The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Economic costs of minor depression: a population-based study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Although the clinical relevance of minor depression has been demonstrated in many studies, the economic costs are not well explored. In this study, we examine the economic costs of minor depression. Method: In a large‐scale, population‐based study in the Netherlands (n = 5504) the costs of minor depression were compared with the costs of major depression and dysthymia. Excess costs, i.e. the costs of a disorder over and above the costs attributable to other illnesses, were estimated with help of regression analysis. The direct medical costs, the direct non‐medical costs and the indirect non‐medical costs were calculated. The year 2003 was used as the reference year. Results: The annual per capita excess costs of minor depression were US$ 2141 (95% CI = 753–3529) higher than the base rate costs of US$ 1023, while the costs of major depression were US$ 3313 (95% CI = 1234–5390) higher than the base rate. The costs of minor depression per 1 million inhabitants were 160 million dollars per year, which is somewhat less than the costs of major depression (192 million dollars per year). Conclusion: The economic costs associated with minor depression are considerable and approach those of major depression.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The economic costs associated with mild to moderate depression are thought to approach those of major depression [9]”
From Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Digital Interventions for Depressive Symptoms in Working Adults: Multiarm Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The estimated point prevalence among both women and men was highest in North America (4·4 and 2·5% respectively) and lowest in the Western Pacific (2·3 and 1·3%); it was intermediate in other world regions both for women (2·8-3·6%) and men (1·9-2·0%).”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [140]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
Wittchen, H.-U. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(94)90036-1 · Cited by 2,348
The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s
Greenberg, P. E., Sisitsky, T., Kessler, R. C., Finkelstein, S. N., Berndt, E. R., Davidson, J. R. T., Ballenger, J. C., & Fyer, A. J. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v60n0702 · Cited by 1,242 · cited 1×
“First, the medical costs that were considered in this study were limited to those related to mental health services and psychopharmaca, whereas it is well known that mental disorders also generate medical costs outside the sector of mental health services (34).”
BackgroundBijl, R. V., Ravelli, A., & van Zessen, G. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050098 · Cited by 1,216
The friction cost method for measuring indirect costs of disease
Koopmanschap, M. A., Rutten, F., van Ineveld, B. M., & Roijen, L. H. (1995) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/0167-6296(94)00044-5 · Cited by 1,141
Excess mortality in depression: a meta-analysis of community studies
Cuijpers, P. J., & Smit, F. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00413-x · Cited by 798
Self-citationSubthreshold Depression in Adolescence and Mental Health Outcomes in Adulthood
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Ridder, E. M., & Beautrais, A. L. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.1.66 · Cited by 792
Unützer, J. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540440052032 · Cited by 697
Cuijpers, P., & Smit, F. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00301.x · Cited by 595 · cited 1×
“major depressive disorder on both the short (2) and the long term (8, 9).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIncreased Medical Costs of a Population-Based Sample of Depressed Elderly Patients
Katon, W. J., Lin, E. H. B., Russo, J. E., & Unützer, J. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.897 · Cited by 500
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- World Health Organization, 1997, Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), Version 2.1, 12‐months
- Ter Smitten MH, 1998, Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), Version 2.1, 12‐months (in Dutch)
- Central Bureau OF Statistics, 1989, Health Interview Questionnaire
- Hakkaart‐Van Roijen L, 2002, Manual Trimbos/iMTA Questionnaire for Costs Associated with Psychiatric Illness (TIC‐P) (in Dutch)
- Oostenbrink JB, 2004, Manual for Costing: Methods and Standard Costs for Economic Evaluations in Health Care (in Dutch)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jacobi, F., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Beghi, E., Dodel, R., Ekman, M., Faravelli, C., Fratiglioni, L., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.08.008 · Cited by 1,723
“These 12 studies provided estimates for the Netherlands (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Smit et al., 2006), Germany (Friemel et al.”
Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission
Herrman, H., Patel, V., Kieling, C., Berk, M., Buchweitz, C., Cuijpers, P., Furukawa, T. A., Kessler, R. C., Kohrt, B. A., Maj, M., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02141-3 · Cited by 1,104
Self-citationPsychoeducation for depression, anxiety and psychological distress: a meta-analysis
Donker, T., Griffiths, K. M., Cuijpers, P., & Christensen, H. (2009) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-79 · Cited by 542
“Background Depression and anxiety are frequently seen in clinical practice [1] and are associated with personal suffering, reduced quality of life [2] and high economic costs [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCuijpers, P. J., Smits, N., Donker, T., ten Have, M., & de Graaf, R. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.012 · Cited by 407
“, 2002), and are associated with huge losses in quality of life in patients and their relatives (Bijl and Ravelli, 2000), with high levels of service use, and huge economic costs (Smit et al., 2006; Cuijpers et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCuijpers, P. J., Vogelzangs, N., Twisk, J. W. R., Kleiboer, A. M., Li, J., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112169 · Cited by 305
Self-citationCuijpers, P. J., Smit, F., Penninx, B. W. J. H., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.130 · Cited by 304
“5% Highest Neuroticism 12 362 (8697-16 027) 626 (319-933) 411 (56-766) 11 313 (7650-14 975) Base rate, constant 3641 (3336-3946) 61 (36-86) 39 (24-54) 3542 (3236-3847) 10% Highest Neuroticism 8243 (6026-10 459) 531 (244-819) 353 (141-565) 7352 (5283-9422) Base rate, constant 3447 (3148-3746) 42 (27-57) 26 (16-37) 3379…”
Self-citationMental Health Literacy: A Review of What It Is and Why It Matters
Furnham, A. F., & Swami, V. (2018) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1037/ipp0000094 · Cited by 284
“…health disorders is an important concern for public health professionals because of the many consequences for individuals and their families, as well as the socioeconomic burden on national economies (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Sobocki, Lekander, Borgström, Ström, & Runeson, 2007; White & Casey, 2017).”
BackgroundBohlmeijer, E. T., Fledderus, M., Rokx, T. A. J. J., & Pieterse, M. E. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.10.003 · Cited by 232
Psychological treatments of subthreshold depression: a meta‐analytic review
Cuijpers, P. J., Smit, F., & van Straten, A. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.00998.x · Cited by 233
“It is also associated with an increased mortality rate (8, 9), is associated with huge economic costs (10), and carries a high risk of developing major depressive disorder in both the short term (11) and the long term (12).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSubthreshold depression in children and adolescents – a systematic review
Wesselhoeft, R. T., Sørensen, M. J., Heiervang, E. R., & Bilenberg, N. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.010 · Cited by 241
Mental Ill-Health and the Differential Effect of Employee Type on Absenteeism and Presenteeism
Hilton, M. F., Scuffham, P., Sheridan, J. S., Cleary, C. M., & Whiteford, H. (2008) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31818c30a8 · Cited by 206
“This is a reasonable hypothesis as it has been shown that symptom severity is related to the functional disability, absenteeism, presenteeism and economic cost.(15,17,21,56) Prior economic estimates, assumed that treated depression is associated with less absenteeism and productivity than untreated depression and fact…”
BackgroundThe Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study‐2 (NEMESIS‐2): design and methods
de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., & van Dorsselaer, S. (2010) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.317 · Cited by 200
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Staples, L. G., Bennett-Levy, J., Klein, B., Rapee, R. M., Shann, C., Richards, D., Andersson, G., Ritterband, L., et al. (2015) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400477 · Cited by 181
Psychotherapy for subclinical depression: meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P., Koole, S. L., van Dijke, A., Roca, M., Li, J., & Reynolds, C. F. (2014) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.138784 · Cited by 193
Self-citationBirney, A. J., Gunn, R., Russell, J. K., & Ary, D. V. (2016) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4231 · Cited by 159
“In addition, the economic costs of subclinical depression are considerable, approximately two-thirds the per capita costs of major depression [15-18].”
Rhew, I. C., Simpson, K., Tracy, M., Lymp, J. F., McCauley, E., Tsuang, D. W., & Stoep, A. V. (2010) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-4-8 · Cited by 178
“Although minor depression is not currently a clinical diagnosis per se, its criteria are presented in the DSMIV as needing further study, and the consequences of this condition are severe as suggested by its association with poor functional outcomes, increased utilization of health services including psychiatric treat…”
BackgroundSwami, V. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049779 · Cited by 166
Self-help interventions for depressive disorders and depressive symptoms: a systematic review
Morgan, A. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2008) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-7-13 · Cited by 163
“Subthreshold depression is prevalent [3], increases the risk of developing major depressive disorder [4], and has considerable economic costs [5].”
van der Zanden, R., Kramer, J., Gerrits, R., & Cuijpers, P. (2012) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2033 · Cited by 152
“Beyond the personal suffering involved, both major and subthreshold depression impose significant economic burdens in terms of health care costs and production losses in paid and unpaid work [16,17].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlaisier, I., Beekman, A. T. F., de Graaf, R., Smit, J. H., van Dyck, R., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.072 · Cited by 168
“…Questionnaire for costs associated with Psychiatric Illnesses) which was used before in various largescale population studies (Smit et al., 2006; Cuijpers et al., 2007; Batelaan et al., 2007; Acarturk et al., 2009) and contains the Health and Labour Questionnaire Short Form (SF-HLQ)…”
MethodSelf-citationThe Prevalence of Psychological Distress in Employees and Associated Occupational Risk Factors
Hilton, M. F., Whiteford, H. A., Sheridan, J. S., Cleary, C. M., Chant, D. C., Wang, P. S., & Kessler, R. C. (2008) · Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31817e9171 · Cited by 154
Dahlberg, K., Wærn, M., & Runeson, B. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-8 · Cited by 148
“The high prevalence for a common mental disorder such as depression is an obvious public health problem involving both the suffering of individuals and their families and significant costs for society [4-6].”
BackgroundReasons and determinants for not receiving treatment for common mental disorders
van Beljouw, I., Verhaak, P., Prins, M., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B., & Bensing, J. (2010) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.3.250 · Cited by 143
Self-citationPaganini, S., Teigelkötter, W., Buntrock, C., & Baumeister, H. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.018 · Cited by 144
Lamela, D. J. P. D. V., Soreira, C. S. S., Matos, P., & Morais, A. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.066 · Cited by 151
Vasiliadis, H., Dionne, P.-A., Préville, M., Gentil, L., Berbiche, D., & Latimer, E. A. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.12.016 · Cited by 140
The relationship between depression symptoms, absenteeism and presenteeism
Johnston, D., Harvey, S. B., Glozier, N., Calvo, R. A., Christensen, H. M., & Deady, M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.041 · Cited by 142
Predictors of outcome of group and internet-based cognitive behavior therapy
Spek, V., Nyklíček, I., Cuijpers, P., & Pop, V. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.05.001 · Cited by 134
Pots, W. T. M., Fledderus, M., Meulenbeek, P. A. M., ten Klooster, P. M., Schreurs, K. M. G., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146068 · Cited by 133
The relevance of ‘mixed anxiety and depression’ as a diagnostic category in clinical practice
Möller, H.-J., Bandelow, B., Volz, H.-P., Barnikol, U. B., Seifritz, E., & Kasper, S. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0684-7 · Cited by 127
“As shown for minor depression [98], subthreshold disorders like MADD are associated with similar indirect, non-medical costs (e.”
BackgroundEconomic costs of social phobia: A population-based study
Acartürk, C., Smit, F., de Graaf, R., van Straten, A., ten Have, M., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.008 · Cited by 125
Self-citationAschbacher, K., Epel, E., Wolkowitz, O. M., Prather, A. A., Puterman, E., & Dhabhar, F. S. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.10.010 · Cited by 112
“Moreover, the increased morbidity and economic costs are nearly as great for subclinical levels of depressive symptoms (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Cuijpers and Smit, 2002).”
Lucas, M., Asselin, G., Mérette, C., Poulin, M.-J., & Dodin, S. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26749 · Cited by 112
“The statistical analyses revealed that the differences in the 8-week changes between the EPA-supplemented and the control group with MDE were not significant.”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive behaviour therapy for depression in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis
Santoft, F., Axelsson, E., Öst, L.-G., Hedman-Lagerlöf, M., Fust, J., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718004208 · Cited by 105
“Depression is associated not only with suffering, disability and impaired health (Moussavi et al., 2007; Ormel et al., 2008), but also considerable societal costs (Cuijpers et al., 2007).”
BackgroundRichards, D., Timulak, L., O'Brien, E., Hayes, C., Vigano, N., Sharry, J., & Doherty, G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.10.005 · Cited by 109
Britton, W. B., Davis, J. H., Loucks, E. B., Peterson, B., Cullen, B. H., Reuter, L., Rando, A., Rahrig, H., Lipsky, J., & Lindahl, J. R. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.09.010 · Cited by 100
Buntrock, C., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Riper, H. M., Smit, F., Cuijpers, P. J., & Berking, M. (2015) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000438673 · Cited by 106
Self-citationCourse of subthreshold depression into a depressive disorder and its risk factors
Tuithof, M., ten Have, M., van Dorsselaer, S., Kleinjan, M., Beekman, A. T. F., & de Graaf, R. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.010 · Cited by 102
Self-citationCuijpers, P., Pineda, B. S., Ng, M. Y., Weisz, J. R., Muñoz, R. F., Gentili, C., Quero, S., & Karyotaki, E. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.11.024 · Cited by 102
Self-citationReins, J. A., Buntrock, C., Zimmermann, J., Grund, S., Harrer, M., Lehr, D., Baumeister, H., Weisel, K. K., Domhardt, M., Imamura, K., et al. (2020) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000507819 · Cited by 105
Self-citationHall, B. J., Pangan, C. A. C., Chan, E. W. W., & Huang, R. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.050 · Cited by 95
Firth, N., Barkham, M., & Kellett, S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.030 · Cited by 100
“The economic impact of depression is significant due to inability to work (Centre for Economic Performance, 2006; Cuijpers et al., 2007; Layard, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-help strategies that are helpful for sub-threshold depression: A Delphi consensus study
Morgan, A. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.08.004 · Cited by 91
“, 2004), increase the risk of developing major depressive disorder (Cuijpers and Smit, 2004), and have considerable economic costs (Cuijpers et al., 2007).”
BackgroundTsutsumimoto, K., Doi, T., Makizako, H., Hotta, R., Nakakubo, S., Kim, M., Kurita, S., Suzuki, T., & Shimada, H. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.02.008 · Cited by 91
Brief self-rated screening for depression on the Internet
Donker, T., van Straten, A., Marks, I., & Cuijpers, P. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.07.013 · Cited by 88
“They cause serious disability (van Schaik et al., 2007), reduced quality of life (Cuijpers et al., 2004), and incur huge economic costs (Cuijpers et al. 2007b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDimidjian, S., Beck, A., Felder, J. N., Boggs, J. M., Gallop, R., & Segal, Z. V. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.004 · Cited by 87
“In addition to the individual symptom burden imposed by untreated RDS, the economic costs are significant and closely approach those associated with major depressive disorder itself (Cuijpers et al., 2007).”
BackgroundChiu, M., Lebenbaum, M., Cheng, J. M., de Oliveira, C., & Kurdyak, P. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184268 · Cited by 93
Depression and Cardiovascular Health Care Costs Among Women With Suspected Myocardial Ischemia
Rutledge, T., Vaccarino, V., Johnson, B. D., Bittner, V., Olson, M. B., Linke, S., Cornell, C. E., Eteiba, W., Sheps, D. S., Francis, J., et al. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.032 · Cited by 86
Furukawa, T. A., Horikoshi, M., Kawakami, N., Kadota, M., Sasaki, M., Sekiya, Y., Hosogoshi, H., Kashimura, M., Asano, K., Terashima, H., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035330 · Cited by 88
“Taken altogether, the cost of minor depression may be as high as 160 million US dollars per year per 1 million inhabitants, which is only marginally less than 192 million US dollars per year that is due to major depression [9].”
BackgroundKooistra, L. C., Wiersma, J. E., Ruwaard, J., van Oppen, P., Smit, F., Lokkerbol, J., Cuijpers, P., & Riper, H. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0290-z · Cited by 82
“As a result, depression is associated with considerable costs [4-6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationEmotion regulation and psychological and physical health during a nationwide COVID-19 lockdown.
Low, R. S. T., Overall, N. C., Chang, V. T., Henderson, A. M. E., & Sibley, C. G. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001046 · Cited by 89
Hilton, M. F., Scuffham, P., Vecchio, N., & Whiteford, H. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048670903393605 · Cited by 84
Ebert, D. D., Buntrock, C., Lehr, D., Smit, F., Riper, H., Baumeister, H., Cuijpers, P., & Berking, M. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.05.004 · Cited by 75
Self-citationMorgan, A. J., Jorm, A. F., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101394 · Cited by 79
Zhang, J., Shida, Q., Zhou, Y., Meng, L., Su, H. L., & Zhao, S. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s173255 · Cited by 76
“Although the symptoms of StD were less severe than those of MDD, they may pose a significant burden on the work and study of the affected individuals, as well as have a significant social and economic impact.(5) Previous studies have suggested that StD is a highly prevalent condition worldwide correspondence: shida Qi…”
Stepped care treatment for depression and anxiety in primary care. a randomized controlled trial
Seekles, W., van Straten, A., Beekman, A. T. F., van Marwijk, H., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-171 · Cited by 79
“These disorders are often associated with serious functional impairment, reduced quality of life [2,3], high levels of service use and rising economic costs [4,5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSmits, N., Smit, F., Cuijpers, P. J., & de Graaf, R. (2007) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.230 · Cited by 63
“For example, the monetary costs of treating mental disorders such as major depression have been calculated (Berto et al., 2000; Greenberg and Birnbaum, 2005; Cuijpers et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWong, S. Y. S., Sun, Y. Y., Chan, A. T. Y., Leung, M. K. W., Chao, D. V. K., Li, C. C. K., Chan, K. K. H., Tang, W. K., Mazzucchelli, T., Au, A. M. L., et al. (2018) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2206 · Cited by 60
“(5) A self-reported treatment evaluation was conducted immediately after the intervention to assess patient satisfaction.”
BackgroundFushimi, M., Saito, S., Shimizu, T., Kudo, Y., Seki, M., & Murata, K. (2011) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-011-9416-7 · Cited by 60
“This is supported by data that show that as the severity and number of mental health symptoms increase, the days out of role and cost of treatment increase ( Cuijpers et al. 2007; Kessler et al. 1999; Wells et al. 2006).”
MethodBuntrock, C., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Cuijpers, P. J., Riper, H. M., Smit, F., & Berking, M. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-25 · Cited by 60
“First, subthreshold depression is a highly prevalent condition [21] and the burden posed on people affected and the community is considerable [22,23].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAngst, J., Gamma, A., Clarke, D. E., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Wulf Rössler, A., & Regier, D. A. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01580.x · Cited by 59
“(34) from an epidemiological study on minor depression, and to the subjective and objective burden borne by patients caregivers as described by Ostacher et al.”
BackgroundProblem-solving treatment and coping styles in primary care for minor depression.
Oxman, T. E., Hegel, M. T., Hull, J. G., & Dietrich, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012617 · Cited by 55
Tondo, L., Lepri, B., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01178.x · Cited by 51
Pots, W. T. M., Meulenbeek, P. A. M., Veehof, M. M., Klungers, J., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109789 · Cited by 52
“negative impact on quality of life and yielding high economic costs [1].”
BackgroundYoshikawa, E., Nishi, D., & Matsuoka, Y. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3251-2 · Cited by 57
“society [4, 5].”
The Economic Burden of Depression in Switzerland
Tomonaga, Y., Haettenschwiler, J., Hatzinger, M., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., Rufer, M., Hepp, U., & Szucs, T. D. (2013) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-013-0026-9 · Cited by 51
“[36], supporting this hypothesis, although using a different depression classification (minor vs.”
ResultSeekles, W., van Straten, A., Beekman, A. T. F., van Marwijk, H., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2009) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-9-90 · Cited by 48
Self-citationde Graaf, L. E., Gerhards, S. A. H., Arntz, A. R., Riper, H. M., Metsemakers, J. F. M., Evers, S., Severens, J. L., Widdershoven, G. A. M., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.07.003 · Cited by 49
“It causes considerable suffering (Bijl & Ravelli, 2000; Kruijshaar, Hoeymans, Bijl, Spijker, & Essink-Bot, 2003) and the economic burden on society is substantial (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Luppa, Heinrich, Angermeyer, König, & Riedel-Heller, 2007; Slobbe et al., 2006).”
The long-term outcome of subthreshold depression in later life
Jeuring, H. W., Huisman, M. A., Comijs, H. C., Stek, M. L., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001549 · Cited by 46
“Recent studies have shown that SUBD represents a large burden of disease (Barry et al. 2009) both in individual patients and at the community level (Johnson et al. 1992; Cuijpers et al. 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSander, L., Paganini, S., Lin, J., Schlicker, S., Ebert, D. D., Buntrock, C., & Baumeister, H. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1193-6 · Cited by 47
“Third, subthreshold depression itself is a considerable disease burden for people affected and for society [21, 22].”
BackgroundD’Souza, V., Blouin, E., Zeitouni, A. G., Müller, K., & Allison, P. J. (2013) · Oral Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.12.001 · Cited by 43
“These disorders are often associated with serious functional impairment, reduced quality of life(17,18) high levels of health care service use and rising costs borne by the patients.(19)”
BackgroundMaruta, M., Makizako, H., Ikeda, Y., Miyata, H., Nakamura, A., Han, G., Shimokihara, S., Tokuda, K., Kubozono, T., Ohishi, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9030795 · Cited by 42
“Depressive symptoms lead to adverse health outcomes such as functional disability [5–7], decreased quality of life [8], mortality [6,9], and increased economic costs [10].”
BackgroundDepressive symptom severity is associated with increased cortical thickness in older adults
Szymkowicz, S. M., McLaren, M. E., Kirton, J. W., O’Shea, A. M., Woods, A. J., Manini, T. M., Anton, S. D., & Dotson, V. M. (2015) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4324 · Cited by 44
“, 2013), increased economic costs (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Meeks et al., 2011), and increased risk for major depression and other psychiatric disorders (Laborde-Lahoz et al.”
BackgroundThe impact of clinical significance criteria on subthreshold depression prevalence rates
Baumeister, H., & Morar, V. (2008) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01287.x · Cited by 42
Ahola, K., Vuori, J., Toppinen‐Tanner, S., Mutanen, P., & Honkonen, T. (2012) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2011-100450 · Cited by 39
van der Aa, H. P. A., van Rens, G. H. M. B., Bosmans, J. E., Comijs, H. C., & van Nispen, R. M. A. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1437-5 · Cited by 39
de Graaf, L. E., Gerhards, S. A. H., Evers, S., Arntz, A. R., Riper, H. M., Severens, J. L., Widdershoven, G. A. M., Metsemakers, J. F. M., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-224 · Cited by 38
“Cost-of-illness studies reveal that the economic burden of depression is considerable [6-8].”
Furukawa, T. A., Tajika, A., Toyomoto, R., Sakata, M., Luo, Y., Horikoshi, M., Akechi, T., Kawakami, N., Nakayama, T., Kondo, N., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03639-1 · Cited by 40
Self-citationPersonality and perceived need for mental health care among primary care patients
Seekles, W., Cuijpers, P. J., van de Ven, P. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Verhaak, P. F. M., Beekman, A. T. F., & van Straten, A. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.009 · Cited by 42
“Depression and anxiety also lead to huge economic costs due to health care utilization and productivity loss ( [Cuijpers et al., 2007a], [Lepine, 2002] and [Simon et al., 1995]).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTsutsumimoto, K., Makizako, H., Doi, T., Hotta, R., Nakakubo, S., Shimada, H., & Suzuki, T. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4461 · Cited by 36
“It is associated with adverse health outcomes (Chachamovich et al., 2008; Cuijpers et al., 2013), increased economic costs (Cuijpers et al., 2007; Meeks et al., 2011), and increased risk for major depression and other psychiatric disorders (Laborde-Lahoz et al., 2015).”
BackgroundThe Association Between Mental Disorders and Productivity in Treated and Untreated Employees
Hilton, M. F., Scuffham, P., Sheridan, J. S., Cleary, C. M., Vecchio, N., & Whiteford, H. (2009) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3181b2ea30 · Cited by 40
Fractures in the framework: limitations of classification systems inpsychiatry
Kapadia, M., Desai, M., & Parikh, R. M. (2020) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2020.22.1/rparikh · Cited by 40
Kageyama, K., Kato, Y., Mesaki, T., Uchida, H., Takahashi, K., Marume, R., Sejima, Y., & Hirao, K. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.104 · Cited by 33
Herbild, L., Bech, M., & Gyrd‐Hansen, D. (2008) · Value in Health · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00465.x · Cited by 33
The Societal Cost of Dementia in Singapore: Results from the WiSE Study
Abdin, E., Subramaniam, M., Achilla, E., Chong, S. A., Vaingankar, J. A., Picco, L., Sambasivam, R., Pang, S., Chua, B. Y., Ng, L. L., et al. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150930 · Cited by 34
Rudenstine, S., Espinosa, A., & Kumar, A. (2020) · Journal of dual diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2020.1784498 · Cited by 27
van den Berg, M., Smit, F., Vos, T., & van Baal, P. H. M. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022884 · Cited by 33
“In addition, sub-threshold depression is associated with impaired functioning, reduced quality of life, and excess medical and nonmedical costs [9,10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMikus, A., Hoogendoorn, M., Rocha, A., Gama, J., Ruwaard, J., & Riper, H. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2017.10.001 · Cited by 31
Handberg, E., Eastwood, J.-A., Eteiba, W., Johnson, B., Krantz, D. S., Thompson, D., Vaccarino, V., Bittner, V., Sopko, G., Pepine, C., et al. (2013) · Women's Health · doi:10.2217/whe.13.50 · Cited by 33
Mocking, R. J. T., Figueroa, C. A., Rive, M. M., Geugies, H., Servaas, M. N., Assies, J., Koeter, M. W. J., Vaz, F. M., Wichers, M., van Straalen, J. P., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009510 · Cited by 32
Using Staged Care to Provide “Right Care First Time” to People With Common Affective Disorders
Sawrikar, V., Stewart, E. M., LaMonica, H. M., Iorfino, F., Davenport, T. A., Cross, S. P. M., Scott, E. M., Naismith, S. L., Mowszowski, L., Guastella, A. J., et al. (2021) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000145 · Cited by 31
Ying, Y., Ji, Y., Kong, F., Wang, M., Chen, Q., Wang, L., Hou, Y., Yu, L., Zhu, L., Miao, P., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722000599 · Cited by 31
“Compared with diagnosed clinical depression, subthreshold forms of depression are more prevalent (Cuijpers, Huibers, Ebert, Koole, & Andersson, 2013), negatively impact subjective well-being and psychosocial function (Cuijpers & Smit, 2004), are related to increased use of health care services (Goldney, Fisher, Dal Gr…”
BackgroundA computer-assisted depression intervention in primary care
Levin, W., Campbell, D. R., McGovern, K., Gau, J. M., Kosty, D. B., Seeley, J. R., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710001935 · Cited by 31
“Combined, this sector of the adult population experiences decreases in well-being and in social and occupational role functioning that are comparable with patients with chronic medical illnesses (Hays, 1995 ; Spitzer et al. 1995; Wells & Sherbourne, 1999 ; Hirschfeld et al. 2000 ; Cuijpers et al. 2007).”
BackgroundWarmerdam, L., van Straten, A., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2007) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-7-72 · Cited by 30
“Depressive disorders are associated with substantial losses in quality of life in patients and their relatives [3], with increased mortality rates [4,5], with high levels of service use, and with huge economic costs [6,7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrevik, E. J., Eikeland, R., & Lundervold, A. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00309 · Cited by 31
“Cognitive impairment has societal and economical implications, both as a risk for decreased work participation (Cuijpers et al., 2007), and as a risk factor for developing major depression (Meeks et al.”
BackgroundUsage and reported helpfulness of self-help strategies by adults with sub-threshold depression
Morgan, A. J., Jorm, A. F., & Mackinnon, A. J. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.015 · Cited by 29
“, 2004), but its prevalence in the populationmeans it has a substantial burden through health service use and losses in productivity at work and home (Cuijpers et al., 2007).”
BackgroundVerbal Learning and Memory in Older Adults with Minor and Major Depression
Mesholam‐Gately, R. I., Giuliano, A. J., Zillmer, E. A., Barakat, L. P., Kumar, A., Gur, R. C., McAndrew, L. M., Bilker, W. B., Elderkin‐Thompson, V., & Moberg, P. J. (2011) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acr106 · Cited by 29
Hedman‐Lagerlöf, M., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Ljótsson, B., Wicksell, R. K., Flink, I. K., & Andersson, E. (2018) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.07.012 · Cited by 31
Cost‐effectiveness of cognitive self‐therapy in patients with depression and anxiety disorders
Stant, A. D., Vergert, E. M. T., BOER, P. C. A. M. D., & Wiersma, D. (2007) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01122.x · Cited by 28
“For policy makers, the potential cost savings associated with self-help strategies aimed at emotional disorders are particularly interesting, especially when also considering the substantial costs these disorders impose on society (5, 6).”
BackgroundSasaki, N., & Nishi, D. (2023) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-023-06512-x · Cited by 4
“A condition of having depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a depressive disorder is associated with health problems [5], decreased quality of life [6], high economic cost [7], and prece-dented major depression [8, 9].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Oostenbrink, J., De Graaf, R., Ten Have, M., & Beekman, A.
- Affiliations
- Trimbos Institute (NL)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Cuijpers, P.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-02-12
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 229-236
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2160468985
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- minor depression, economic costs, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, excess costs, direct medical costs, indirect costs, non-medical costs, cost comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Netherlands, Population Surveillance, Health Care Costs, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
