The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are associated with physical inactivity independent of obesity
Abstract
It is recognized that the path from physical inactivity and obesity to lifestyle-related diseases involves low-grade inflammation, indicated by elevated plasma levels of inflammatory markers. Interestingly, contracting skeletal muscle is a major source of circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to acute exercise, but with a markedly lower response in trained subjects. As C-reactive protein (CRP) is induced by IL-6, we hypothesized that basal levels of IL-6 and CRP reflect the degree of regular physical activity when compared with other markers of inflammation associated with lifestyle-related morbidity. Fasting plasma/serum levels of IL-6, IL-18, CRP, tumur necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), soluble TNF receptor II (sTNF-RII), and adiponectin were measured in healthy non-diabetic men and women (n=84). The amount of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was assessed by interview. Obesity was associated with elevated insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, IL-6, CRP, and adiponectin (all P<0.05). Importantly, physical inactivity was associated with elevated C-peptide (P=0.036), IL-6 (P=0.014), and CRP (P=0.007) independent of obesity, age, gender, and smoking. Furthermore, the LTPA score was inversely associated with IL-6 (P=0.017) and CRP (P=0.005), but with neither of the other markers. The results indicate that low levels of IL-6 and CRP - not IL-18, TNF-alpha, sTNF-RII, or adiponectin - reflect regular physical activity.
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In the citing paper
“Given this condition, the hypothesis that has been proposed is that the regular practice of physical exercise, organized in a exercise training program (chronic effect), exerts an anti-inflammatory effect induced by the sessions (acute effect), which leads to improved protection against chronic inflammatory situations, levels of proinflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (Petersen and Peders”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Fischer, 2006
In the citing paper
“In general, this anti-inflammatory effect has been shown to be more evident in some pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, type II diabetes, obesity and heart failure (HF), especially those presenting a two- to three-fold systemic increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (Fischer et al., 2007).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Fischer et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“In these disease conditions, the origin of this systemic alteration is not well characterized, however, it has been proposed that WAT and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (especially lymphocytes) may be the main source of these cytokines (Steensberg et al., 2003; Fischer, 2006; Pedersen and Fischer, 2007).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Fischer, 2006
In the citing paper
“Cross-sectional studies demonstrate an association between physical inactivity and low-grade systemic inflammation in healthy subjects [71–75], in elderly people [76, 77], and in patients with intermittent claudication [78].”
From Exercise as a Mean to Control Low‐Grade Systemic Inflammation (2008) · cites this paper as [71]
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Immunohistochemical detection of interleukin‐6 in human skeletal muscle fibers following exercise
Penkowa, M., Keller, C., Keller, P., Jauffred, S., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.03-0311fje · Cited by 157
Self-citationRetractedInflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease
Hansson, G. K. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra043430 · Cited by 8,773
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pradhan, A. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 · Cited by 4,433
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Releases Interleukin-6, But Not Tumor Necrosis Factor-α,in Vivo1
Mohamed‐Ali, V., Goodrick, S., Rawesh, A., Katz, D. R., Miles, J. M., Yudkin, J. S., Klein, S., & Coppack, S. W. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.12.4450 · Cited by 2,032
A questionnaire for the assessment of leisure time physical activities
Taylor, H. L., Jacobs, D. R., Schucker, B., Knudsen, J., Leon, A. S., & Debacker, G. (1978) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(78)90058-9 · Cited by 1,848
Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation
Pedersen, B. K., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055 · Cited by 1,710
Self-citationEsposito, K., Pontillo, A., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, G., Masella, M., Marfella, R., & Giugliano, D. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.14.1799 · Cited by 1,511
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IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans
Steensberg, A., Fischer, C. P., Keller, C., Møller, K., & Pedersen, B. K. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2003 · Cited by 1,135
Self-citationSteensberg, A., van Hall, G., Osada, T., Sacchetti, M., Saltin, B., & Pedersen, B. K. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x · Cited by 1,095
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6
Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.90100.2007 · Cited by 2,388
Self-citationDietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity
Calder, P. C., Ahluwalia, N., Brouns, F., Buetler, T., Clement, K., Cunningham, K., Esposito, K., Jönsson, L. S., Kolb, H., Lansink, M., et al. (2011) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511005460 · Cited by 1,098
Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?
Fischer, C. P. (2026) · PubMed · doi:10.22029/eir.2006.1620 · Cited by 817
Self-citationPedersen, B. K. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.048074 · Cited by 668
Self-citationThe diseasome of physical inactivity – and the role of myokines in muscle–fat cross talk
Pedersen, B. K. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179515 · Cited by 631
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Fischer, C. P., Berntsen, A., Perstrup, L. B., Eskildsen, P., & Pedersen, B. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Roskilde Sygehus (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Fischer, C. P.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2006-12-20
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 580-587
- ISSN
- 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0838
- OpenAlex
- W2154604035
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, physical inactivity, leisure-time physical activity, obesity, low-grade inflammation, inflammatory markers, IL-18, TNF-α, soluble TNF receptor 2, adiponectin, C-peptide, insulin, lifestyle-related diseases
- MeSH terms
- C-Reactive Protein, Female, Health Status, Humans, Interleukins, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Muscle Contraction, Obesity, Pilot Projects, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Body Mass Index, Cytokines, Adiponectin
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