Cited by 595Mental Health Treatment and AccessTreatment of Major DepressionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Subthreshold depression as a risk indicator for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of prospective studies

Open access

Cuijpers, P., Smit, F.·2004·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00301.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Objective: In order to examine whether the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increased in subjects with subthreshold depression, or sD (clinically relevant depressive symptoms, without meeting criteria for a full‐blown MDD), we conducted a review of prospective studies examining the incidence of MDD in subjects with sD. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted. For all studies, the relative risk of developing MDD was calculated, based on person‐years. Results: Twenty studies (23 comparisons) were found, based on community samples, general medical patients and high‐risk subjects. Most comparisons showed that subjects with sD had a consistently larger chance of developing MDD. The studies differed considerably in the definition of sD, the recency (occurrence of the last sD) and the in‐/exclusion of lifetime MDD. Conclusion: The incidence of MDD in subjects with sD is larger than in subjects without sD. Otherwise, the concept of sD is too broad to be used. In future studies, some consensus should be reached regarding the definition of sD.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00301.x

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its History, Characteristics, and Validity
Robins, L. N. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001 · Cited by 5,219
The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: An Epidemiologic Instrument Suitable for Use in Conjunction With Different Diagnostic Systems and in Different Cultures
Robins, L. N. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003 · Cited by 2,909
Depression, Disability Days, and Days Lost From Work in a Prospective Epidemiologic Survey
Broadhead, W. E. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190056028 · Cited by 1,232
The Nature and Course of Depression Following Myocardial Infarction
Schleifer, S. J. (1989) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1989.00390080059014 · Cited by 742
Targeted Prevention of Unipolar Depressive Disorder in an At-Risk Sample of High School Adolescents: A Randomized Trial of a Group Cognitive Intervention
Clarke, G. N., Hawkins, W., Murphy, M., Sheeber, L. B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199503000-00016 · Cited by 672
A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents
Clarke, G. N., Hornbrook, M., Lynch, F., Polen, M., Gale, J., Beardslee, W., O'Connor, E., & Seeley, J. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.12.1127 · Cited by 615
The Course of Depression in Adult Outpatients: Results From the Medical Outcomes Study
Wells, K. B. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100032007 · Cited by 475
Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: Differences in psychosocial functioning.
Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.63.1.90 · Cited by 459
Depressive Symptoms as Relative and Attributable Risk Factors for First-Onset Major Depression
Horwath, E. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100061011 · Cited by 456
The role and clinical significance of subsyndromal depressive symptoms (SSD) in unipolar major depressive disorder
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., & Paulus, M. P. (1997) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00055-4 · Cited by 444

Show all 35 references

Sorted by citations

Items 501–595 of 595

Dynamic cognitive characteristics of emotional conflict in subthreshold depressed patients: An Event-Related Potential StudyPreprint
Wang, W., Xie, Q., Zhang, L., & Hu, S. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1103862/v1 · Cited by 1
“SubD are more likely to develop depression than normal people (Cuijpers and Smit, 2004).”
Background
Exercise without worries : prevention of stress and depressive symptoms in women from disadvantaged communities
van der Waerden, J. E. B. (2011) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20110908jw · Cited by 1
Other articles noted
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, & Royal College of Psychiatrists and British Psychological Society (2004) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmh.7.4.100 · Cited by 1
Depresión subumbral
Ruiloba, J. V. (2007) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/s1134-5934(07)73287-6 · Cited by 1
Oroxylum indicum Seed Extract as a Potential Antidepressant in Chronic Stress Mouse Model of DepressionPreprint
Chalermwongkul, C., Khamphukdee, C., Daodee, S., Monthakantirat, O., Boonyarat, C., Chotritthirong, Y., Maneenet, J., Awale, S., Kijjoa, A., & Chulikhit, Y. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1808.v1
Long-term sickness absence and disability pension award as consequences of common mental disorders. Epidemiological studies using a population-based health survey and official ill health benefit registries
Knudsen, A. K. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Workplace factors and the transition to major depression in a representative sample of Alberta employees
Bolo, C. (2014) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.5072/prism/28724
On the digital road to recovery? Assessment, theory, and treatment of depression via the internet
de Graaf, L. E. (2009) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20091023lg
Prevention and Early Intervention in Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Nazareth, I., & Kendrick, T. (2014) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/9781118557174.ch16
Prevention of long-term sickness absence and major depression through early intervention
Lexis, M. A. S. (2011) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20110520ml
Efetividade da Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental para os Transtornos do Humor e Ansiedade: Uma revisão de revisões sistemáticas
Dewes, D., Oliveira, M. D. S., Andretta, I., Muhlen, B. V., Camargo, J., & Leite, J. C. D. C. (2010) · Revista de Psicologia da IMED · doi:10.18256/2175-5027/psico-imed.v2n2p385-397 · Cited by 3
“Mais de 27% de pessoas que atingem a terceira idade apresentam alguma sintomatologia de depressão, o que diminui sua qualidade de vida, culminando em um prognóstico desfavorável nesta fase do ciclo vital (Smit et al., 2006; Cuijpers & Smit, 2004; Beekman et al. 2002).”
Background
Interrelationships of physical activity and depressive symptoms with cardiometabolic risk factors
Korniloff, K. (2013) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Psychiatric symptoms and disorders in old age: prevalence, course and diagnostic thresholds
Sigström, R. (2015) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
De diagnostiek van depressie bij ouderen
Comijs, H. C. (2013) · Psychopraktijk · doi:10.1007/s13170-013-0009-8
Therapie op afstand, werkt dat?
Fledderus, M., & Pots, W. T. M. (2013) · Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Evidence Based Practice · doi:10.1007/s12468-013-0031-1
On the threshold of subthreshold depression
Chaturvedi, S. K. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00418.x
“Cuipers and Smit (1) have done well to focus attention on the importance of subthreshold depression (SD).”
Background
Prevention of Depression and Anxiety in Residential Homes for the Elderly
Dozeman, E. (2011) · Pure Amsterdam UMC
Acceptance and commitment therapy for public mental health promotion
Fledderus, M. (2011) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036533133
Un Programa Breve Basado en la Solución de Problemas para la Prevención de la Depresión en Cuidadores Informales de Pacientes con Demencia: Un Estudio Piloto A Short Problem-solving Based Course for Prevention of Depression in Non-professional Providers of Care for Dementia Patients: A Pilot Study
Vázquez, F. L., Otero, P., López, M. P., Blanco, V., & Torres, Á. (2010) · Clínica y Salud
Well-being & psychological distress : genetic and environmental influences on stability, change, and covariance
Nes, R. B. (2007) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Psychopharmako- und Psychotherapie bei Patienten mit minorer Depression
Schönknecht, P., Allgaier, A., Henkel, V., Hegerl, U., & Mergl, R. (2011) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1628444
“Sie gilt zudem als Risikofaktor für eine majore Depression, denn 10 bis 25% der Patienten mit unterschwelliger Depression entwickeln innerhalb von ein bis drei Jahren eine majore Depression (10).”
Background
MENTAL HEALTH IN PRIMARY CARE: WHAT WE HAVE, WHAT WE NEED AND WHERE TO FIND IT
González‐Blanch, C. (2009)
Association between the C(-1019)G functional polymorphism of the HTR1A gene and impulsivity and subthreshold depression
Benkő, A. (2012) · Semmelweis University Repository (Semmelweis University) · doi:10.14753/se.2012.1655
“meeting the criteria of minor depression (244).”
Conclusions: Results suggest that children whose mothers experience even low-level depressive symptoms are less likely to receive important supports for cognitive development and school readiness, pointing to the need for screening and interventions to address maternal depression at all levels of severity.
Conners‐Burrow, N. A., Bokony, P. A., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Jarrett, D. M., Kraleti, S. S., McKelvey, L. M., & Kyzer, A. L. (2014)
Neuroinflammation and psychosis; antipsychotic medication.
Bloomfield, P. S. (2015) · Spiral (Imperial College London) · doi:10.25560/39588
Improving depressive symptoms in adults with vision impairment: a trial of evidence-based ‘Problem-Solving Treatment' integrated within low vision rehabilitation services
Holloway, E. E. (2017) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Preventive psychosocial parental and school programmes in a general population
Löfgren, H. O. (2017) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Living with a Spouse or Others: Beneficial or Harmful in the Presence of Depressive Symptoms?
Yohannes, A. M. (2017) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.15212
Violence against women: impacts on psychological health and stress hormones
Chivers-Wilson, K. (2009) · doi:10.7939/r3xw2z
Aﬀective symptoms subclinical level in adolescents
Дашиева, Б. А., Karaush, I. S., & Евгеньевна, К. И. (2019) · V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.31363/2313-7053-2018-4-17-25
Minor Depressive Disorder
Lee, A. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_2119
Epidemiology of Depression: Burden of Disease, Trends, and the Contributions of Social Epidemiology to the Study of Its Causes
Alvarado, R., & Burrone, M. S. (2021) · Depression and personality · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77329-8_3
Depressive Störungen
Laux, G. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33129-2_55
Minor Depressive Disorder
Sánchez, O., & Brownlee-Duffeck, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_2119
Minor Depressive Disorder
Sánchez, O., & Brownlee-Duffeck, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_2119-2
Indicated Prevention
Cuijpers, P. J., Buntrock, C., Ebert, D. D., Beekman, A. T. F., & Reynolds, C. F. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16045-0_7
“In these searches we examined 14,164 abstracts in Pubmed (3,638 abstracts), PsycInfo (2,824), Embase (4,682), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (3,020).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
De diagnostiek van depressie bij ouderen
Comijs, H. C. (2014) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-0790-6_8
Reply:
Cuijpers, P. J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00419.x
“Cuipers and Smit (1) have done well to focus attention on the importance of subthreshold depression (SD).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Hand Twelve Jing-Well Points Exercise on Subthreshold Depression College Students: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled TrialPreprint
Li, M., Song, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., You, J., Zhang, M., Cao, T., Guo, Y., Wang, S., & Zhao, M. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2315198/v1
Long-Term Effects of Psychosocial Interventions for Adolescents on Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Duagi, D., Carter, B., Farrelly, M., Lisk, S. C., Shearer, J., Byford, S., James, K., & Brown, J. S. L. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4498402
Factors associated with resilience in relation to depressive symptoms experienced by adolescent populations: a systematic review
Yeo, J. J., Lim-Ashworth, N., & Lim, C. G. (2023) · Minerva Psychiatry · doi:10.23736/s2724-6612.22.02324-7
ประสิทธิผลของการกระตุ้นพฤติกรรมที่มีต่อภาวะซึมเศร้าของผู้สูงอายุ
อยุธยา, ว. ส. ณ. (2019) · Chula Digiverse · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2019.721
Gender Differences in the Incidence and Related Factors of Low Social Support among Adolescents with Subthreshold Depression
Shi, Y., Shangguan, F., & Xiao, J. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2023.030516
Effect of brain acidification on depression-related behaviors in diabetes mellitus
Temma, Y., Obi-Nagata, K., Hoshiba, Y., Miyake, R., Katayama, Y., Hagihara, H., Suzuki, N., Miyakawa, T., Nakayama, K. I., & Hayashi‐Takagi, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1277097 · Cited by 2
Alterations of intrinsic brain activity in subthreshold depression after internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy interventionPreprint
Wang, Y., Ying, Y., Zhu, Z., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, W., Liang, Y., Ji, Y., & Pan, Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4285302/v1
Propriedades diagnósticas do PHQ-9, GDS-15 e DSM-5, e fatores associados aos transtornos depressivos em idosos: estudo ambulatorial longitudinal de 12 meses
Silva, M. M. B. (2024) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2024.tde-16052024-163407
Long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms by military affiliation
Coppola, E. C., Wadsworth, S. M., Taylor, Z., Schwab‐Reese, L. M., & Christ, S. L. (2024) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101733
Effects of Cognitive and Depressive Status on Empathy in Healthy Elderly, Amnestic MCI, and Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type
Yang, S., Lee, S. H., Kim, J., Cho, S., & Kang, Y. (2025) · Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders · doi:10.12779/dnd.2025.24.1.54
心理治疗在阈下抑郁中的疗效：文献综述
于文丽, 潘璐彤, 李奇遇, 葛蒲, & 杨绿 (2025) · 人文与社会科学学刊 · doi:10.70693/rwsk.v1i4.885
Stellarine A attenuates anxiety in rats through ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling: A 1HNMR metabolomics study revealing metabolic pathways and biomarkers
Zhan, M., Zhang, Y., Mo, X., Ma, M., Zhou, Y., Li, T., Quan, H., & Dong, L. (2025) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106820
Subcortical resting state functional connectivity as a neural marker of first onset internalizing disorder in high-risk youth
Pawlak, M., Bray, S., Burles, F., & Kopala‐Sibley, D. C. (2025) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2025.100291
“This is important given that subthreshold symptoms are one of the most robust predictors of the onset of future diagnosable illnesses (Cuijpers and Smit, 2004).”
Associations Between Occupational Participation and Depressive Symptoms in Japanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Shimada, K., Yokoyama, K., Shimokihara, S., Matsuzaki‐Kihara, Y., Mizumoto, A., Tashiro, H., Saito, H., Makino, K., Katsuura, S., Yama, K., et al. (2025) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492251379326
Brain dynamics and depressive symptoms in young adults: Evidence from EEG
Cainelli, E., Stramucci, G., Vedovelli, L., Guglielmi, S., Devita, M., & Patron, E. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120474
Characterizing the Nature and Structure of Child Temperament via Observational Laboratory Tasks
Iddiols, B. C., Kotelnikova, Y., Gabel, L. N., Stanton, K. J., & Hayden, E. P. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-025-10253-5
“Although children’s early subclinical depressive symptoms are associated with depression risk later in life (Cuijpers & Smit, 2004; Klein et al., 2013 ), the low prevalence of clinically significant depression in this age group (CDC, 2023; Garber & Horow-itz, 2002 ) constrains its variability,…”
Synergistic Effects of Subsyndromal Depression and Amyloid-β on Tau Deposition and Cognitive Impairment
辛, 泽. (2025) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2025.15102993
Diagnosis of depression in adolescence signals improved inflammatory health in adulthood: Results from a nationally representative longitudinal study
O’Shields, J., Slavich, G. M., & Mowbray, O. P. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106190
A Pilot Evaluation of Deprexis: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy in a Veteran Sample (Preprint)Preprint
Pearson, R., Harris, E., Metts, A. V., Beevers, C. G., Pfeiffer, P. N., & Creech, S. K. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.86899
The Association Between Nut Consumption and Risk of Depressive Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Kim, S., Lee, H. C., Chen, Q.-Y., Park, Y., & Keum, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17243810
“Given the high prevalence, and broad health consequences of both clinical and subclinical depression [2,4–7, 9– 12 ], there Despite growing interest, observational studies investigating the relationship between nut consumption and depressive symptoms have reported inconsistent results [25–31].”
Influential
Additional file 1 of Housing debt and depressive symptoms: evidence from the China family panel studies
Chen, H., Zhang, Y., & Cao, K. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25556593
Additional file 1 of Prediction of the efficacy of group cognitive behavioral therapy using heart rate variability based smart wearable devices: a randomized controlled study
Lin, Z., Zheng, J., Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhu, R., Liu, R., Wei, Y., Zhang, X., & Wang, F. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25357856
Additional file 1 of Self-perceptions of aging, physical activity, and depressive symptoms in older community residents with varied neighborhood walkability in Taiwan
Liao, J.-Y., Lien, Y.-Y., Liao, Y., & Lien, Y.-J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26264997
Additional file 1 of Understanding factors associated with the trajectory of subjective cognitive complaints in groups with similar objective cognitive trajectories
Cacciamani, F., Bercu, A., Bouteloup, V., Grasset, L., Planche, V., Chêne, G., & Dufouil, C. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24628096
Associations among subthreshold depression, cognitive bias, and mentalization in university students
Zeng, Y., Liu, B., Yu, H., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Zheng, P., & Qian, H. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25930-z · Cited by 1
“A meta-analysis found that individuals with subthreshold depression are more likely to develop depression than those without subthreshold depression [15].”
Effectiveness of a Group Behavioral Activation Intervention for Subthreshold Depression in Chinese University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Tuerxun, R., Cui, J., & Cui, L. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10248-1 · Cited by 1
Negative cognitive biases in older adults with subthreshold depression
He, R., Li, J., Qiu, Y., Jiao, Y., Huang, K., Han, B., Pu, Y., Jia, Y., & Chen, L. (2026) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2026.102087
Trait depression and emotional experiences in Chinese junior high school students: the chain mediating role of self-compassion and cognitive reappraisal
Song, Y., Wang, Z., Lin, J., Li, B., Zhang, H., Qiao, G., & Zhang, L. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04260-8
“Previous research indicates that trait depression serves as both a precursor stage [13] and a high-risk factor [14] for developing clinical depression.”
Effects of smartphone cognitive behavioural therapy on social functioning in non-depressive and subthreshold depressive adults: a secondary analysis of the RESiLIENT trial
Tajika, A., Toyomoto, R., Sakata, M., Luo, Y., Akechi, T., Horikoshi, M., Inoue, K., Noma, H., Cuijpers, P. J., & Furukawa, T. A. (2026) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2025-302303
Self-citation
Environmental aroma exposure for subthreshold depression: Differential psychophysiological effects of essential oils with distinct chemical profiles
Qu, Y., Tong, Y., Yao, L., Lu, J., & Zhang, N. (2026) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114473
Intervention effects of exergames on adolescents with subthreshold depression: a prospective, randomized controlled trial protocol {1a}
Liu, G., Yang, C., Wang, S., Chen, D., Xie, F., Xie, J., Tan, H., & Wu, Y. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09649-9
Insula Structure Is Linked to Autonomic Cardiac Dysregulation in Depression
Fermin, A. S. R., Chan, H.-L., Takamura, M., Ichikawa, N., Yokoyama, S., Yoshino, A., Yoshimoto, J., Sasaoka, T., Kamishikiryo, T., Mitsuyama, Y., et al. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2026.03.997
L’entrainement olfactif peut-il améliorer les performances olfactives et l’état émotionnel des sujets présentant des symptômes mineurs de dépression ? : Identification "active" et "passive" des odeurs dans la dépression et la maladie d’Alzheimer
Rochet, M. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fca54068zca4ez46f7z940ezd140a60117df
Vers une meilleure compréhension des facteurs psychoaffectifs (anxiété et dépression) dans le vieillissement normal et pathologique : liens avec la cognition et la neuroimagerie multimodale
Moulinet, I. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/45bad93dz6eeez45d1z8d85z5e83196b607c
Analysis of COVID-19-Related Influencing Variables and Post-Traumatic Growth Differences Depending on the Type of Depressive Symptoms Using Latent Profile Analysis
Hyun, J., Kim, S.-J., Kim, H., Sohn, S., Choi, Y., Lee, J.-S., Paik, J., Lee, S. H., & Lee, Y.-R. (2026) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0390
“Previous studies 39-41 have demonstrated that such subthreshold or subclinical depressive symptoms constitute an early manifestation of major depression and are associated with a substantially increased risk of subsequently developing major depressive disorder, along with significant functional…”
Deprexis for Veteran Depression: Open-Label Pilot Trial Examining Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy
Pearson, R., Harris, E. P., Metts, A., Beevers, C. G., Pfeiffer, P. N., & Creech, S. K. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/86899
“Importantly, even subthres-hold depressive symptoms carry a heavy burden, contributing to disability and elevating the likelihood of progression to major depressive disorder (MDD) [6-8].”
A qualitative study of digital CBT for veteran depression: Treatment experiences and recommendations for healthcare system integration.
Pearson, R., Mignogna, J., Metts, A., Beevers, C. G., Post, E. P., & Creech, S. K. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117176
A fully remote randomized controlled trial of an ultra-brief digital meditation intervention reduces internalizing symptomsPreprint
Glick, C., Pirzada, S., Quah, S. K. L., Feldman, S., Enabulele, I., Madsen, S. J., Billimoria, N., Feldman, S., Bhatia, R., Spiegel, D., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.19.26351219
Links between parental internalizing disorder severity and default mode network connectivity in adolescent offspring
Tan, S. L., Pawlak, M., Bray, S., & Kopala‐Sibley, D. C. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.04.038
Association of persistent depressive symptoms in late-life with morbidity, physical functioning, healthcare use and mortality. Results from a German nationally representative sample
Stratmann, M. W., König, H.-H., & Hajek, A. (2026) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2026.106310
Development of UP-Prevent, a Group Prevention Program for Subclinical Symptoms of Emotional Disorders: Results from Two Focus Groups with Mental Health Professionals
Francisco, C., Maçãs-Carvalho, I., Martínez‐García, L., Pereira, M., Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2026) · International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-026-00285-4
Standardized Saffron Extract Formulation for Low Mood and Subclinical Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Shah, S., Shah, N., Shah, J., Dyuthi, S., Janani, S., & Rani, P. S. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.110935
“Such subclinical depressive symptoms are characterized by the presence of depressive features with lower symptom severity, fewer symptoms, and limited functional impairment, falling below the threshold required for a formal clinical diagnosis [2,3].”
Clarifying Subthreshold Depression in Adolescents: A Concept Analysis for Mental Health Nursing
Li, S., Fu, Y., Cui, D., He, A., Wang, J., Wang, H., Yu, J., Li, X. Y., & Huang, J. (2026) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2026.2674275
“Some highlight the absence of a formal diagnosis, others focus on incomplete symptomatology, and some may confuse subthreshold states with milder forms of diagnosable depression (Cuijpers & Smit, 2004; Karsten et al., 2010; Shiraishi et al., 2024).”
Influential
A Dynamic Study of Depression Transmission and Recovery Using Mathematical Modeling
Islam, M. S., Ahmed, S., Masud, S. R., & Shanta, S. S. (2026) · Khulna University Studies · doi:10.53808/kus.2026.23.01.1419-se
“While minor depression presents with fewer symptoms, it often progresses to major depression if left untreated (Judd et al., 2013; Cuijpers & Smit, 2004).”
The Immediate and sustained benefits of two-week high-frequency aerobic exercise on depressive symptoms and frontal function in subthreshold depression: A randomized controlled trial
Li, L., Liu, J., Hu, Y., Guo, D., Zheng, Y., Ruan, W., Wang, W., Wang, T., & Ma, S. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-04288-9
“The risk of progression to MDD is 2 to 5 times higher in individuals with SD compared to those who are healthy [4].”
Anxiety and Depression in Maxillofacial Trauma Patients: A Multicenter Study
Soh, C. L., Rahim, N. I., Tan, P. G., Zamli, A. K. T., & Adnan, K. (2026) · Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery · doi:10.1007/s12663-026-03200-8
Does the exercise environment matter? Indoor versus outdoor aerobic exercise for adolescents with subthreshold depression: a randomised controlled trial protocol
Liu, G., Gong, F., Yu, J., Wang, S., Chen, D., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114856
Disability status and health restrictions are differently associated with depressiveness in older German adults: a cross-sectional study
Graßhoff, J., Beller, J., & Sperlich, S. (2026) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus · doi:10.1016/j.aggp.2026.100325
REBT in the Treatment of Depression
Terjesen, M. D. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29009-1.00151-7
Brief Web-Based Psychological Intervention for Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Adolescents: Randomized Controlled Trial
Liu, P., Wang, X., Duan, X. R., Situ, M., Tao, Y., Yang, Z., Zhao, S., Li, L., Li, S., Jiang, Y., et al. (2026) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/86134
“Adolescents with depressive symptoms may experience impairments in academic and occupational functioning [6,7], and they remain at elevated risk of developing MDD compared with healthy individuals [8-10].”
Do all adolescents benefit equally from school-based mental health interventions? A subgroup analysis by depression severity at 12 and 18 months follow-up
Duagi, D., Carter, B., Lisk, S., & Brown, J. S. L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1826587
Disrupted white matter function in subthreshold depression correlate with cognitive, neurotransmitter, and genetic profiles
Guo, Z., Chen, P., Chen, G., Qi, Z., Jia, Y., Tao, Q., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2026.08.038
The effects of a home-based virtual reality exercise intervention on community adults’ well-being, depression, anxiety, and executive function: a randomized controlled trial
Wierts, C. M., Brennan, C., Mann, T. F. D., & Rhodes, R. E. (2026) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaag053
Selective encoding failure of self-face identity in subthreshold depression
Wen, M., Su, B., Chen, Y., Gu, T., & Qin, P. (2026) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-026-02385-4
“Subthreshold depression refers to a condition characterized by clinically relevant depressive symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) (Cuijpers & Smit, 2004).”
Glymphatic dysfunction and myelin disruption in subthreshold depression
Chen, G., Tang, G., Chen, R., Qi, Z., Zhang, S., Luo, Z., Chen, P., Tang, X., Guo, Z., Chen, C., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122537
Developing a Culturally Responsive Mental Health Support Guide for First-Year University Students in Yunnan, China: A Mixed-Methods Formative Evaluation
Zhou, R. (2026) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2026.2755087
The Framework for Prevention
Schoevers, R. A., & Duursma, E. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16045-0_2

Authors: Cuijpers, P., & Smit, F.
Affiliations: Trimbos Institute (NL)
Corresponding author: Cuijpers, P.
ORCID: Cuijpers, P.
Smit, F.
Venue: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004-03-28
Volume: 109
Issue: 5
Pages: 325-331
ISSN: 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
1600-0447
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00301.x
OpenAlex: W2139095467
Cited by: 595
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 27
FWCI: 1.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: subthreshold depression, major depressive disorder, depression incidence, risk factors, prospective study, relative risk, community sample, vulnerable populations
MeSH terms: Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Subthreshold depression as a risk indicator for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of prospective studies

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks