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The Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART‐Q): development and initial validation

Open access
Jowett, Sophia, Ntoumanis, Nikos·2004·Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a self-report instrument that measures the nature of the coach-athlete relationship. Jowett et al.'s (Jowett & Meek, 2000; Jowett, in press) qualitative case studies and relevant literature were used to generate items for an instrument that measures affective, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of the coach-athlete relationship. Two studies were carried out in an attempt to assess content, predictive, and construct validity, as well as internal consistency, of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q), using two independent British samples. Principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to reduce the number of items, identify principal components, and confirm the latent structure of the CART-Q. Results supported the multidimensional nature of the coach-athlete relationship. The latent structure of the CART-Q was underlined by the latent variables of coaches' and athletes' Closeness (emotions), Commitment (cognitions), and Complementarity (behaviors).

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Metadata

Authors
Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N.
Venue
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2003-12-15
Volume
14
Issue
4
Pages
245-257
ISSN
  • 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
  • 1600-0838
OpenAlex
W2107548105
Cited by
555
References
42
FWCI
6.67
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART‐Q): development and initial validation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x
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Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART‐Q): development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x

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