The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Economic costs of minor depression: a population-based study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Although the clinical relevance of minor depression has been demonstrated in many studies, the economic costs are not well explored. In this study, we examine the economic costs of minor depression. Method: In a large‐scale, population‐based study in the Netherlands (n = 5504) the costs of minor depression were compared with the costs of major depression and dysthymia. Excess costs, i.e. the costs of a disorder over and above the costs attributable to other illnesses, were estimated with help of regression analysis. The direct medical costs, the direct non‐medical costs and the indirect non‐medical costs were calculated. The year 2003 was used as the reference year. Results: The annual per capita excess costs of minor depression were US$ 2141 (95% CI = 753–3529) higher than the base rate costs of US$ 1023, while the costs of major depression were US$ 3313 (95% CI = 1234–5390) higher than the base rate. The costs of minor depression per 1 million inhabitants were 160 million dollars per year, which is somewhat less than the costs of major depression (192 million dollars per year). Conclusion: The economic costs associated with minor depression are considerable and approach those of major depression.
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In the citing paper
“The economic costs associated with mild to moderate depression are thought to approach those of major depression [9]”
From Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Digital Interventions for Depressive Symptoms in Working Adults: Multiarm Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The estimated point prevalence among both women and men was highest in North America (4·4 and 2·5% respectively) and lowest in the Western Pacific (2·3 and 1·3%); it was intermediate in other world regions both for women (2·8-3·6%) and men (1·9-2·0%).”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [140]
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On the digital road to recovery? Assessment, theory, and treatment of depression via the internet
de Graaf, L. E. (2009) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20091023lg
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“O transtorno depressivo maior tem excedido a renda per capita anual de países europeus em aproximadamente €2278 (Cuijpers et al., 2007), necessitando de terapias efetivas para seu tratamento ou profilaxia.”
BackgroundZelfhulp voor depressie en angststoornissen
Seekles, W., van Straten, A., Cuijpers, P., Beekman, A., & van Marwijk, H. V. (2011) · Huisarts en Wetenschap · doi:10.1007/s12445-011-0236-3
Self-citationScreening SSRI-users for diabetes in a general practice
McDonald, A. J., & Towner, H. (2015) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-09-2014-0037
“Mild depression is rarely treated beyond the primary care level but its high incidence means that it carries 45 per cent of the total economic cost of depression which was estimated at over US$450m per million inhabitants in 2014 dollar spending terms (Cuijpers et al., 2007).”
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Schönknecht, P., Allgaier, A., Henkel, V., Hegerl, U., & Mergl, R. (2011) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1628444
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Evaluering av depresjonsmestringskurs på helsestasjonen
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Agboola, A. A., Esan, O. T., & Soyinka, A. T. (2020) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v12n4p81
“In other studies, the costs due to lost productivity are 2 to 3 times larger than the costs due to health care utilization (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Greenberg et al., 2003; Hawthorne, Cheok, Goldney, & Fisher, 2003; Sobocki, Jönsson, Angst, & Rehnberg, 2006).”
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Economic burden of minor depression high
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Preventie van depressie: een overzicht
Cuijpers, P. J., Smit, F., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2010) · Psychologie & gezondheid · doi:10.1007/s12483-010-0004-2
Self-citationCost of Mental Illness and Depression in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Pakistan
Sadaf, T., Iqbal, M. A., Jamil, F., Raza, M. H., & Nazir, A. (2022) · Journal of Education and Social Studies · doi:10.52223/jess.20223204
“Results from the past studies (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Luppa et al., 2007; Tomonaga et al., 2013) showed higher total costs or depression than the present study.”
ResultWang, Y., Ying, Y., Zhu, Z., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, W., Liang, Y., Ji, Y., & Pan, Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4285302/v1
Strategi for et psykisk sunnere folk 2024
Holte, A. (2024) · Tidsskrift for Norsk psykologforening · doi:10.52734/wjks5460
Sylvia, L. G., Busch, A. M., Rabideau, D. J., Gold, A. K., Danhauer, S. C., Schatten, H. T., Katz, D., Weinstock, L. M., Dahne, J., Schmid, S. P., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315506
Yu, K., Lee, E. K. P., Yip, B. H. K., Chan, D. C.-C., Mak, W. W. S., Lee, T. M. C., Tang, W. K., Leung, M. K. W., Hui, S. S., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06663-0
Negative cognitive biases in older adults with subthreshold depression
He, R., Li, J., Qiu, Y., Jiao, Y., Huang, K., Han, B., Pu, Y., Jia, Y., & Chen, L. (2026) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2026.102087
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Self-citationHealth Policy and Economic Aspects of Late-Life Depression Prevention
Singh, A., & Okereke, O. I. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16045-0_9
“138 were calculated to be 160 million dollars per one million persons, an amount that was not far from the estimated $192 million/year burden of major depression [ 22 ].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Oostenbrink, J., De Graaf, R., Ten Have, M., & Beekman, A.
- Affiliations
- Trimbos Institute (NL)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Cuijpers, P.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-02-12
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 229-236
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2160468985
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- minor depression, economic costs, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, excess costs, direct medical costs, indirect costs, non-medical costs, cost comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Netherlands, Population Surveillance, Health Care Costs, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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