Yoo, Y., Jung, J., Kang, C., Kim, H., & Jun, S. (2024) · Archives of Design Research · doi:10.15187/adr.2024.02.37.1.123 · Cited by 3
Alexa, Affect, and the Algorithmic Imaginary
Kopitz, L. (2021) · Screen Bodies · doi:10.3167/screen.2021.060103 · Cited by 3
Robot Persuasiveness Depending on User Gender
Ågren, I., & Thunberg, S. (2022) · International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction (HAI) · doi:10.1145/3527188.3563939 · Cited by 3
“You're a Cop and You Gotta Help Me!”:How the Type of Automated Vehicles and Collision Algorithms Influence Individuals’ Attitudes Towards the Vehicles
Joo, Y. K., Jeong, M.-W., & Kim, B. (2022) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2023.01.012 · Cited by 3
User Demographics for Embodiment Customization
Cowell, A. J., & Stanney, K. M. (2002) · Cited by 3
UNDERSTANDING ADOLESCENT SURVEY RESPONSES: IMPACT OF MODE AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS ON DATA OUTCOMES AND QUALITY
Trapl, E. (2007) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 3
Measuring human perceptions of expressivity in natural and artificial systems through the live performance piece Time to compile
Cuan, C., Berl, E., & LaViers, A. (2019) · Paladyn Journal of Behavioral Robotics · doi:10.1515/pjbr-2019-0031 · Cited by 3
Sensitive to the Digital Touch? Exploring Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Its Impact on Anthropomorphized Products in E-Commerce
Yuan, L., & Barlow, J. B. (2021) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2021.499 · Cited by 3
Women and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: An Examination of the UAE’s National AI Strategy
Heath, V. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0771-4_10 · Cited by 3
Impact of voice variation in speech-based in-vehicle systems on attitude and driving behaviour
Jonsson, I.-M., & Dahlbaeck, N. (2010) · Cited by 3
Speaker/Gender Effect: Impact of the Speaker's Gender on Learning with Narrated Animations
Gerjets, P. H., Linek, S. B., & Scheiter, K. (2006) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 3
Effects of Mental Model Quality on Collaborative System Performance
Wilkison, B. D., Fisk, A. D., & Rogers, W. A. (2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e578042012-008 · Cited by 3
From prototype to persona: AI agents for decision support and cognitive extension
(2025) · Issues in Information Systems · doi:10.48009/1_iis_125 · Cited by 2
Towards Understanding the Impact of AI-Generated Visual and Vocal Self-Similarity on Avatar Identification, Motivation, and Engagement in Educational Games
Shao, T., Oyedokun, O., Mousas, C., & Kao, D. (2025) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3744736.3749363 · Cited by 2
The Effects of a Humanoid Robot’s Semantic-Free Utterances (SFUs) on Users’ Emotion Recognition and Social Perception
Liu, X., & Jeon, M. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2570846 · Cited by 2
Gender, work, and the anthropomorphisation of technology
Varghese, A., & Rajeev, A. (2025) · The Economic and Labour Relations Review · doi:10.1017/elr.2025.10042 · Cited by 2

Authors: Nass, C., Moon, Y., & Green, N.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Nass, Clifford
ORCID: Green, Nancy
Venue: Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1997-05
Volume: 27
Issue: 10
Pages: 864-876
ISSN: 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
1559-1816
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00275.x
OpenAlex: W2094409166
Cited by: 670
References: 13
Citations by year: 2026: 45 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 10.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 3378 d)
Locations: Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: gender stereotypes, vocal cues, gender cues, speech output

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Are Machines Gender Neutral? Gender‐Stereotypic Responses to Computers With Voices

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks