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Economic costs of minor depression: a population-based study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Although the clinical relevance of minor depression has been demonstrated in many studies, the economic costs are not well explored. In this study, we examine the economic costs of minor depression. Method: In a large‐scale, population‐based study in the Netherlands (n = 5504) the costs of minor depression were compared with the costs of major depression and dysthymia. Excess costs, i.e. the costs of a disorder over and above the costs attributable to other illnesses, were estimated with help of regression analysis. The direct medical costs, the direct non‐medical costs and the indirect non‐medical costs were calculated. The year 2003 was used as the reference year. Results: The annual per capita excess costs of minor depression were US$ 2141 (95% CI = 753–3529) higher than the base rate costs of US$ 1023, while the costs of major depression were US$ 3313 (95% CI = 1234–5390) higher than the base rate. The costs of minor depression per 1 million inhabitants were 160 million dollars per year, which is somewhat less than the costs of major depression (192 million dollars per year). Conclusion: The economic costs associated with minor depression are considerable and approach those of major depression.
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“The economic costs associated with mild to moderate depression are thought to approach those of major depression [9]”
From Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Digital Interventions for Depressive Symptoms in Working Adults: Multiarm Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [9]
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“The estimated point prevalence among both women and men was highest in North America (4·4 and 2·5% respectively) and lowest in the Western Pacific (2·3 and 1·3%); it was intermediate in other world regions both for women (2·8-3·6%) and men (1·9-2·0%).”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [140]
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Fish consumption and resilience to depression in Japanese company workers: a cross-sectional study
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“Several studies have estimated the cost-of-illness of depression (2;11;28;40), as well as treatment failure and the costconsequences of this (31;37;39).”
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“In the Netherlands, the annual per capita excess cost of minor depression was USD2,141 higher than the base rate cost of USD1,023, 10 and the cost of minor depression per 1 million inhabitants was USD 160 million per year, which is only marginally less than the cost of major depression (USD 192…”
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“Results: Twenty-one percent (N=293) of those screened reported a core symptom of depressive disorder of which 83 enrolled in the study and were analyzed.”
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Czajkowski, N., Røysamb, E., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T., & Tambs, K. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.01.006 · Cited by 13
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“7 8 – 11 Thus, improving mental health symptoms, even among those with only mild levels of depressive or anxiety symptoms, may result in cost savings associated with a reduction in work productivity impairment.”
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Liao, M. C., Choi, M. S. J., Huang, C. H. O., Lam, S. K. K., Wong, M. Y. C., Wong, J. Y. H., & Fung, H. W. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81462-3 · Cited by 4
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Self-citationChanges in depression domains as predictors of return to work in common mental disorders
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“…months after pre-treatment assessment (i.e., 15-month follow-up, 15MFU), using the Trimbos and Institute of Medical Technology Assessment Cost Questionnaire for Psychiatry (TIC-P 29 ), a cost diary extensively used in studies of cost-of-illness (e.g., 30,31 and cost-effectiveness (e.g., 32 – 34 ).”
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“However, not all depressive symptoms meet the criteria for a diagnosis of depression and therefore remain invisible to society (Morgan & Jorm, 2008), although they also have high costs (Cuijpers et al., 2007) and carry a risk of developing major depressive disorder (Cuijpers & Smit, 2004).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Oostenbrink, J., De Graaf, R., Ten Have, M., & Beekman, A.
- Affiliations
- Trimbos Institute (NL)
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Cuijpers, P.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-02-12
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 229-236
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2160468985
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- minor depression, economic costs, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, excess costs, direct medical costs, indirect costs, non-medical costs, cost comparison
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Netherlands, Population Surveillance, Health Care Costs, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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