Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity
Open accessAbstract
Low-grade inflammation is a characteristic of the obese state, and adipose tissue releases many inflammatory mediators. The source of these mediators within adipose tissue is not clear, but infiltrating macrophages seem to be especially important, although adipocytes themselves play a role. Obese people have higher circulating concentrations of many inflammatory markers than lean people do, and these are believed to play a role in causing insulin resistance and other metabolic disturbances. Blood concentrations of inflammatory markers are lowered following weight loss. In the hours following the consumption of a meal, there is an elevation in the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in the bloodstream, which is exaggerated in obese subjects and in type 2 diabetics. Both high-glucose and high-fat meals may induce postprandial inflammation, and this is exaggerated by a high meal content of advanced glycation end products (AGE) and partly ablated by inclusion of certain antioxidants or antioxidant-containing foods within the meal. Healthy eating patterns are associated with lower circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers. Among the components of a healthy diet, whole grains, vegetables and fruits, and fish are all associated with lower inflammation. AGE are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. SFA and trans -MUFA are pro-inflammatory, while PUFA, especially long-chain n -3 PUFA, are anti-inflammatory. Hyperglycaemia induces both postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation. Vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids decrease the circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers. Potential mechanisms are described and research gaps, which limit our understanding of the interaction between diet and postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation, are identified.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 770 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning
Variation in concentrations of most inflammatory mediators among non-obese or obese individuals is at least 10-fold.
“The variation in concentrations of most mediators among non-obese or obese individuals is at least 10-fold.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Chronic low-grade inflammation is characterized by raised concentrations of inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation.
- Interpretationreasoning
There is substantial overlap in inflammatory mediator concentrations between non-obese and obese persons.
“Hence, there is a substantial overlap between non-obese and obese persons.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
White adipose tissue synthesises and releases the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a.
“who showed that white adipose tissue synthesises and releases the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Adipose tissue may be a major source of pro-inflammatory mediators that initiate chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in obesity.
“Based on these data, it was suggested that adipose tissue plays an important immune role and may be a major source of pro-inflammatory mediators which initiate the development of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, all of which are characteristics of the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
BMI and other obesity measures such as waist circumference are positively related to circulating concentrations of CRP and other inflammatory markers.
“However, there is a positive relationship between BMI and other measures of obesity such as waist circumference and circulating concentrations of CRP and other inflammatory markers (7) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [7] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Increased abdominal fat mass is associated with chronic elevation of circulating inflammatory mediators including CRP, cytokines, adhesion molecules and pro-thrombotic molecules.
“The increase in abdominal fat mass is associated with a chronic elevation of the circulating concentrations of inflammatory mediators including several acute-phase inflammatory proteins such as CRP (46,47) , proand anti-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules and pro-thrombotic molecules (22,47 -49) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
The concept that systemic chronic low-grade inflammation raises risk for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes rests on observations of higher inflammation marker levels in people with those conditions.
“The concept of systemic, chronic, but low-grade inflammation as a risk factor for the metabolic syndrome and for type 2 diabetes is based on the observation of elevated blood levels of inflammation-associated markers in people with incident type 2 diabetes or with the metabolic syndrome (2,3) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- Rests on an assumption: Chronic low-grade inflammation is characterized by raised concentrations of inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation.
- Premisecitation
Healthy adults typically have serum or plasma TNF-a or IL-6 concentrations between 0.01 and 2 pmol/l.
“Serum or plasma concentrations of TNF-a or IL-6 in healthy adults are typically 0•01-2 pmol/l (6) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Obese individuals have higher systemic concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators than normal-weight individuals.
“Systemic concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators are higher in obese (BMI .30kg/m 2 ) than in normal-weight persons (4,5) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- Rests on an assumption: Chronic low-grade inflammation is characterized by raised concentrations of inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation.
- Premisecitation
Adipokine secretion profiles differ between subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissues.
“In addition, the profile of adipokines produced is dissimilar between the subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissues.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked- cites [52] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [28] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [36] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [53] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [54] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [55] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [56] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [57] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [58] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [59] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In obese subjects, macrophages typically aggregate in crowns around apoptotic adipocytes.
“In obese subjects, these macrophages typically aggregate in crowns around apoptotic adipocytes (31) (Figs. 1 and 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Gene expression of MCP-1, colony-stimulating factor-3 and urokinase plasminogen activator CD87 increases significantly in adipose tissue of subjects with morbid obesity.
“Gene expression studies with human adipose tissue have demonstrated that the levels of expression of MCP-1, colony-stimulating factor-3 and the urokinase plasminogen activator CD87 increase significantly in the adipose tissue of subjects with morbid obesity (31) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Pre-adipocytes exert macrophage-like effects when exposed to strong pro-inflammatory environments.
“Pre-adipocytes exert 'macrophage-like' effects when exposed to strong pro-inflammatory environments (73,74) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Local production of inflammatory molecules by adipose tissue within the heart may contribute to coronary pathologies because of its amount and proximity to coronary vessels.
“In this regard, the local production of the inflammatory molecules by adipose tissue within the heart may be important; the amount of this tissue and its proximity to the coronary vessels could contribute to the development of coronary pathologies (60,61) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Adipose tissue macrophages may contribute to maintenance of the low-grade inflammatory state linked to obesity.
“Adipose tissue macrophages may contribute to the maintenance of the low-grade inflammatory state linked to obesity (36) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
Ectopic adipose tissue depots in liver, heart or skeletal muscle may produce inflammatory mediators even without obesity.
“Finally, other adipose tissue depots in so-called 'ectopic sites', such as within the liver, heart or skeletal muscle, may contribute to the production of inflammatory mediators in the absence of obesity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Mature adipocytes express inflammatory factors such as TNF-a in vitro.
“In vitro studies have demonstrated that mature adipocytes express inflammatory factors such as TNF-a (56) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Local hypoxia may play an important role in attracting and retaining macrophages within adipose tissue.
“Local hypoxia could also play an important role in the attraction and retention of macrophages within the adipose tissue (82) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [82] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Macrophage aggregates around apoptotic adipocytes suggest one function is clearing debris of dying and dead cells.
“It appears that macrophage aggregates within the adipose tissue are localised around apoptotic adipocytes, suggesting that one of their functions is to clean up the debris of dying and dead cells (84) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [84] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Adipose tissue secretion profiles can change with the phenotype of infiltrating cells during different stages of obesity.
“Consequently, secretion profiles of the adipose tissue can change depending on the phenotype of the cell population infiltrating it during the different stages of obesity (initiation, aggravation, maintenance and weight loss; Fig. 4) (77) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [77] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Given subnanomolar systemic concentrations of many proinflammatory mediators, only a few may contribute to metabolic derangements in obesity and metabolic syndrome.
“When considering the subnanomolar systemic concentration of many proinflammatory mediators (see section 'Obesity and low-grade inflammation'), it is possible that only a few of them contribute to the metabolic derangements seen in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Inflammatory molecules are likely candidates linking adipose tissue to metabolic, cardiovascular, hepatic and thrombotic complications and certain cancers in obesity.
“Inflammatory molecules are likely candidates exerting a molecular link between the adipose tissue and the metabolic, cardiovascular, hepatic and thrombotic complications, and certain cancer types occurring in conjunction with or as a consequence of human obesity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Weight loss induced by decreased energy intake, sometimes with increased exercise, reduces systemic inflammation.
“Many studies have shown that weight loss induced by a decrease in energy intake, and sometimes an increase in exercise, reduces systemic inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [111] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Expression of MCP-1 and colony-stimulating factor-1 genes and proteins is associated with macrophage accumulation in obese subjects.
“In another study, the expression of the MCP-1 and colony-stimulating factor-1 genes and proteins was associated with macrophage accumulation in obese subjects (107) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [107] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
These indirect effects include up- or down-regulation of resistin, leptin, adiponectin, lipocalin 2, osteopontin and insulin itself.
“These effects include the up-or down-regulation of the synthesis of resistin (138) , leptin, adiponectin (139) , lipocalin 2 (140) , osteopontin (141) , and of insulin itself.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
A relationship between increased macrophages in abdominal adipose tissue and hepatic inflammation and fibrosis has been reported.
“For example, a relationship between the increase in macrophages in the abdominal adipose tissue and hepatic inflammation and fibrosis has been reported (65) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [65]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
TLR-4 knockout mice are protected from insulin resistance induced by lipid infusions.
“TLR-4 knockout mice are protected from insulin resistance induced by lipid infusions (97) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [97] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
TNF-a also mediates insulin resistance via p38 MAPK activation interfering with the IRS-PI3K-Akt pathway.
“TNF-a mediates insulin resistance also via the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) which interferes with the IRS -phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase -Akt pathway (129) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [129] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In vitro, hepatocytes, muscle cells, adipocytes and endothelial cells respond to TNF-a, IL-6 and/or IL-1b with impaired insulin signalling.
“Experimental model systems in vitro have shown that hepatocytes as well as muscle cells, adipocytes and endothelial cells respond to exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-6 and/or IL-1b with impaired insulin signalling (128) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [128] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
MIF appears critical downstream of TNF-a, since mice with disrupted MIF gene preserve normal insulin signalling.
“A critical mediator downstream of TNF-a appears to be MIF, since mice with a disrupted MIF gene preserve normal insulin signalling (135) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [135] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Cytokine-induced SOCS1 and SOCS3 prevent tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS proteins by direct interference or ubiquitylation/degradation.
“Another mechanism involves cytokine-induced suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 and 3, which also prevent tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS proteins, by direct interference, or ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation (130,131) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Inflammatory mediators can impair insulin's effects on cellular metabolic activity, proliferation and differentiation indirectly by altering production of hormones that modulate cellular responses to insulin.
“The impact of insulin on cellular metabolic activity, proliferation and differentiation can also be impaired by inflammatory mediators via an indirect pathway, i.e. by enhancing or suppressing the production of hormones that modulate cellular responses to insulin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Increased concentrations of TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1b, IL-8, resistin and other macrophage-derived factors could contribute to deterioration of insulin sensitivity.
“The increase in the concentrations of TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1b, IL-8, resistin and many other factors produced by macrophage activation could contribute to the deterioration of insulin sensitivity (Fig. 6) (106) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [106] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
These genes belonged to at least twelve functional families including cytokines, complement cascade, acute-phase proteins, adhesion and extracellular matrix remodelling.
“These genes belonged to at least twelve functional families including cytokines, the complement factor cascade, acute-phase proteins of inflammation, and molecules involved in cellular adhesion and in the remodelling of the extracellular matrix.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [127] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Among adipose-secreted candidates, increases in IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 and decreases in adiponectin are considered particularly important.
“Among the candidates secreted by the adipose tissue, the increase in IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 and the decrease in adiponectin are considered to be particularly important (101,102) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
There is substantial local production of inflammatory mediators in organs affected by insulin resistance.
“As described above, there is substantial local production of inflammatory mediators in organs affected by insulin resistance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Adipocytes can secrete MIF.
“In this context, it is of interest that adipocytes are able to secrete MIF (33) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A hypoenergetic diet in obese women significantly modified expression of inflammatory genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue.
“There was a significant modification in the expression of inflammatory genes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women following a hypoenergetic diet (127) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [127] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Measures of endothelial activation improve after weight reduction.
“Measures of endothelial activation also improve after weight reduction (108 -110) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
TNF-a infusion into rodents impairs insulin signalling in vivo.
“The impairment of insulin signalling by TNF-a has also been observed in vivo after infusion of the cytokine into rodents (133,134) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The improved inflammatory profile involved decreased pro-inflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory gene expression, such as IL-10 and IL-1ra.
“The improvement of the inflammatory profile (at the level of gene expression) involved both the decreased expression of pro-inflammatory factors and the increased expression of anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10 and IL-1ra.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [127] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Relationships between abnormal cardiac function in obese subjects, abdominal fat accumulation and low-grade inflammation have been suggested.
“Relationships between abnormalities of cardiac function in obese subjects, the accumulation of abdominal fat and low-grade inflammation have been suggested (101,102) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
NEFA produced by adipocytes after adrenergic stimulation are strong inducers of the TLR-4/NF-kB system.
“TLR-4 is the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, but data have shown that the NEFA produced by adipocytes after adrenergic stimulation are also strong inducers of the TLR-4/NF-kB system (95) (Fig. 5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [95] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Increased IL-10 protein expression after weight loss suggests a possible M1 to M2 macrophage phenotype switch.
“In this study, the protein expression of IL-10 increased, suggesting a possible M1 to M2 (pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory) switch of macrophage phenotypes (31) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In obese non-diabetic or diabetic individuals, some studies observed improved insulin sensitivity after prolonged neutralizing TNF-a antibody treatment.
“In obese non-diabetic or diabetic individuals, several studies have observed improvement of insulin sensitivity after prolonged treatment with neutralising TNF-a antibodies (150,151) , whereas other trials did not report such effects of TNF-a antibody injections, despite dampening of systemic inflammation (152) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Other trials did not report improved insulin sensitivity from TNF-a antibody injections despite dampening systemic inflammation.
“In obese non-diabetic or diabetic individuals, several studies have observed improvement of insulin sensitivity after prolonged treatment with neutralising TNF-a antibodies (150,151) , whereas other trials did not report such effects of TNF-a antibody injections, despite dampening of systemic inflammation (152) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [152] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
The daily influx of TAG, SFA, glucose, and other food components initiates an acute innate immune response lasting a few hours.
“The daily influx of TAG, SFA, glucose and other food components initiates an acute innate immune (i.e.inflammatory) response that lasts for a few hours.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The postprandial inflammatory response lasts 4-8 hours and recurs several times daily.
- Premisecitation
In animal models of insulin resistance, TNF-a antibody infusion ameliorates insulin signalling.
“In animal models of insulin resistance, infusion of TNF-a antibodies has been reported to ameliorate insulin signalling (8,149) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The magnitude of the postprandial inflammatory response appears to correlate with the degree of insulin resistance.
“The magnitude of the postprandial inflammatory response appears to correlate with the degree of insulin resistance (165) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [165] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Statins and angiotensin II receptor antagonists ameliorate the postprandial inflammatory response in obese patients.
“Certain medications including statins and angiotensin II receptor antagonists ameliorate the postprandial inflammatory response in obese patients (167) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [167] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
IL-6 increases significantly with overall age from 20 to 102 years.
“Studies have reported increased plasma/serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in healthy subjects with advanced age (55-75 v. 26 -54 years) (174) , an increase of 0•016 pg/ml per year of life (175) and a significant increase with overall age (from 20 to 102 years) (176) , and in elderly diabetic subjects (65 -80 years) (177) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [176]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
IL-6 is increased in elderly diabetic subjects aged 65-80 years.
“Studies have reported increased plasma/serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in healthy subjects with advanced age (55-75 v. 26 -54 years) (174) , an increase of 0•016 pg/ml per year of life (175) and a significant increase with overall age (from 20 to 102 years) (176) , and in elderly diabetic subjects (65 -80 years) (177) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [177] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Successful ageing without co-morbidities is also associated with chronic low-grade inflammation.
“Interestingly, however, successful ageing (ageing without co-morbidities) has also been associated with chronic low-grade inflammation (173) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [173] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The postprandial inflammatory response is probably important in generating insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.
“Although the postprandial inflammatory response has been known for several years (154) , it is only recently that its probable importance in the generation of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis has been appreciated (155 -157) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisereasoning
Low-grade elevations of circulating inflammatory mediators are associated with the development of age-related conditions such as atherosclerosis, cognitive decline, and frailty.
“There is strong evidence that low-grade elevations of circulating inflammatory mediators are associated with the development of age-related conditions such as atherosclerosis, cognitive decline and frailty.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Ageing is characterised by a profound reduction in anti-inflammatory lipoxin A4 levels.
“In line with this, it has recently been shown that ageing (two groups with a mean age of 77•9 and 102•5 years, respectively v. a group with a mean age of 43•5 years) is characterised by a profound reduction in anti-inflammatory lipoxin A 4 levels (183) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [183] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
TAG, SFA, oxysterols, and glucose appear to be the most efficient triggers of the postprandial inflammatory response.
“The most efficient triggers of the postprandial inflammatory response appear to be TAG, SFA, oxysterols and glucose (158 -161) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisenone given
Inflammation rises acutely following meals.
“The foregoing discussion has dealt with chronic changes in concentrations of inflammatory mediators but a rise in inflammation also appears to take place acutely following meals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Ageing is associated with increased concentrations of TNF-a, CRP, and IL-1ra.
“Ageing is also associated with increased concentrations of TNF-a (178,179) , CRP (180) and IL-1ra (176,181) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
Co-culture of adipocytes with macrophages impairs insulin signalling.
“Indeed, co-culture of adipocytes with macrophages caused impairment of insulin signalling (75) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [75] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In obese individuals, the exaggerated postprandial inflammatory response is reversible with weight reduction.
“The exaggerated postprandial inflammatory response of the obese is reversible upon reduction of body weight (155,164) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Patients with type 2 diabetes have a higher postprandial inflammatory response than non-diabetics, independent of body weight.
“Patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit a higher postprandial inflammatory response than non-diabetics, irrespective of their body weight (165,166) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In adults with rheumatoid arthritis, hydroxychloroquine use is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes.
“A secondary analysis of a prospective multicentre observational study of 4905 adults with rheumatoid arthritis, of whom 1808 had taken hydroxychloroquine, indicated a reduced risk of diabetes in patients using this drug (147) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [147] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The absorptive process may allow translocation of LPS from gut bacteria into the systemic circulation.
“Related to this effect, the absorptive process may allow translocation of LPS from gut bacteria into the systemic circulation (168) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [168] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Meals or food components may contain LPS that directly triggers systemic inflammation.
- Premisecitation
Plasma/serum IL-6 levels are increased in healthy advanced-age subjects compared with younger subjects.
“Studies have reported increased plasma/serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in healthy subjects with advanced age (55-75 v. 26 -54 years) (174) , an increase of 0•016 pg/ml per year of life (175) and a significant increase with overall age (from 20 to 102 years) (176) , and in elderly diabetic subjects (65 -80 years) (177) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [174]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Later studies found only very high doses of salicylates improve glucose metabolism.
“Later studies have revealed that only very high doses are effective in improving glucose metabolism (145) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [145] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
IL-6 increases by 0.016 pg/ml per year of life.
“Studies have reported increased plasma/serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in healthy subjects with advanced age (55-75 v. 26 -54 years) (174) , an increase of 0•016 pg/ml per year of life (175) and a significant increase with overall age (from 20 to 102 years) (176) , and in elderly diabetic subjects (65 -80 years) (177) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [175] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The postprandial inflammatory response appears to play a more crucial role in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis than previously thought.
“The pathophysiological significance of a postprandial inflammatory response in causing insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis is currently under investigation, and this response appears to play a much more crucial role than previously thought (162) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [162] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In vivo, feeding induces STAMP2 expression in visceral white adipose tissue.
“In vivo, feeding induces STAMP2 expression in visceral white adipose tissue (170) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [170] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
Abdominal adipocytes and monocytes/macrophages mount a transient inflammatory response to acute postprandial elevation of meal components.
“Several cells in the body associated with the innate immune system, including abdominal adipocytes and monocytes/ macrophages, respond to acute postprandial elevation of several components of a meal by mounting a transient inflammatory response.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Paracrine concentrations of inflammatory mediators are sufficient to induce insulin resistance.
“Paracrine concentrations of inflammatory mediators are sufficient to induce insulin resistance (128) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [128] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Increases in circulating TNF-a, IL-6, IL-2R, and CRP are strong predictors of all-cause mortality risk in longitudinal studies of elderly cohorts.
“Increases in the levels of circulating TNF-a, IL-6, IL-2R and CRP are also strong predictors of all-cause mortality risk in longitudinal studies of several elderly cohorts (190 -193) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
Visceral tissue of STAMP gene knockout mice is resistant to insulin action.
“Furthermore, the visceral tissue of STAMP gene knockout mice is resistant to insulin action (170,171) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
The effect of ageing on the immune system cannot be completely separated from co-morbidity, medication use, or malnutrition.
“The effect of ageing on the immune system, however, cannot be completely separated from the contribution of co-morbidity, medication use or malnutrition (184,185) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Independent associations of fitness with inflammation are more prominent in metabolic syndrome patients than in healthy participants.
“In one study, the independent associations of fitness were in fact more prominent among metabolic syndrome patients compared with healthy participants (238,239) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In the HERITAGE Family Study, a 20-week standardised exercise training programme produced a non-significant CRP reduction of 1.2-2.2 mg/l across groups.
“A non-significant reduction in CRP concentration was consistent across all groups and varied between 1•2 and 2•2 mg/l.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [221] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Several training interventions did not change basal IL-6 or CRP concentrations.
“Several training interventions have not produced changes in basal IL-6 or CRP concentrations (213 -218) , while significant reductions in inflammatory markers have been observed following training without changes in BMI or body fat in elderly participants (219,220) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Health benefits of long-term regular exercise are ascribed to the anti-inflammatory response elicited by an acute bout of exercise, partly mediated by muscle-derived IL-6.
“The health benefits of long-term regular exercise are ascribed to the anti-inflammatory response elicited by an acute bout of exercise, which is partly mediated by muscle-derived IL-6.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In 43 subjects at high risk of IHD, a 6-month individualised supervised exercise programme produced a non-significant 35% reduction in CRP concentration.
“After a 6-month individualised, supervised exercise programme for forty-three subjects at high risk of IHD, a 35 %, albeit non-significant, reduction in CRP concentration was observed.The subjects exercised for a mean of 2•5 (range 0•3-7•4) h/week (233) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [233] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In subjects over 80 years of age, inflammation is inversely associated with physical activity.
“Also subjects over 80 years of age show consistent inverse associations between inflammation and physical activity (190) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [190] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Contracting skeletal muscle is a major source of circulating IL-6 during acute exercise.
“(1) Contracting skeletal muscle is a major source of circulating IL-6 in response to acute exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In athletes, regular training induces a reduction in CRP concentration.
“Nevertheless, two longitudinal studies in athletes show that regular training induces a reduction in CRP concentration (211,212) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [211]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [212] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In 39 patients with intermittent claudication, supervised exercise significantly reduced serum CRP and SAA at 3 and 6 months compared with controls.
“A randomised trial of thirty-nine patients with intermittent claudication demonstrated that both serum CRP and SAA concentrations were significantly reduced after 3 and 6 months of supervised exercise compared with controls (235) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [235] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Low hand-grip strength is associated with high levels of CRP and IL-6.
“Muscle strength was also evaluated in this study and low hand-grip strength was associated with high levels of CRP and IL-6 (231) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [231] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In subjects with initial CRP levels above 3.0 mg/l, exercise training reduced CRP by about 1.3 mg/l.
“Further stratification according to basal CRP levels showed a reduction by about 1•3 mg/l in subjects with initial CRP levels above 3•0 mg/l.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [221] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise may protect against TNF-induced insulin resistance.
“(3) The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise may therefore offer protection against TNF-induced insulin resistance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The duration of the exercise event explains more than 50% of the variation in plasma IL-6 concentration.
“During heavy exercise, such as a marathon, there is up to a 60-fold increase in plasma IL-6 concentration (209) , with the duration of the event explaining more than 50 % of the variation in concentration (210) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [210] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Aerobic training decreases basal plasma IL-6 in patients with coronary artery disease.
“Another study reported a decrease in basal plasma IL-6 concentration after aerobic training in patients with coronary artery disease (234) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [234] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Exercise training is more effective in those with the highest initial CRP concentrations, independent of changes in body weight or body fat.
“Again, the exercise training seemed to be more effective in those with the highest initial CRP concentrations, independently of changes in body weight or percentage of body fat, indicating that baseline levels of low-grade inflammation may be an important factor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [236] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
During heavy exercise such as a marathon, plasma IL-6 increases up to 60-fold.
“During heavy exercise, such as a marathon, there is up to a 60-fold increase in plasma IL-6 concentration (209) , with the duration of the event explaining more than 50 % of the variation in concentration (210) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [209] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Elderly people have higher basal levels of inflammation independently of disease status.
“Elderly people have higher basal levels of inflammation independently of disease status, and a considerable number of studies have been carried out in this population to assess associations between physical activity and inflammatory markers (190,223 -230) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 9 sources checked- cites [190] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [223] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [224] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [225] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [226] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [227] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [228] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [229] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [230] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome, fitness is inversely associated with inflammation, independent of fatness.
“Studies in patients with diabetes (237) or the metabolic syndrome (238,239) have consistently demonstrated inverse associations between fitness and inflammation, independently of fatness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
FoxO proteins regulate genes involved in energy homeostasis, cell survival, and inflammatory responses including NF-kB.
“FoxO proteins are transcription factors which regulate the expression of genes involved in energy homeostasis, cell survival and inflammatory responses including NF-kB (274 -278) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
In ATTICA, highest tertile Mediterranean diet adherence had 17% lower IL-6 and 20% lower CRP than lowest tertile after adjustment for CVD risk factors.
“Similar findings were reported in the ATTICA study, involving 1514 men and 1528 women; specifically, subjects with greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet (those in the highest tertile) had 17 % lower IL-6 and 20 % lower CRP concentrations, compared with those in the lowest tertile in analyses that adjusted for other cardiovascular risk factors (283) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [283]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Mediterranean diet had a marginal relationship with CRP that was not significant after adjusting for CVD risk factors.
“Although a marginal relationship between CRP concentration and the Mediterranean diet was observed, this association was no longer significant when other cardiovascular risk factors were considered in the models.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [282] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Associations between self-reported physical activity and TNFR1, TNFR2, IL-6, and CRP in healthy men and women became non-significant after adjusting for BMI and leptin.
“In contrast, the associations found between self-reported physical activity and TNFR1, TNFR2, IL-6 and CRP concentrations in a study including healthy men from the Men's Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study and healthy women from the Nurses' Health Study (243) were no longer significant when adjusting for BMI and leptin.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [243] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In obese subjects with abdominal adiposity, those with CRP >3 mg/l were less likely to adopt Mediterranean diet.
“In another observational study with obese subjects (625 men and 712 women with abdominal adiposity), those with high CRP levels (. 3 mg/l) were less likely to adopt the Mediterranean diet (287) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [287] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In men, leisure-time physical activity was not related to CRP, fibrinogen, or SAA after adjusting for BMI and smoking.
“Similarly, a crosssectional study (246) in men found no relationship between leisure-time physical activity and CRP, fibrinogen and SAA concentrations, after correction for BMI and current smoking status.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [246]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
After adjusting for body fat, no associations between cardiovascular fitness or physical activity and inflammatory markers were observed in 9-year-old Swedish children.
“Nevertheless, once body fat was entered into the regression models, no associations with cardiovascular fitness or physical activity and the inflammatory markers measured were observed (257) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [257] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Resveratrol-induced sirtuin activation increased lifespan in model organisms and animal models.
“This led to increased lifespan in model organisms and in animal models (280,281) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In 12-year-old healthy Welsh children, no associations were found between cardiorespiratory fitness or self-reported physical activity and CRP.
“Similarly, no associations were found between cardiorespiratory fitness or self-reported physical activity and CRP concentration in 12-year-old healthy Welsh children (259) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [259] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In children, organised leisure-time exercise is negatively correlated with serum IL-6 independent of adiposity and fat localisation.
“Organised leisure-time exercise (assessed by a questionnaire) in children has shown negative correlations with serum IL-6 concentrations, independently of adiposity and fat localisation (256) , and in 10-year-old children, a borderline significant negative association was observed between CRP and self-reported physical activity, independently of ponderal index (47) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [256] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Observational studies generally report inverse correlations between Mediterranean diet and inflammatory markers in healthy persons.
“Observational studies have examined the association of the Mediterranean diet with inflammatory markers in healthy persons (282,283,285) , and they generally report inverse correlations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
About one in three healthy women using oral contraceptives had CRP concentration exceeding 3 mg/l.
“The study showed that about one in three of healthy women who used oral contraceptives had a CRP concentration exceeding 3 mg/l, which should be taken into account when studying younger females.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [247] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In 2120 Finns, CRP levels were associated with obesity indices and physical activity in both sexes.
“CRP levels in 2120 Finns were associated with obesity indices and physical activity among both sexes (247) ; in multivariate analyses, the determinants of CRP concentration included obesity and smoking in men, and obesity, oral contraceptive use and physical activity in women.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [247] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In a Nurses' Health Study subsample, Mediterranean diet score was inversely associated with IL-6, CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sE-selectin, persisting after adjustment for CVD risk factors.
“In a subsample of the Nurses' Health Study (285) , a Mediterranean diet index score was inversely associated with markers of inflammation (circulating IL-6 and CRP) as well as markers of endothelial dysfunction (the adhesion molecules sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin)); these associations persisted upon adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [285] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Weight loss is accompanied by decreased circulating CRP, TNF-a, IL-6, and sICAM-1.
“Weight loss is accompanied by decreased concentrations of circulating mediators of inflammation, such as CRP, TNF-a, IL-6 and sICAM-1 (155,268 -270) , although it is difficult to dissect whether this effect is due to the weight loss per se or to the nature of the diet used to induce weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators from adipocytes or adipose tissue macrophages likely contributes to the effect of weight loss.
“On the other hand, it seems likely that reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators from adipocytes or activated macrophages of adipose tissue contributes to the effect of weight loss (31,36,65,67,142) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
In 10-year-old children, CRP is borderline negatively associated with self-reported physical activity independent of ponderal index.
“Organised leisure-time exercise (assessed by a questionnaire) in children has shown negative correlations with serum IL-6 concentrations, independently of adiposity and fat localisation (256) , and in 10-year-old children, a borderline significant negative association was observed between CRP and self-reported physical activity, independently of ponderal index (47) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [47] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In ATTICA, TNF-a had a marginal non-significant association with Mediterranean diet in adjusted models.
“Although a marginal association was noted between TNF-a and the Mediterranean diet, it was not significant in adjusted models (283) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [283]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
The effect of physical activity on circulating low-grade inflammation markers appears to be mediated by weight loss.
“Thus, the effect of physical activity on circulating markers of low-grade inflammation appears to be mediated by weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In 345 middle-aged male twins, adherence to Mediterranean diet was inversely associated with plasma IL-6.
“In a recent study (282) investigating psychological, behavioural and biological risk factors for subclinical CVD in 345 middleaged male twins, an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and inflammation, as measured by plasma IL-6 concentration, was noted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [282] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Energy restriction decreases low-grade inflammation.
“One diet-dependent but apparently quite non-specific way of decreasing low-grade inflammation is energy restriction (267) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [267] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In US children and young adults aged 6-24, cardiovascular fitness inversely correlated with CRP only in boys, after adjustment including BMI.
“US children and young adults (aged 6 -24 years) from the Columbia University BioMarkers Study showed an inverse correlation between cardiovascular fitness and CRP concentration but only in boys, which remained after adjustment of confounders including BMI (251) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [251] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Taoist adults vegetarian for 5-55 years had lower plasma CRP (mean 0.77 mg/l) than age- and sex-matched non-vegetarians (mean 1.30 mg/l).
“Specifically, plasma CRP concentration averaged 0•77 and 1•30 mg/l in vegetarians and non-vegetarians, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [295] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy adults, a four-week Mediterranean-inspired diet reduced leucocyte and platelet counts compared with a Swedish diet, suggesting lower inflammatory activity.
“A marked reduction in the number of leucocytes, including monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes, and in the number of platelets after 4 weeks of the Mediterranean diet was noted, suggesting a lower inflammatory activity than during the Swedish diet period.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [289] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In MESA, high intake of nuts and seeds (>=5 times/week) compared with low intake was associated with lower plasma CRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen.
“The MESA reported that a high intake of nuts and seeds ($5 times/week) compared with a low intake (rarely or no consumption) was associated with lower plasma concentrations of CRP, IL-6 and fibrinogen (367) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [367] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the same study, HEI and DQI-R did not correlate with any inflammatory markers after confounder adjustment.
“In contrast, the HEI and DQI-R did not correlate with any of the inflammatory markers when potential confounders were taken into consideration in the regression models (285) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [285] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Circulating advanced glycation end products accumulate when renal function is impaired.
“In addition, circulating AGE accumulate when renal function is impaired (456 -459) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
In NHANES III, high whole grain intake was inversely associated with plasma CRP.
“Observational studies (Table 3) (300,310 -314) including data from NHANES III have suggested that a high intake of whole grain is inversely associated with plasma CRP concentration (quintile (Q) 1 , 3•5 servings/d, Q5 .9•7 servings/d) (300) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [300] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Whole grain intake appears to inversely associate with markers of low-grade inflammation.
“In summary, whole grain intake appears to inversely associate with markers of low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Mediterranean diet plus moderate physical activity was associated with a 72% reduced likelihood of high CRP.
“The authors reported that adoption of the Mediterranean diet in conjunction with moderate physical activity was associated with a reduced likelihood of having high CRP levels by 72 %, highlighting the potential importance of the Mediterranean diet in diminishing inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [287] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Cross-sectional studies suggest that a vegetarian-style diet can lead to lower chronic low-grade inflammation than an omnivorous diet.
“Thus, these cross-sectional studies suggest that a vegetarian-style diet can lead to lower chronic low-grade inflammation than an omnivorous diet.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
There is some evidence that cocoa and cocoa-rich foods reduce low-grade inflammation.
“Thus, there is some evidence that cocoa and cocoa-rich foods reduce low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In 732 healthy women from the Nurses' Health Study, a prudent dietary pattern was inversely associated with CRP and sE-selectin after adjustment for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking and alcohol.
“The prudent pattern was inversely associated with plasma concentrations of CRP and sE-selectin after adjustment for age, BMI, physical activity, smoking status and alcohol consumption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [303]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Vegetarians have lower levels of adhesion molecules sICAM-1 and sE-selectin than non-vegetarians.
“Similarly, lower levels of the adhesion molecules sICAM-1 and sE-selectin have been reported in those following a vegetarian v.a non-vegetarian diet (296) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [296] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Taken together, these studies suggest that healthy eating patterns are associated with lower concentrations of chronic low-grade inflammation markers.
“Taken together, these studies suggest that healthy eating patterns are associated with lower concentrations of markers of chronic low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In the same healthy-adult crossover study, the Mediterranean diet did not change IL-6 or CRP concentrations.
“On the other hand, IL-6 and CRP concentrations did not change with the Mediterranean diet; the authors speculated that the study may not have been powered to detect those effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [289] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Vegetarian dietary patterns are associated with lower concentrations of chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial function markers than non-vegetarian diets.
“Dietary patterns consistent with vegetarianism were associated with lower concentrations of markers of chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial function when compared with non-vegetarian diets (294 -296) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Of ten cross-sectional studies, seven reported an inverse association between high vegetable and fruit intake, alone or combined, and blood CRP concentrations.
“Of the ten cross-sectional studies, seven reported an inverse association between a high intake of vegetables and fruits, either in combination or alone, and blood CRP concentrations (322 -325,327 -329) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In another similar study, vegetarians had significantly lower average CRP (0.72 mg/l) than non-vegetarians (1.62 mg/l).
“Another study with a similar design comparing vegetarians with non-vegetarians also found that the average CRP concentration was significantly lower in the vegetarian group (0•72 v. 1•62 mg/l) (294) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [294] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Taken together, these studies suggest some beneficial long-term effects of moderate daily alcohol consumption.
“Nevertheless, when taken together, these studies suggest some beneficial long-term effects of moderate daily”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A higher number of vegetable and fruit varieties consumed was inversely correlated with blood CRP levels.
“A high number of varieties of vegetables and fruits were inversely correlated with blood CRP levels (322) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [322] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Randomised controlled trials show that supplementation with different quantities of soya protein did not affect CRP, IL-6, IL-18, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 or sE-selectin.
“Several randomised controlled intervention trials have shown that supplementation with different quantities of soya protein did not affect markers of inflammation (CRP, IL-6, IL-18, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin) (Table 7) (345,347 -364) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Walnuts may exert anti-inflammatory effects primarily in the endothelium rather than a general anti-inflammatory effect.
“This suggests that rather than a general anti-inflammatory effect, walnuts may exert anti-inflammatory effects primarily in the endothelium.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [371] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Available data do not allow a firm conclusion as to whether coffee consumption modulates low-grade inflammation.
“Taken together, the available data do not allow a firm conclusion as to whether coffee consumption modulates lowgrade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In metabolic syndrome studies, CRP concentration was consistently reduced in intervention groups receiving a Mediterranean diet.
“In other related studies involving individuals with the metabolic syndrome, a consistent reduction in CRP concentration in the intervention group receiving the Mediterranean diet has been shown (291,292) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In that trial, inflammatory markers declined more in the Mediterranean-style diet group even after controlling for weight loss.
“Interestingly, even after controlling for weight loss, the inflammatory markers declined more in subjects following the Mediterranean-style diet.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [284] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Taken together, the reviewed studies suggest that moderate daily consumption of wine or beer may have beneficial long-term effects on low-grade inflammation.
“Nevertheless, when taken together, these studies suggest some beneficial long-term effects of moderate daily consumption of wine or beer on low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In high CVD risk subjects with diabetes or multiple CHD risk factors, no association was seen between Mediterranean diet and CRP or sICAM-1/sVCAM-1.
“In subjects at high risk for CVD, those with diabetes or with multiple CHD risk factors, however, no association between the Mediterranean diet and CRP or adhesion molecule (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1) concentrations was seen (288) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [288] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Galectin-3 ablation accelerates lipid-induced atherogenesis.
“and recent studies have shown that galectin-3 ablation accelerates lipid-induced atherogenesis (501) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [501] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In db/db mice, wound healing was accelerated by a low-advanced glycation end product diet, with predominant wound contraction, compared with a high-advanced glycation end product diet.
“Finally, in db/db mice, wound healing was accelerated by a low-AGE diet, with predominant wound contraction, compared with animals on a high-AGE diet, which favoured the epithelialisation mode of wound closure (513) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [513] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In type 1 and 2 diabetes models, low dietary advanced glycation end product content provided sustained protection towards development of diabetic nephropathy.
“In both type 1 and 2 diabetes models (i.e.non-obese diabetic and db/db mice, respectively) low dietary AGE content provided sustained protection towards the development of diabetic nephropathy (510) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [510] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In non-obese diabetic mice, a fetal or neonatal low-advanced glycation end product environment prevented autoimmune diabetes.
“In addition, in non-obese diabetic mice, a fetal or neonatal low-AGE environment prevented autoimmune diabetes, possibly by reducing antigenic stimulus for T-cell-mediated injury or by attenuating b-cell damage (509) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [509] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Cell activation by advanced glycation end products can occur via receptor-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species through mitochondrial and cytosolic pathways.
“Cell activation can occur via receptor-mediated generation of ROS through both mitochondrial and cytosolic pathways involving the electron transport chain and NAD(P)H oxidase, respectively (472,473) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
A cause-effect relationship between dietary advanced glycation end products and development and progression of disease conditions related to Western-type lifestyle and dietary habits has not yet been conclusively demonstrated.
“However, despite this body of experimental data, a cause-effect relationship between dietary AGE and development and progression of disease conditions related to Western-type lifestyle and dietary habits has not yet been conclusively demonstrated, and a number of issues remain to be solved.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In diabetic subjects with and without nephropathy given a single meal of egg-white cooked with or without fructose, there was a significant correlation between dietary advanced glycation end product content and serum advanced glycation end product levels.
“There was a significant correlation between dietary AGE content and serum AGE levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [456] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy animals, advanced glycation end products are rapidly and completely excreted.
“Little is known about possible tissue deposition of food-derived AGE but in healthy animals, it has been shown that AGE are rapidly and completely excreted (464,465) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Cross-sectional studies of healthy subjects and haemodialysis patients showed a positive relationship between dietary advanced glycation end product intake and plasma inflammatory markers.
“Finally, cross-sectional studies of healthy subjects and of patients undergoing haemodialysis showed a positive relationship between dietary AGE intake and plasma inflammatory markers (515,520) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Advanced glycation end product receptors have a dual function, being involved in both advanced glycation end product removal and advanced glycation end product-induced cell activation.
“AGE receptors have a dual function and are involved in both AGE removal and AGE-induced cell activation (140) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [140] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The net effect of advanced glycation end product interaction with advanced glycation end product-binding receptors depends on the relative expression of these receptors on the respective cells.
“Thus, the net effect of the interaction of AGE with AGE-binding receptors that can result in either clearance or cell activation would be determined by the relative expression of these different receptors on the respective cells.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Advanced glycation end products may also be derived from food or tobacco.
“AGE may also be derived from food (454,461) or tobacco (462) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In overweight subjects, the ratio of saturated fatty acids to n-6 PUFA in serum lipids or plasma phospholipids is positively associated with IL-6 concentration.
“The ratio of SFA:n-6 PUFA in serum lipids or in plasma phospholipids was positively associated with IL-6 but not CRP concentration in overweight subjects (577,579)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [577]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
In overweight subjects, saturated fatty acid exposure is associated with higher IL-6 concentration.
“Thus, there is general agreement between two studies in overweight subjects that SFA exposure is associated with higher IL-6 concentration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Linoleic acid concentration in blood lipids or granulocytes is not associated with CRP or IL-6 concentration.
“The concentration of linoleic acid in blood lipids (578,579) or granulocytes (374) was not associated with CRP or IL-6 concentration”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In lean individuals, serum saturated fatty acids are not associated with CRP or IL-6 concentrations.
“Fernandez-Real et al. (577) did not see any relationship between serum SFA and CRP or IL-6 in lean individuals”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [577]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the same intervention, sE-selectin concentration is higher after the trans-fatty acid diet than in all other dietary groups, including the stearic acid and lauric+myristic+palmitic groups.
“Furthermore, the concentration of sE-selectin was higher than in all other dietary groups including the stearic acid and lauric þ myristic þ palmitic groups.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [586] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Dietary intake of linoleic acid is not associated with CRP, IL-6, sTNFR1 or sTNFR2 concentrations in subgroups of the Physicians' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study.
“Dietary intakes of linoleic acid were not associated with CRP, IL-6, sTNFR1 or sTNFR2 concentrations in subgroups of the Physicians' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study (583)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [583] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight but not lean subjects, total n-6 PUFA in serum fatty acids is not associated with CRP concentration.
“Total n-6 PUFA in serum fatty acids in overweight, but not in lean, subjects were inversely associated with IL-6 but not CRP concentration (577)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [577]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In men aged 25-60 years, 5-week diets rich in stearic acid or in lauric, myristic and palmitic acids increase CRP, fibrinogen, IL-6 and sE-selectin concentrations compared with an oleic acid-enriched diet.
“An intervention study feeding diets rich in stearic acid (18 : 0) or in lauric, myristic (14 : 0) and palmitic acids to men aged 25 -60 years for 5 weeks showed higher concentrations of CRP, fibrinogen, IL-6 and sE-selectin compared with a diet enriched in oleic acid (18 : 1n-9) (586)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [586] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In diabetic subjects with normal renal function, a low-advanced glycation end product diet for 2 or 6 weeks decreased several inflammatory markers.
“The findings of this latter study are in accordance with earlier data in diabetic subjects with normal renal function who showed a decrease in several inflammatory markers following 2 or 6 weeks of a low-AGE diet (521) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [521] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
At least four human intervention studies have failed to show an effect of conjugated linoleic acid on CRP concentration.
“However, at least four other studies have failed to show an effect of CLA on CRP concentration (see Table 14).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 14
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight individuals, the ratio of saturated fatty acids to n-6 PUFA is positively associated with IL-6 concentration.
“the ratio of SFA:n-6 or n-3 PUFA was positively associated with IL-6 and CRP concentrations, respectively”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [577]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy men, a 5-week trans-fatty acid-enriched diet results in higher CRP and IL-6 concentrations than diets rich in oleic acid, stearic acid, or the combination of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids.
“In a 5-week intervention in healthy men, a transfatty acid-enriched diet resulted in higher CRP and IL-6 concentrations than diets rich in oleic acid, stearic acid or the combination of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids (586)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [586] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight adolescents, total saturated fatty acids in plasma phospholipids or cholesteryl esters are not associated with CRP concentration.
“A study in overweight adolescents showed positive relationships between total SFA in plasma phospholipids or cholesteryl esters and IL-6, but not CRP, concentration (579)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Some Maillard reaction products may be degraded by colonic microflora.
“There are also reports that some MRP may be degraded by the colonic microflora (534) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [534]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Healthy and diabetic volunteers receiving a single dose of a high-advanced glycation end product caffeine-free cola drink showed an increase in serum plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
“Furthermore, healthy and diabetic volunteers receiving a single dose of a high-AGE (caffeine-free) cola drink showed an increase in serum PAI-1 (519) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [519] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
RAGE does not bind small molecules and simple protein modifications.
“Concerning the structural requirements for AGE to interact with their receptor, there is evidence that RAGE does not bind small molecules and simple protein modifications (478) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [478] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight individuals, serum saturated fatty acids are positively associated with IL-6 concentration.
“while in overweight individuals, serum SFA were positively associated with IL-6 concentration”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [577]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premiseown data
The four studies showing no effect of conjugated linoleic acid on CRP used between 0.4 and 2.5 g/d of trans-10,cis-12 CLA.
“The four studies showing no effect of CLA on CRP used between 0•4 and 2•5 g/d of this isomer (see Table 14).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 14
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The two studies showing increased CRP with conjugated linoleic acid provided 2.1 and 2.7 g/d of trans-10,cis-12 CLA.
“The two studies showing increased CRP with CLA provided 2•1 (594) and 2•7 ( 593) g/d of trans-10, cis-12 CLA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Dietary intake of trans-fatty acids is positively associated with all six inflammatory markers assessed, including CRP, IL-6 and three soluble adhesion molecules, in a subgroup of the Nurses' Health Study.
“Lopez-Garcia et al. (580) identified significant positive associations between the intake of trans-fatty acids in the diet and the concentrations of all six inflammatory markers assessed, including CRP, IL-6 and three soluble adhesion molecules.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [580] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Dietary trans-fatty acids elevate concentrations of a range of inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-6 and adhesion molecules.
“Thus, an association study and an intervention study both demonstrate that dietary trans-fatty acids elevate the concentrations of a range of inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-6 and adhesion molecules.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Circulating advanced glycation end product levels could not be identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular or renal outcomes in diabetic subjects with diabetic nephropathy.
“In contrast to the aforementioned reports, circulating AGE levels could not be identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular or renal outcomes in diabetic subjects with diabetic nephropathy (524) , and circulating AGE levels were even inversely correlated with mortality in haemodialysis patients, the latter most probably due to a better nutritional status (525) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [524] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In patients on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis randomly assigned to a 4-week high- or low-advanced glycation end product diet, circulating advanced glycation end products and markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction decreased significantly in response to advanced glycation end product restriction.
“In patients on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis randomly assigned to a 4-week high-or low-AGE diet, circulating levels of AGE as well as markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction (which were markedly elevated at baseline, although not correlated with AGE) decreased significantly in response to AGE restriction, i.e. the low-AGE diet (515) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [515] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In a large Swedish study, linoleic acid in cholesteryl esters is inversely associated with CRP concentration.
“although a large Swedish study reported an inverse association between linoleic acid in cholesteryl esters and CRP concentration (582)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [582] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight adolescents, total saturated fatty acids in plasma phospholipids or cholesteryl esters are positively associated with IL-6 concentration.
“A study in overweight adolescents showed positive relationships between total SFA in plasma phospholipids or cholesteryl esters and IL-6, but not CRP, concentration (579)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight individuals, the ratio of saturated fatty acids to n-3 PUFA is positively associated with CRP concentration.
“the ratio of SFA:n-6 or n-3 PUFA was positively associated with IL-6 and CRP concentrations, respectively”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [577]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight but not lean subjects, total n-6 PUFA in serum fatty acids is inversely associated with IL-6 concentration.
“Total n-6 PUFA in serum fatty acids in overweight, but not in lean, subjects were inversely associated with IL-6 but not CRP concentration (577)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [577]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Alpha-linolenic acid is more potent than linoleic acid in reducing inflammation.
“these results suggest that a-linolenic acid is more potent than linoleic acid with regard to reducing inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Dietary intake of EPA+DHA is inversely associated with CRP, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 concentrations in subgroups of the Physicians' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study.
“Data from subgroups of the Physicians' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study showed inverse associations between the dietary intake of EPA þ DHA and concentrations of CRP, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 (583) , and CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin (373) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [583] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In an uncontrolled study, Kelley et al. reported higher granulocyte numbers in blood of ten healthy men taking 1.5 g/d arachidonic acid for 100 days compared with after a run-in diet providing 200 mg/d.
“In an uncontrolled study, Kelley et al. (609) reported higher granulocyte numbers in the blood of a group of ten healthy men (aged 20 -38 years) taking a supplement of 1•5 g/d of arachidonic acid for 100 d compared with numbers after a run-in diet providing 200 mg/d of arachidonic acid.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [609] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In a small controlled study, eight subjects aged 55-75 consuming 700 mg/d arachidonic acid for 12 weeks showed no effect on plasma sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 or sE-selectin concentrations.
“In another small, but controlled, study, eight subjects aged 55 -75 years consumed capsules providing 700 mg/d of arachidonic acid for 12 weeks (605) ; there was no effect on plasma sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 or sE-selectin concentrations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [605] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The anti-inflammatory effect seen with very high alpha-linolenic acid intake in Zhao et al. is due to conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to EPA.
“This suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect seen with the very high intake of a-linolenic acid in this study is due to the conversion of a-linolenic acid to EPA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In an Italian study, alpha-linolenic acid in plasma fatty acids is not associated with several cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-a.
“Data from an Italian study showed no association between a-linolenic acid in plasma fatty acids and several cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-a, but there was an inverse association with CRP (578)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [578] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In Zhao et al., the only significant relationships were inverse between change in EPA status and changes in CRP and sVCAM-1 concentrations.
“The only significant relationships were inverse and between the change in EPA status and the changes in CRP and sVCAM-1 concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [606] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
High intakes of alpha-linolenic acid are anti-inflammatory acting via the alpha-linolenic acid derivative EPA.
“A suitable conclusion may be that high intakes of a-linolenic are anti-inflammatory acting via the a-linolenic acid derivative, EPA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In healthy volunteers, exchanging oleic acid for linoleic acid while keeping saturated fatty acid intake constant does not affect plasma sICAM-1 concentration.
“An intervention study in thirty-eight healthy male and female volunteers (mean age 27 years) compared diets with 18 % energy from oleic acid and 4 % from linoleic acid or 4 % energy from oleic acid and 12 % from linoleic acid; plasma sICAM-1 concentrations were not different between these two groups (597) , suggesting that exchange of oleic acid for linoleic acid, while keeping SFA intake constant”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [597]
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Markedly increasing linoleic acid intake in people consuming on average about 10 g/d does not increase low-grade inflammation.
“Thus, these studies show that markedly increasing linoleic acid intake in those consuming on average about 10 g/d does not increase low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In overweight subjects, the ratio of saturated fatty acids to n-6 PUFA in serum lipids or plasma phospholipids is not associated with CRP concentration.
“The ratio of SFA:n-6 PUFA in serum lipids or in plasma phospholipids was positively associated with IL-6 but not CRP concentration in overweight subjects (577,579)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [577]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In Paschos et al., doubling linoleic acid intake did not affect TNF-a or adiponectin concentrations.
“This doubling of linoleic acid intake did not affect TNF-a or adiponectin concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [602] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Serum free arachidonic acid is not associated with sICAM-1 or sE-selectin concentrations.
“Serum free arachidonic acid was not associated with sICAM-1 or sE-selectin concentrations and was actually inversely associated with sVCAM-1 concentration (585)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [585] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In another Nurses' Health Study subgroup, alpha-linolenic acid intake is not associated with CRP, sICAM-1, sE-selectin or sTNFR2 concentrations.
“In a second study on another subgroup of the Nurses' Health Study, a-linolenic acid intakes were not associated with CRP, sICAM-1, sE-selectin or sTNFR2 concentrations but were associated with lower IL-6 and sVCAM-1 concentrations (373)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [373] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Plasma cholesteryl ester EPA is inversely associated with CRP concentration in overweight subjects.
“Plasma cholesteryl ester EPA was inversely associated with CRP concentration in overweight subjects (579) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake is not associated with CRP, IL-6, sTNFR1 or sTNFR2 concentrations in one study on subgroups of the Physicians' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study.
“Dietary a-linolenic acid intakes were not associated with CRP, IL-6, sTNFR1 or sTNFR2 concentrations in one study on subgroups of the Physicians' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study (583)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [583] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In Liou et al., CRP and IL-6 concentrations were not different after 4 weeks on diets with linoleic acid at 10.5% or 3.8% of energy.
“CRP and IL-6 concentrations were not different after 4 weeks on either diet.This finding is in accordance with that of Turpeinen et al. (597) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [607] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Cell-culture and animal model findings are generally consistent in identifying anti-inflammatory actions of long-chain n-3 PUFA.
“The effects of long-chain n-3 PUFA have been examined in many model systems and findings from cell-culture systems and from animal models are generally consistent in identifying anti-inflammatory actions (569) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [569] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Observational studies suggest that both EPA and DHA are anti-inflammatory.
“Thus, observational studies suggest that both EPA and DHA are anti-inflammatory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Increased intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA results in increased proportions of those fatty acids in inflammatory cell phospholipids.
“Increased intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA results in increased proportions of those fatty acids in inflammatory cell phospholipids (610 -614) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
In an Italian study, alpha-linolenic acid in plasma fatty acids is inversely associated with CRP.
“Data from an Italian study showed no association between a-linolenic acid in plasma fatty acids and several cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-a, but there was an inverse association with CRP (578)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [578] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Alpha-linolenic acid concentration in blood lipids or granulocytes is not associated with CRP or IL-6 concentration.
“The concentration of a-linolenic acid in blood lipids (578,579,582) or granulocytes (374) was not associated with CRP or IL-6 concentration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
Dietary intake of EPA+DHA is inversely associated with CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin concentrations in subgroups of the Physicians' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study.
“Data from subgroups of the Physicians' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study showed inverse associations between the dietary intake of EPA þ DHA and concentrations of CRP, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 (583) , and CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin (373) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [373] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Serum free arachidonic acid is inversely associated with sVCAM-1 concentration.
“Serum free arachidonic acid was not associated with sICAM-1 or sE-selectin concentrations and was actually inversely associated with sVCAM-1 concentration (585)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [585] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In another Nurses' Health Study subgroup, alpha-linolenic acid intake is associated with lower IL-6 and sVCAM-1 concentrations.
“In a second study on another subgroup of the Nurses' Health Study, a-linolenic acid intakes were not associated with CRP, sICAM-1, sE-selectin or sTNFR2 concentrations but were associated with lower IL-6 and sVCAM-1 concentrations (373)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [373] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In Ferrucci et al., plasma arachidonic acid is inversely associated with IL-6 and IL-1ra concentrations.
“Ferrucci et al. (578) reported no association between arachidonic acid in plasma and CRP, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-10 and sIL-6R concentrations, while there was an inverse association with IL-6 and IL-1ra concentrations and a positive association with TGF-b”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [578] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Replacing about one-third of saturated fatty acids with linoleic acid plus alpha-linolenic acid decreases low-grade inflammation.
“Thus, replacing about one-third of SFA with linoleic acid plus a-linolenic acid decreases low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In Zhao et al., changes in CRP and sVCAM-1 concentrations correlate with changes in concentrations of different serum n-3 PUFA.
“The study of Zhao et al. (606) provides further insight: the change in CRP and sVCAM-1 concentrations was correlated with the change in the concentrations of different serum n-3 PUFA (a-linolenic acid, EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5n-6) and DHA) that had occurred.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [606] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Relative to saturated fatty acids, the combination of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids is anti-inflammatory.
“This is consistent with the associations described above and confirms that relative to SFA, the combination of linoleic and a-linolenic acids is anti-inflammatory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A substantial increase in alpha-linolenic acid intake can decrease low-grade inflammation as indicated by circulating CRP, IL-6 or soluble adhesion molecules.
“However, what is apparent from these observations is that a substantial increase in the intake of a-linolenic acid can decrease low-grade inflammation as indicated by circulating CRP, IL-6 or soluble adhesion molecules (see Table 15).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 15
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Association studies suggest a modest anti-inflammatory effect of alpha-linolenic acid.
“These association studies suggest a modest anti-inflammatory effect of a-linolenic acid.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In Ferrucci et al., plasma arachidonic acid is not associated with CRP, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-10 or sIL-6R concentrations.
“Ferrucci et al. (578) reported no association between arachidonic acid in plasma and CRP, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-10 and sIL-6R concentrations, while there was an inverse association with IL-6 and IL-1ra concentrations and a positive association with TGF-b”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [578] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Arachidonic acid in granulocytes is not associated with CRP concentration.
“There was no association between arachidonic acid in granulocytes and CRP concentration (374)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [374] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Alpha-linolenic acid at 8.1 g/d for 12 weeks is less effective against a more healthy background diet than against a less healthy background diet.
“The study of Paschos et al. (601) is enlightening because it showed that a-linolenic acid (8•1 g/d for 12 weeks) was less effective (i.e.induced fewer and smaller effects) against a more healthy, than against a less healthy, background diet.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [601] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Reducing adiposity with n-3 PUFA could decrease adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration.
“These studies suggest that reducing adiposity with n-3 PUFA could decrease adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The parallelism between down-regulation of inflammation-related genes and reduction in adiposity and adipocyte diameter by n-3 PUFA treatment suggests a positive relationship between adipose cell size and adipose tissue inflammation.
“The parallelism between the down-regulation of these genes and the reduction in adiposity and adipocyte diameter by n-3 PUFA treatment suggests a positive relationship between adipose cell size and adipose tissue inflammation, agreeing with other observations (31,66) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Two early studies showed enhancement of selected inflammatory markers following long-chain n-3 PUFA administration.
“Furthermore, two early studies showed an enhancement of selected inflammatory markers following long-chain n-3 PUFA administration (629,642) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
There is quite a lot of evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of supplemental long-chain n-3 PUFA.
“Thus, there is quite a lot of evidence for anti-inflammatory effects of supplemental long-chain n-3 PUFA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In overweight, insulin-resistant women, combining a weight-loss programme with 4.2 g/d EPA+DHA increases adiponectin concentration.
“For example, one study showed an increase in adiponectin concentration when a weight-loss programme and 4•2 g/d EPA þ DHA were combined in overweight, insulin-resistant women (632) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [632] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Acute postmeal hyperglycaemia induces formation of nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress, in healthy, non-overweight individuals.
“Acute postmeal hyperglycaemia was observed to induce the formation of nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress, in healthy, non-overweight individuals (666) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [666] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Some studies have failed to replicate the positive findings of long-chain n-3 PUFA on inflammatory markers.
“Despite the large number of positive studies with long-chain n-3 PUFA, there are a number of studies that have failed to replicate these findings (see Table 16).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 16
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Postprandial hyperglycaemia is correlated with impaired myocardial perfusion in diabetic patients.
“Postprandial hyperglycaemia is also correlated with impaired myocardial perfusion in diabetic patients (658) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [658] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Grimble et al. showed that the ability of fish oil to lower LPS-stimulated TNF-a production by blood mononuclear cells was determined in part by polymorphisms within TNF-a and TNF-b genes.
“This was first identified by Grimble et al. (649) who showed that the ability of fish oil to lower the LPS-stimulated production of TNF-a by blood mononuclear cells was determined in part by polymorphisms within the TNF-a and TNF-b genes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [649] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Oxidative stress induced by acute and chronic elevations in glucose and NEFA plays a key role in causing insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction.
“Thus, oxidative stress induced by acute and chronic elevations in glucose and NEFA plays a key role in causing insulin resistance and b-cell dysfunction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Alloxan diabetic rats have reduced NO levels in blood.
“Indeed, alloxan diabetic rats are observed to have reduced NO levels in blood (656) , and in human subjects, acute hyperglycaemia attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilation (657) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [656] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
There was a significant interaction between the IL-1b 6054 G>A polymorphism and erythrocyte membrane n-3 PUFA content.
“There was also a significant interaction between this polymorphism and erythrocyte membrane n-3 PUFA content.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [650] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Glycosylated proteins and their metabolites, AGE, bind to RAGE and induce a cascade of signals that initiate an inflammatory response.
“Glycosylated proteins, as well as their metabolites, AGE, which bind to the AGE receptor RAGE, induce a cascade of signals that initiate an inflammatory response (669) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [669] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In vitro, acute hyperglycaemia leads to a significant decrease in leucocyte vitamin C content.
“Accordingly, Chen et al. (668) provided evidence in vitro that acute hyperglycaemia leads to a significant decrease in leucocyte vitamin C content.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [668] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In human subjects, acute hyperglycaemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
“Indeed, alloxan diabetic rats are observed to have reduced NO levels in blood (656) , and in human subjects, acute hyperglycaemia attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilation (657) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [657] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In rodent studies, 6 weeks of n-3 PUFA supplementation prevented adipose tissue inflammation induced by a high-fat diet.
“6 weeks of n-3 PUFA supplementation prevented adipose tissue inflammation induced by a high-fat diet (647)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [647] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Pro-inflammatory transcription factors, inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a and matrix metalloproteinase, and endothelial dysfunction markers VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin are elevated in response to acute and persistent hyperglycaemia.
“Accordingly, pro-inflammatory transcription factors, inflammatory markers including CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a and matrix metalloproteinase and markers of endothelial dysfunction VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin have been observed to be elevated in response to acute and persistent hyperglycaemia (474,475,514,521,653,662,670,671) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked- cites [474]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [475] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [514] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [521] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [653] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [662] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [670] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [671] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Elevated glucose causes oxidative stress due to increased production of mitochondrial ROS, non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and glucose auto-oxidation.
“Evans et al. (662) provided evidence that elevated glucose causes oxidative stress due to increased production of mitochondrial ROS, non-enzymatic glycation of proteins and glucose auto-oxidation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [662] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Hyperglycaemia-induced free radical production has an impact on a broad range of metabolic events.
“This clearly points to hyperglycaemia-induced free radical production that has an impact on a broad range of metabolic events.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Casein-derived peptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro slightly, though not significantly, lower CRP concentration in hypertensive subjects after 10 weeks.
“Indeed, the casein-derived peptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro slightly, though not significantly, lowered CRP concentration in hypertensive subjects after 10 weeks (684) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [684] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Adiponectin levels are 13% lower in the highest quintile of dietary GI than in the lowest.
“Adiponectin levels were 13 % lower in the highest quintile of dietary GI than in the lowest quintile.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [315] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Data generally support that dietary fibre intake is associated with reduced low-grade inflammation.
“The data generally support that dietary fibre intake is associated with reduced low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In 34 healthy overweight adults aged 24-42 receiving energy-restricted diets for 6 months, more subjects in the low GL group showed a decline in serum CRP concentration than in the high GL group.
“In one study, thirty-four healthy overweight adults aged 24 -42 years received energy-restricted diets with high or low GL for 6 months (674) ; more subjects in the low GL group showed a decline in serum CRP concentration than in the high GL group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [674] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Serum transferrin receptor remains unaffected in the presence of inflammation or infectious disease.
“Recent studies have suggested that serum transferrin receptor remains unaffected in the presence of inflammation or infectious disease (reviewed in Ahluwalia (690) and Northrop-Clewes (694) ), thus allowing the examination of the role of Fe in conditions with an underlying inflammatory component.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
For dietary GL, adiponectin levels are 18% lower in the highest quintile than in the lowest.
“For dietary GL, adiponectin levels were 18 % lower in the highest quintile than in the lowest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [315] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In diabetic males (n 780, Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study), cereal fibre is positively associated with adiponectin levels after controlling for confounders.
“In a study with diabetic males (n 780, Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study), cereal fibre was positively associated with adiponectin levels after controlling for a number of confounding factors (315) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [315] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In 780 diabetic men from the Health Professionals' Follow-Up Study, dietary GI and GL are both significantly inversely associated with plasma adiponectin concentration in a dose-dependent fashion after adjustment.
“After adjustment for other factors, dietary GI and GL were both significantly inversely associated with plasma adiponectin concentration in a dose-dependent fashion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [315] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
There are no or insufficient human studies to evaluate the efficacy of milk peptides in reducing inflammation.
“but there are no or insufficient human studies to allow evaluation of their efficacy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Increased consumption of dairy products has beneficial effects on plasma CRP and adiponectin concentrations in obese subjects.
“Increased consumption of dairy products has been shown to have beneficial effects on plasma CRP and adiponectin concentrations in obese subjects (683) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [683] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Fe is important in immune/inflammatory responses including neutrophil activation, macrophage effector functions, and Th1/Th2 patterns.
“Fe is important in immune/inflammatory responses including neutrophil activation, macrophage effector functions, and T-helper cell type-1 and -2 (Th1/Th2) patterns (reviewed in Weiss (695) ).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [695] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
It is difficult to study the relationship of Fe with any outcome of interest when inflammation is present.
“Thus, it becomes difficult to study the relationship of Fe with any outcome of interest when inflammation is present.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with poor iron status in obese persons.
“past and emerging evidence indicates that chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with poor Fe status in obese persons (716 -721) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked - Premisecitation
In thirty-one carbohydrate-intolerant patients, phlebotomy-induced iron depletion to near-deficiency levels was associated with reductions in several cardiovascular risk factors and in fibrinogen.
“In a small study with thirty-one carbohydrate-intolerant patients, quantitative phlebotomy was used to induce Fe depletion to near-deficiency levels (715) .The induced Fe deficiency was associated with reductions in several CVD risk factors as well as in the inflammatory marker fibrinogen.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [715] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Similar inverse findings were reported in a cross-sectional study with healthy subjects (n 205) and subjects with metabolic disorders (n 1653) in Italy.
“Similar findings were reported in a cross-sectional study with healthy subjects (n 205) and in subjects with metabolic disorders (n 1653) in Italy (679) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [679] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Most tests of Fe status are affected in response to subclinical inflammation and infections.
“Most tests of Fe status, however, are affected in response to subclinical inflammation and infections (690 -692) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Minor dairy proteins and peptides, especially lactoferrin, show anti-inflammatory effects in different models.
“Minor dairy proteins and peptides, especially lactoferrin, also show anti-inflammatory effects in different models (687 -689) , and hence there is potential for a variety of milk peptides to have anti-inflammatory effects, but there are no or insufficient human studies to allow evaluation of their efficacy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, there is an inverse association between fibre intake and IL-6 and sTNFR2 concentrations.
“However, there was an inverse association between fibre intake and IL-6 and sTNFR2 concentrations in this female population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [681] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight or obese men consuming high or low GI diets for 4 weeks, there are no differences in CRP, TNF-a, IL-6, fibrinogen, sTNFR2 or PAI-1 concentrations.
“In another study, Shikany et al. (675) found no differences in CRP, TNF-a, IL-6, fibrinogen, sTNFR2 or PAI-1 concentrations when overweight or obese men consumed diets with high or low GI for 4 weeks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [675] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In 974 subjects aged 42-87 years, dietary GI is positively associated with CRP concentration.
“In another study in 974 subjects aged 42-87 years, dietary GI was positively associated with CRP concentration (673) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [673] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Levels Study (524 subjects with multiple measurements), dietary total fibre and soluble and insoluble fibre are all inversely related to CRP concentration in adjusted regression models.
“In the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Levels Study involving 524 subjects, who had multiple measurements of CRP and dietary intake, dietary total fibre and soluble and insoluble fibre were all inversely related to CRP concentration in the regression models adjusted for several traditional cardiovascular risk factors, current infection status and season of year (680) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [680] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In 15 overweight subjects, 11-week high- or low-GL diets have no differential effects on CRP, TNF-a, IL-6 or MCP-1 concentrations.
“Likewise, 11-week interventions of high-or low-GL diets in fifteen overweight subjects had no differential effects on CRP, TNF-a, IL-6 or MCP-1 concentrations (676) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [676] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Vitamin D suppresses TNF-α expression in monocytes and macrophages.
“Vitamin D also suppresses TNF-a expression in monocytes/macrophages (734) and down-regulates the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in human monocytes (735 -737) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [734] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Vitamin D has several anti-inflammatory actions.
“Vitamin D has several anti-inflammatory actions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
Witham et al. provided 100 000 IU vitamin D2 or placebo to elderly patients with systolic heart failure at study entry and after ten weeks and found no effect on plasma TNF-α at ten or twenty weeks.
“Witham et al. (751) provided 100 000 IU (2500 mg) vitamin D 2 or placebo to elderly patients with systolic heart failure at study entry (week 0) and after 10 weeks and found no effect on plasma TNF-a at 10 or 20 weeks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [751] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Epidemiological data show that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of several inflammatory diseases, including type 1 diabetes and atherosclerosis.
“epidemiological data show an association between vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of several inflammatory diseases including type 1 diabetes and atherosclerosis (730) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [730] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Association studies have consistently found little, if any, association between vitamin D status and circulating markers of inflammation.
“Thus, association studies have consistently found little, if any, association between vitamin D status and circulating markers of inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In three healthy volunteers, 120 mg iron per day for one week did not change circulating CRP, leucocyte counts, or urinary neopterin.
“In a small study involving three healthy volunteers who received 120 mg Fe/d for a week, there were no changes in circulating CRP concentration or leucocyte counts, or in urinary neopterin concentration (725) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [725] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Two studies that investigated cellular markers of inflammation both reported an anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D.
“However, two studies that investigated cellular markers of inflammation both reported an anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D (747,748) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Exposure to vitamin D increases de-phosphorylation of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases, a subset of the mammalian MAPK family involved in inflammatory processes.
“Exposure to vitamin D increases the rate of the de-phosphorylation of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (739) , a subset of the mammalian MAPK family involved in inflammatory processes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [739] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In vitro, vitamin D modulates the pro-inflammatory profile of monocytes and macrophages from type 2 diabetic patients.
“In vitro, vitamin D modulates the pro-inflammatory profile of monocytes/macrophages from type 2 diabetic patients (733) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [733] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Low plasma vitamin C concentrations were related to central fat distribution, independent of BMI.
“In another study, low plasma vitamin C concentrations were related to central fat distribution, independent of BMI (758) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [758] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Shea et al. reported no significant association between plasma vitamin D concentration and CRP, fibrinogen, TNF-α, IL-6, sTNFR2, sICAM-1, MCP-1, sP-selectin or sCD40 ligand in almost 1400 American adults with a mean age of 59 years.
“Shea et al. (741) reported no significant association between plasma vitamin D concentration and concentrations of CRP, fibrinogen, TNF-a, IL-6, sTNFR2, sICAM-1, MCP-1, sP-selectin and sCD40 ligand in almost 1400 American adults with a mean age of 59 years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [741] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Compared with placebo, vitamin D at 3300 IU per day for twelve months decreased TNF-α concentration by 10% in overweight subjects on a weight-reduction programme.
“However, compared with placebo, vitamin D (3300 IU (82.5 mg)/d for 12 months) resulted in a decrease (by 10 %) in TNF-a concentration in overweight subjects on a weight-reduction programme (752) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [752] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Emerging evidence indicates that the low-grade inflammation of obesity may be associated with low iron status.
“In total, emerging evidence indicates that the low-grade inflammation of obesity may be associated with low Fe status; however, further investigation of this relationship is warranted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Intervention studies suggest little anti-inflammatory action of vitamin D in the sorts of subjects studied.
“Thus, these intervention studies suggest little anti-inflammatory action of vitamin D in the sorts of subjects studied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In over 6500 British adults aged 45 years, significant inverse associations between serum 25(OH)D3 and serum CRP and fibrinogen were lost after adjustment for confounding factors.
“Using data from over 6500 British adults aged 45 years, Hypponen et al. (744) reported that the significant inverse associations between serum 25(OH)D 3 concentration and serum CRP and fibrinogen were lost after adjustment for confounding factors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [744] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Limited studies on iron supplementation or increased red meat intake suggest no major effect on inflammation.
“Taken together, the evidence from these limited studies examining the effect of Fe supplementation or increased red meat intake on inflammatory markers suggests no major effect on inflammation; however, there is a need for further larger well-designed studies to clarify this effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In an eight-week intervention, replacing carbohydrate energy with 200 g per day of lean red meat did not increase oxidative stress or inflammation.
“In this short intervention, increased red meat intake was not associated with increased oxidative stress or inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [723] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
There was no association of vitamin D status with CRP, sICAM-1, MCP-1, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 or IL-17 concentrations in 437 overweight adults.
“or with CRP, sICAM-1, MCP-1, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 or IL-17 concentrations in 437 overweight adults (743) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [743] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
There was no association of vitamin D status with serum CRP concentration in 650 Amish adults.
“Likewise, there was no association of vitamin D status with serum CRP concentration in 650 Amish (742) or with CRP, sICAM-1, MCP-1, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 or IL-17 concentrations in 437 overweight adults (743) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [742] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Vitamin D down-regulates TLR2 and TLR4 expression in human monocytes.
“down-regulates the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in human monocytes (735 -737) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Vitamin D likely plays a paracrine modulatory role in the immune and inflammatory system.
“It seems likely that vitamin D plays a paracrine modulatory role in the immune/inflammatory system (728) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [728] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Most intervention studies with vitamin D have failed to identify a reduction in markers of low-grade inflammation.
“Most intervention studies with vitamin D have failed to identify a reduction in markers of low-grade inflammation (744,749,750) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
NHANES data for 5867 adolescents aged 12-19 years showed no relationship between serum 25(OH)D3 and CRP concentrations.
“Most recently, NHANES data for 5867 adolescents aged 12 -19 years showed no relationship between serum 25(OH)D 3 and CRP concentrations (748) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [748] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Postpartum iron supplementation of 80 mg per day for twelve weeks in non-anaemic iron-deficient women did not significantly alter CRP or leucocyte counts.
“Furthermore, postpartum Fe supplementation (80 mg/d) for 12 weeks in non-anaemic Fe-deficient women did not significantly alter CRP concentration or leucocyte counts (726) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [726] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the Nurses' Health Study, multivariate-adjusted mean plasma IL-18 concentrations were lower by 9%, 11% and 8% for women in the highest intake quintile of flavones, flavanones and total flavonoids, respectively, compared with the lowest quintiles.
“Multivariate-adjusted mean plasma IL-18 concentrations were lower (by 9, 11 and 8 %, respectively) for women in the highest intake quintile of flavones, flavanones and total flavonoids compared with those in the lowest quintiles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [802] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Consumption of a soya isoflavone-enriched cereal bar at 50 mg per day for eight weeks by postmenopausal women had no effect on CRP or other plasma markers of inflammation.
“Consumption of a soya isoflavone-enriched cereal bar (50 mg/d) for 8 weeks by postmenopausal women had no effect on CRP or other plasma markers of inflammation (813) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [813] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A higher intake of soya isoflavones at 114 mg per day for three months did not reduce serum CRP or sE-selectin concentrations in postmenopausal women.
“A higher intake of soya isoflavones (114 mg/d) for 3 months also did not reduce serum CRP or sE-selectin concentrations in postmenopausal women (814) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [814] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In the Nurses' Health Study, multivariate-adjusted geometric plasma sVCAM-1 concentrations were lower by 4% in women in the highest intake quintile of flavonol compared with the lowest quintile.
“Multivariate-adjusted geometric plasma sVCAM-1 concentrations were lower by 4 % in women in the highest intake quintile of flavonol compared with those in the lowest quintile.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [802] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Among 5181 MESA subjects aged 45-84 years, intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E or β-carotene were not associated with CRP, IL-6 or fibrinogen concentrations after adjusting for a number of factors.
“Among 5181 subjects from the MESA aged 45 -84 years, intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E or b-carotene were not associated with CRP, IL-6 or fibrinogen concentrations after adjusting for a number of factors (768) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [768] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In obese postmenopausal women, combining exercise with a soya isoflavone supplement for six months did not decrease plasma CRP concentration compared with exercise plus placebo.
“In obese postmenopausal women, the combination of exercise with a soya isoflavone supplement (duration 6 months) did not decrease plasma CRP concentration compared with exercise þ placebo (812) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [812] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A more recent cross-sectional study using a comprehensive flavonoid database reported that total flavonoid, flavonol and anthocyanidin intakes were inversely associated with plasma CRP concentrations.
“While this study used a rather limited flavonoid database, a more recent crosssectional study applying a comprehensive flavonoid database reported anti-inflammatory effects associated with a high flavonoid intake: total flavonoid, flavonol and anthocyanidin intakes were inversely associated with plasma CRP concentrations (323) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [323] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In patients with coronary artery disease, plasma β-carotene, but not lycopene, was inversely correlated with plasma CRP concentrations.
“In patients with coronary artery disease, plasma concentrations of b-carotene, but not lycopene, were inversely correlated with plasma CRP concentrations (777) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [777] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
In contrast to observational studies that provide a fairly consistent picture of an anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids, intervention studies using supplements of these antioxidant vitamins either alone or in various combinations provide a less consistent set of observations.
“Thus, in contrast to observational studies that provide a fairly consistent picture of an anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids, intervention studies using supplements of these antioxidant vitamins either alone or in various combinations provide a less consistent set of observations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Intake of soya either high or low in isoflavones for one, two or four months had no effect on CRP, SAA or TNF-α concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic men or postmenopausal women.
“The intake of soya either high or low in isoflavones for 1, 2 or 4 months had also no effect on CRP, SAA or TNF-a concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic men or in postmenopausal women (356,359,362) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In a prospective study with young normal-weight adults, a high intake of carotenoids was inversely related to plasma CRP and ICAM concentrations after 7 and 15 years of follow-up.
“In one prospective study with young normal-weight adults, a high intake of carotenoids (a-carotene, b-carotene, zeaxanthin/ lutein and b-cryptoxanthin) was inversely related to plasma CRP and ICAM concentrations after 7 and 15 years of follow-up (778) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [778] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In two intervention studies with healthy postmenopausal women, intake of genistein at 54 or 40 mg per day for six months did not significantly affect plasma CRP concentrations.
“In two intervention studies with healthy postmenopausal women, the intake of genistein (54 or 40 mg/d) for 6 months did not significantly affect plasma CRP concentrations (810,811) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Taking 1 g vitamin C or 533 mg α-tocopherol before a high-fat test meal blunted the acute CRP response to the meal.
“Taking 1 g of vitamin C or 533 mg of a-tocopherol before consuming a high-fat test meal blunted the acute CRP response to the meal (781) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [781] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Quercetin at 50, 100 or 150 mg per day for two weeks did not affect serum TNF-α concentrations in healthy adults.
“Quercetin (50, 100 or 150 mg/d for 2 weeks) did not affect serum concentrations of TNF-a in healthy adults (805) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [805] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Belisle et al. showed that the ability of α-tocopherol to lower LPS-stimulated TNF-α production by whole blood was determined in part by polymorphisms within the TNF-α gene.
“Such an effect has been identified by Belisle et al. (800) who showed that the ability of a-tocopherol to lower the LPS-stimulated production of TNF-a by whole blood was determined in part by polymorphisms within the TNF-a gene.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [800]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Intake of flavonols and flavones was not correlated with plasma CRP or IL-6 concentrations in healthy women with BMI 25.8-26.2 kg/m2.
“The intake of flavonols and flavones was not correlated with plasma concentrations of CRP or IL-6 in healthy women (BMI 25•8-26•2 kg/m 2 ) (801) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [801] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The Women's Health Study reported that higher plasma concentrations of α- and β-carotene were associated with lower plasma CRP concentrations.
“Recent data from the Womens' Health Study reported that higher plasma concentrations of aand b-carotene were associated with lower plasma CRP concentrations (769) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [769] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A larger Japanese study of 778 men and 1404 women reported an inverse association between serum vitamin C and CRP concentrations after adjustment for confounders.
“A larger Japanese study (n 778 men and 1404 women) reported an inverse association between serum vitamin C and CRP concentrations after adjustment for confounders (775) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [775] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In vitro, vitamin E exerts a range of anti-inflammatory actions on pro-inflammatory cytokine and eicosanoid production and on adhesive interactions of monocytes with endothelial cells.
“In vitro, vitamin E exerts a range of anti-inflammatory actions with regard to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids and adhesive interactions of monocytes with endothelial cells (750,759 -761) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Premisecitation
Isoflavone-rich soya at 107 mg per day as aglycone, 50% as genistein, for six weeks did not affect sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 or sE-selectin concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women compared with isoflavone-poor soya.
“I n another study, isoflavone-rich soya (107 mg/d as aglycone; 50 % as genestein) for 6 weeks did not affect sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 or sE-selectin concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women compared with isoflavone-poor soya (815) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [815] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Overall, cross-sectional and prospective studies fairly consistently demonstrate that higher intake and status of vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids is associated with lower levels of low-grade inflammation.
“Thus, overall, crosssectional and prospective studies fairly consistently demonstrate that a higher intake and status of vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids is associated with lower levels of low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Microbiota composition and related local intestinal metabolism undergo significant changes in various disease states characterised by chronic inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and obesity.
“The microbiota composition and the related local intestinal metabolism undergoes significant changes in various disease states that are characterised by chronic inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease (823) , colorectal cancer and obesity (824,825) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In a randomised human intervention trial with healthy normal-weight adults, supplementation with a bilberry extract providing 300 mg anthocyanins per day reduced plasma concentrations of several NF-κB-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, RANTES and IFN-α).
“In a randomised human intervention trial with healthy normal-weight adults, supplementation with a bilberry extract providing 300 mg anthocyanins/d (equal to 100 g of fresh bilberries) reduced plasma concentrations of several NF-kB-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, RANTES and IFN-a) (337) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [337] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Higher intakes of selected flavonoid subclasses are associated with modestly lower concentrations of some inflammatory biomarkers.
“Thus, the study suggests that higher intakes of selected flavonoid subclasses are associated with modestly lower concentrations of some inflammatory biomarkers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Overall, the majority of studies with soya-derived isoflavones did not observe a significant effect on inflammatory processes in human subjects.
“Overall, the majority of the studies with soyaderived isoflavones did not observe a significant effect on inflammatory processes in human subjects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A cross-sectional study in 242 men and postmenopausal women in Northern Italy revealed inverse associations between dietary intake of the lignans matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol and plasma sICAM-1 concentrations.
“A cross-sectional study in 242 men and postmenopausal women in Northern Italy revealed inverse associations between dietary intake of the lignans matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol and plasma concentrations of sICAM-1 (819) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [819] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Among 704 70-year-old Swedish men, dietary intakes of vitamin C and α-tocopherol, but not β-carotene, were inversely associated with CRP and IL-6 concentrations measured seven years after dietary information was collected.
“Among 704 70-year-old Swedish men, dietary intakes of vitamin C and a-tocopherol, but not of b-carotene, were inversely associated with CRP and IL-6 concentrations measured 7 years after the dietary information was collected (780) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [780] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
α-Tocopherol at 800 mg per day for three months decreased plasma CRP concentrations in type 2 diabetics.
“a-Tocopherol (800 mg/d for 3 months) decreased plasma CRP concentrations in type 2 diabetics (788) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [788] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Smokers given 515 mg vitamin C per day for two months had a 24% reduction in plasma CRP concentrations.
“Smokers given 515 mg vitamin C/d for 2 months had a 24 % reduction in plasma CRP concentrations (786) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [786] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Quercetin at 1 g per day for 21 days failed to attenuate muscle inflammation in ultramarathon runners and trained cyclists.
“Quercetin (1 g/d for 21 d) failed to attenuate muscle inflammation in ultramarathon runners (807) and in trained cyclists (808,809) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In poorly nourished elderly subjects, oligofructose at 1.95-3.9 g per day for twelve weeks as part of a nutritional supplement had no effect on plasma TNF-α or sIL-6R concentrations.
“In another study, in poorly nourished elderly subjects (age .70years), oligofructose (1•95-3•9 g/d for 12 weeks as part of a nutritional supplement) had no effect on plasma TNF-a or sIL-6R concentrations (838) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [838] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A combination of L. gasseri CECT5714 and L. coryniformis CECT5711 with Staphylococcus thermophilus for two or four weeks had no effect on serum TNF-α or IL-12 concentrations in healthy adults aged 23-43 years.
“Likewise, the combination of L. gasseri CECT5714 and L. coryniformis CECT5711 (2 £ 10 9 CFU of each/d) with Staphylococcus thermophilus (10 8 CFU/d) for 2 or 4 weeks had no effect on serum TNF-a or IL-12 concentrations in healthy adults aged 23-43 years (830,831) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisenone given
Several studies of various probiotic bacteria have not shown consistent effects on markers of chronic low-grade inflammation.
“Several studies of various probiotic bacteria have failed to demonstrate any consistent effects on markers of chronic low-grade inflammation, despite their apparent effectiveness in higher-grade inflammatory states.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Interpretationnone given
Moderate alcohol intake reduces low-grade inflammation.
“Moderate alcohol consumption decreases low-grade inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“Alcohol appears to have a 'U-shaped' effect on low-grade inflammation, with the most protective action (i.e. the lowest inflammatory marker concentrations) corresponding to one or two alcoholic drinks per d.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
- Premisenone given
Dietary fibre reduces low-grade inflammation.
“Dietary fibre decreases low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Premisecitation
In overweight subjects, plasma phospholipid total saturated fatty acid levels are not associated with CRP.
“Total SFA:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
Adherence to healthy dietary patterns, including Mediterranean and vegetarian diets and the Food Guide Pyramid, is linked to lower inflammatory marker concentrations.
“Healthy eating patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, vegetarian diets and adherence to the Food Guide Pyramid are associated with lower concentrations of inflammatory markers; this is observed mainly from crosssectional and prospective studies, although intervention studies with the Mediterranean diet have been positive.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Interpretationreasoning
There seems to be a strong association between the nature of the gut microbiota and inflammation.
“Thus, there seems to be a strong association between the nature of the gut microbiota and inflammation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In overweight subjects, plasma cholesteryl ester total saturated fatty acid levels are not associated with CRP.
“Total SFA:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
Compared with SFA, PUFA are anti-inflammatory.
“Relative to SFA, PUFA are anti-inflammatory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Premisereasoning
Diet influences chronic low-grade inflammation, as shown by fasting blood concentrations of inflammatory markers.
“In addition to the direct effect of foods and their constituents on postprandial inflammation, diet has an impact on chronic low-grade inflammation, manifested as the basal (i.e.fasting state) concentrations of inflammatory markers in the bloodstream, including cytokines, chemokines, acute-phase proteins, soluble adhesion molecules and cytokine receptors, etc.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Premisenone given
Tocopherols and carotenoids may differ in their anti-inflammatory properties and potency.
“aand g-Tocopherols and the different carotenoids may have different anti-inflammatory properties and potencies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Premisecitation
In overweight subjects, plasma cholesteryl ester alpha-linolenic acid and EPA are inversely associated with CRP.
“aLNA, EPA: ¼ IL-6; # CRP”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
Obese people have higher fasting blood concentrations of many inflammatory markers.
“Obese people have higher circulating concentrations of many inflammatory markers (measured in the 'resting' state, i.e. in fasted blood), and these are believed to play a role in causing insulin resistance and in other metabolic disturbances of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In institutionalised elderly subjects, a six-month trial with B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 or a combination of B. longum 2C and B. longum 46 showed no group differences in serum TNF-α, IL-10 or TGF-β concentrations.
“Although there were some changes over time, the groups did not differ in serum TNF-a, IL-10 or TGF-b concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [833] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
Plant-derived flavonoids are probably protective against low-grade inflammation.
“Plant-derived flavonoids are likely to be protective.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“There are likely to be many plant-derived substances that influence low-grade inflammation and which may have a role as part of a healthy 'anti-inflammatory diet'.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
- Premisecitation
In overweight subjects, plasma cholesteryl ester alpha-linolenic acid and EPA are not associated with IL-6.
“aLNA, EPA: ¼ IL-6; # CRP”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Physical activity reduces low-grade inflammation.
“Physical activity decreases low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
It is premature to draw conclusions about the relationship between prebiotics and circulating inflammatory markers in chronic low-grade inflammation.
“Thus, it is premature to draw conclusions about this relationship.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Adipose tissue helps establish chronic low-grade inflammation, since its constituent cells synthesize and secrete the relevant mediators.
“Adipose tissue plays a role in establishing the chronic low-grade inflammatory state because cells within that tissue can produce and release the mediators involved.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“Adipose tissue releases many of the characteristic mediators of inflammation including some of the classic pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as adiponectin which is considered to be anti-inflammatory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
- Premisecitation
In institutionalised elderly subjects with a mean age of 76 years, a combination of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus at 8×10^9 CFU of each per day for 28 days had no effect on serum TNF-α concentration.
“In a small study in institutionalised elderly subjects (mean age 76 years), there was no effect of the combination of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus (8 £ 10 9 colony forming units (CFU) of each/d for 28 d) on serum TNF-a concentration (828) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [828] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
A healthy diet is linked to lower low-grade inflammation.
“A healthy diet is associated with decreased low-grade inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“Healthy eating patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, vegetarian diets and adherence to the Food Guide Pyramid are associated with lower concentrations of inflammatory markers; this is observed mainly from crosssectional and prospective studies, although intervention studies with the Mediterranean diet have been positive.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
- Premisenone given
There is good evidence from model systems and human observational and intervention studies that vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids lower inflammatory marker concentrations.
“There is good evidence from both model systems and from human observational and intervention studies that vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids decrease the concentrations of inflammatory markers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Premisereasoning
Marine n-3 PUFA have the strongest anti-inflammatory potential.
“Marine n-3 PUFA have the greatest anti-inflammatory potential.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Interpretationreasoning
Strong evidence that tea, coffee, or cocoa has an anti-inflammatory effect is lacking.
“Strong evidence in favour of an antiinflammatory effect of tea (black or green), coffee (caffeinated or decaffeinated) and cocoa is lacking, despite positive effects on oxidative stress and the anti-inflammatory effects, mainly demonstrated in model systems (e.g.cell cultures), of components of these foods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Premisecitation
L. salivarius UCC118 at 10^10 CFU per day for 21 days did not affect serum IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, sIL-2R, sIL-6R, TNF-α or IFN-γ concentrations in healthy adults aged 20-65 years.
“L. salivarius UCC118 (10 10 CFU/d for 21 d) did not affect serum IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-4, sIL-2R, sIL-6R, TNF-a or IFN-g concentrations in healthy adults aged 20 -65 years (829) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [829] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight subjects, the ratio of PUFA to SFA in plasma phospholipids is inversely associated with IL-6.
“Ratio of PUFA to SFA: ¼ CRP; # IL-6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Alcohol shows a U-shaped association with low-grade inflammation, with the lowest marker concentrations at one or two drinks per day.
“Alcohol appears to have a 'U-shaped' effect on low-grade inflammation, with the most protective action (i.e. the lowest inflammatory marker concentrations) corresponding to one or two alcoholic drinks per d.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Premisecitation
In overweight subjects, the ratio of PUFA to SFA in plasma cholesteryl esters is inversely associated with IL-6.
“Ratio of PUFA to SFA: ¼ CRP; # IL-6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In a Japanese general population aged over 70 years, dietary EPA and DHA intake is inversely associated with CRP.
“EPA þ DHA: # CRP”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [581] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight subjects, plasma phospholipid linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA are not associated with CRP or IL-6.
“Linoleic acid, aLNA, EPA, DHA: ¼ CRP, IL-6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Most available evidence indicates that soya phyto-oestrogens and soya protein do not affect low-grade inflammation.
“The majority of available evidence indicates that soya phyto-oestrogens and soya protein do not affect low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Premisecitation
In healthy older adults, supplementation with 1 g/d EPA and DHA for 12 weeks inversely affected sVCAM-1.
“# sVCAM-1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [605] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy older adults, supplementation with 0.7 g/d DHA for 12 weeks did not affect sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, or sE-selectin.
“DHA: ¼ sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [605] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy adults, supplementation with 0.96 g/d EPA and DHA for 12 weeks did not affect CRP, sTNFR1, or sTNFR2.
“¼ CRP, sTNFR1, sTNFR2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [626] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy adults, supplementation with EPA and DHA at 2.0 or 6.6 g/d for 12 weeks did not affect CRP.
“¼ CRP”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [633] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight insulin-resistant women, supplementation with 4.2 g/d EPA and DHA plus a weight-loss programme for 24 weeks did not affect CRP, TNF-alpha, or IL-6.
“¼ CRP, TNF-a,I L -6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [632] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In overweight women with type 2 diabetes, supplementation with 1.8 g/d EPA and DHA for 8 weeks did not affect IL-6, TNF-alpha, SAA, or adiponectin.
“¼ IL-6, TNF-a, SAA, adiponectin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [630] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy adults, high-dose (5.8 g/d) EPA and DHA supplementation for 3 years inversely affected sP-selectin.
“# sP-selectin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [625] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy men, supplementation with EPA and DHA at doses up to 3.19 g/d for up to 52 weeks did not affect TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or IL-1ra.
“¼ TNF-a,IL-1b, IL-1ra”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [620] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In obese men, supplementation with 3.5 g/d EPA and DHA for 6 weeks did not affect CRP, IL-6, or TNF-alpha.
“¼ CRP, IL-6, TNF-a”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [623] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy adults, low-dose (1.6 g/d) EPA and DHA supplementation for 3 years inversely affected sICAM-1, especially in women.
“# sICAM-1 (especially in women)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [625] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In hyperlipaemic male smokers, supplementation with 4.8 g/d EPA and DHA for 6 weeks inversely affected von Willebrand factor and thrombomodulin.
“# von Willibrand factor, thrombomodulin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [642] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In obese men, supplementation with 1.1 g/d EPA and DHA for 6 weeks did not affect CRP, IL-6, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, or PAI-1.
“¼ CRP, IL-6, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, PAI-1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [164] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In patients with coronary heart disease, supplementation with 5.1 g/d EPA and DHA for 24 weeks inversely affected von Willebrand factor and thrombomodulin.
“# von Willibrand factor, thrombomodulin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [629] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy and hyperlipidaemic adults, supplementation with 3.6 g/d EPA and DHA for up to 6 weeks inversely affected sE-selectin.
“# sE-selectin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [618] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In healthy and hyperlipidaemic adults, supplementation with 3.6 g/d EPA and DHA for up to 6 weeks did not affect sICAM-1 or sVCAM-1.
“¼ sICAM-1, sVCAM-1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [618] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In men with hyperlipidaemia, supplementation with 2.4 g/d EPA and DHA for 3 years inversely affected sICAM-1 and thrombomodulin.
“# sICAM-1, thrombomodulin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [628] source
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 209
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 11
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAbdominal obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and CVD, and probably for obesity-associated hepatic diseases.
“Abdominal obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and CVD (50) , and also probably obesityassociated hepatic diseases (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMacrophages accumulate in adipose tissue in obesity and may be major contributors to adipokine production.
“It is now recognised that macrophages accumulate in the adipose tissue in obesity (10,11) (Fig. 1) and that these may represent major contributors to the production of adipokines (12,13) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMost studies identifying roles of adipose hormones were performed in rodents, and their immune and insulin-sensitising effects in humans remain unclear.
“It should be noted that most studies identifying the roles of these hormones have been performed in rodents and the immune and insulin-sensitising effects of these hormones in humans remain unclear (20,21) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [20] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [21]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe anatomical location of adipose tissue is of paramount importance for its physiological function, gene expression, and responses to insulin, catecholamines, sex hormones and cortisol.
“It appears that the anatomical localisation of adipose tissue is of paramount importance in relation to its physiological function, i.e. handling of lipids (lipogenesis, lipolytic activity), expression of multiple genes, and response to insulin, catecholamines, sex hormones and cortisol (51) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn obesity, adipose tissue becomes a major producer of inflammatory mediators, creating a chronic local and systemic inflammatory milieu, although liver and lymphoid organs are usually major production sites.
“It should be noted that the liver and the lymphoid organs are usually the major production sites of these inflammatory mediators but in obesity, adipose tissue becomes a major producer resulting in a chronic and constant local and systemic inflammatory milieu (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 2
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTNF-a expression is elevated in adipocytes of obese and insulin-resistant mice, and insulin sensitivity improves after anti-TNF-a antibody administration.
“The expression of TNF-a is elevated in adipocytes of obese and insulin-resistant mice, while insulin sensitivity is improved following administration of anti-TNF-a antibodies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAbdominal, central, visceral or android obesity increases risk for diabetes and atherosclerosis, whereas lower-body or gynoid obesity does not appear to have major metabolic consequences.
“accumulation of adipose tissue in the thorax and abdomen (variously termed abdominal, central, visceral, splanchnic or android obesity) results in an increased risk for diabetes and atherosclerosis, while excess adipose tissue in the lower part of the body (termed gynoid obesity) does not appear to be associated with major metabolic consequences (44,45) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [44]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [45] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVisfatin and resistin contribute to insulin resistance, while omentin appears to be an insulin sensitiser.
“Similarly, visfatin (16) and resistin (17) contribute to the development of insulin resistance, while omentin (18,19) appears to be an insulin sensitiser.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [16]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [17]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [18]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [19]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLeptin appears pro-inflammatory, while adiponectin appears anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitising.
“Leptin appears to be pro-inflammatory (14) , while adiponectin appears to be anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitising (15) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [14]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [15]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdipokines are substances produced by adipose tissue that circulate in blood and exert systemic hormonal effects.
“The discovery of leptin introduced the concept of 'adipocytokines' or 'adipokines', substances produced by adipose tissue and which circulate in the bloodstream, so exerting systemic effects as hormones (9) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLeptin is produced and secreted by white adipose tissue.
“Leptin is produced and secreted by white adipose tissue.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIL-6 and TNF-a appear to be synthesised equally by different adipose tissue sites.
“In contrast to such distributions, there are reports that IL-6 and TNF-a seem to be equally synthesised by the different sites (28,36,53 -59) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 9 sources checked- cites [28] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [36] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [53] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [54] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [55] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [56] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [57] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [58] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [59] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThese cellular alterations occur in co-cultures without direct cell contact, suggesting soluble factors play a key role, though direct cell-cell interaction cannot be excluded.
“These cellular alterations are induced in co-cultures without direct cellular contact, suggesting the key role of soluble factors, although it cannot be excluded that a direct cell -cell interaction also plays a role in modifying pre-adipocyte or adipocyte biology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [87]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [88]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAdipose tissue of obese subjects could be hypoxic in some areas, inducing local chemokine expression.
“Adipose tissue of obese subjects could be hypoxic in some areas and a local expression of chemokines could be induced.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHuman pre-adipocytes exposed to medium from human macrophages acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype, secrete IL-6 and IL-8, grow well but differentiate poorly.
“In the presence of a medium derived from human macrophages, human pre-adipocytes showed a drastic change in their phenotype, acquiring a pro-inflammatory phenotype and secreting significant amounts of IL-6 and IL-8, and they grew well (87) , but differentiated poorly (87,88) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [87]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [88]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationPro-inflammatory T-lymphocytes are present in visceral adipose tissue and may contribute to local inflammatory cell activation before macrophages appear, suggesting a role in initiation and perpetuation of adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance.
“Most recently, it has been shown that pro-inflammatory T-lymphocytes are present in visceral adipose tissue and may contribute to local inflammatory cell activation before the appearance of macrophages, suggesting that these cells could play an important role in the initiation and perpetuation of adipose tissue inflammation as well as the development of insulin resistance (69) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [69]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTNF-a and IL-6 have specific effects on adipocyte functions, including increased lipolysis, modified secretion and induced insulin resistance.
“The specific effects of TNF-a and IL-6 on different adipocyte functions (increased lipolysis, modification of adipocyte secretion patterns and induction of adipocyte insulin resistance) have been shown (86) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [86]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHIF-1a is overexpressed in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects and decreases during weight reduction.
“Hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, a transcription factor normally induced by hypoxia, is overexpressed in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects and its expression is decreased during weight reduction (31) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSAA and leptin production by adipose tissue depends on adipocyte size.
“SAA and leptin production by adipose tissue depends on adipocyte size (18,19,23,62) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [18]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [19]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [23] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [62]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIsolated adipocytes from obese subjects overexpress and secrete SAA and leptin abundantly, while adiponectin secretion is suppressed.
“SAA is overexpressed and secreted in abundance by isolated adipocytes from obese subjects, as is leptin, while secretion of adiponectin is suppressed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [18]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [19]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [23] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [62]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCD3-positive T-lymphocytes are present in human adipose tissue, and RANTES and its receptor CCR5 are expressed in visceral adipose tissue of morbidly obese patients.
“Furthermore, Wu et al. (71) demonstrated the presence of CD3-positive T-lymphocytes in human adipose tissue and described the expression of RANTES, a T-cell-specific chemokine, and its respective receptor CCR5 in the visceral adipose tissue of morbidly obese patients.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [71]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [72]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdipose tissue macrophages can be pro- or anti-inflammatory depending on degree and evolution of obesity, with weight gain shifting macrophages from M2 anti-inflammatory to M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype in mice.
“Although these macrophages express activation markers, they could be pro-or antiinflammatory depending on the degree of obesity and its evolution as suggested by studies in mice showing that weight gain is accompanied by transformation from a macrophagic M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype towards an M1 (proinflammatory) profile (75) (Fig. 3) (76) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [75]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [76]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLeptin is preferentially expressed and secreted by subcutaneous adipose tissue, while adiponectin, visfatin, omentin, resistin, PAI-1, IL-8, IL-7, IL-1a, MCP-1, TGF-b, growth-related oncogene, CCL5 and MIP-1b are expressed more in abdominal fat.
“Thus, leptin is preferentially expressed and secreted by subcutaneous adipose tissue (52) , while the expression of adiponectin, visfatin, omentin, resistin, PAI-1, IL-8, IL-7, IL-1a, MCP-1, TGF-b, growth-related oncogena, CCL5 and MIP-1b is higher in abdominal fat.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked- cites [52] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [28] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [36] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [53] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [54] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [55] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [56] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [57] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [58] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [59] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLeptin, which has indirect chemoattractant properties, is induced by hypoxia.
“It should be noted that leptin, which possesses indirect chemoattractant properties, is induced by hypoxia (83) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [83]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn mice, macrophage infiltration of obese adipose tissue is accompanied or preceded by T-lymphocyte influx, and T-cells may have a key early role.
“More recent studies in mice have suggested that the infiltration of obese adipose tissue by macrophages is accompanied or even preceded by an influx of T-lymphocytes (68 -71) and that T-cells have a key early role (69) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [68]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [69]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [70]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [71]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdiponectin overexpression in apoE2/2 mice reduces lesion size after acute ischaemic myocardial infarction, increases angiogenesis and reduces atheromatous plaque size.
“Overexpression of adiponectin results in diminished size of the lesions observed following acute ischaemic myocardial infarction, increased angiogenic properties and reduced size of atheromatous plaques in the genetically predisposed apoE 2/2 mouse (103) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [103] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter bariatric surgery, IL-6 concentration dropped slowly while SAA and CRP dropped more quickly.
“After the surgery, the concentration of IL-6 dropped slowly while the concentrations of SAA and CRP dropped more quickly (126) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [126]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationProinflammatory cytokine signalling activates IKKb and JNK1, which phosphorylate Ser307 of IRS-1, preventing insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream signalling.
“Proinflammatory cytokine signalling usually activates the kinases IkB kinase b and C-jun N-terminal kinase 1, both of which in turn phosphorylate the Ser 307 residue of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1.This prevents the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of IRS-1 by the insulin receptor and the downstream signalling cascade.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [128] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIL-6 induces SOCS3 via the STAT3-mTOR pathway.
“Induction of suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 by IL-6 occurs via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (132) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [132]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMitigation of systemic inflammation during weight loss is associated with changes in adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression and may be linked to altered inflammatory protein secretion.
“Overall, the mitigation of the systemic inflammatory profile observed during weight loss is associated with modifications of adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression, and this may be linked with altered profiles of inflammatory protein secretion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationROS are critical to TNF-a effects on insulin signalling, and mitochondrial dysfunction is involved.
“There is convincing evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical to the effects of TNF-a on insulin signalling (136) , and also that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved (137) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [136] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [137]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWeight loss induced by gastric bypass reduces circulating visfatin and TNF-a.
“Weight loss induced by gastric bypass reduced the circulating concentrations of visfatin (123) and TNF-a (124,125) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [123]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [124]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [125] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationMacrophage accumulation is more abundant in abdominal than subcutaneous adipose tissue, which could explain some risks of intra-abdominal fat.
“Macrophage accumulation is more abundant in the abdominal adipose tissue (65) than in the subcutaneous tissue, and this could explain some of the risks associated with the accumulation of intra-abdominal fat.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [65]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDuring weight-loss programmes, concentrations of many inflammatory molecules and endothelial risk factors decrease and adiponectin increases, sometimes with improved insulin sensitivity.
“A reduction in concentrations of numerous inflammatory molecules and endothelial risk factors, and an increase in adiponectin concentration have been observed during weight-loss programmes, and these are sometimes associated with improvement of insulin sensitivity (111) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [111] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIn cardiovascular disease, adipokines can be considered risk factors and may directly favour initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.
“In the cardiovascular field, they can be considered as risk factors, and even directly play a pathophysiological role favouring the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn diabetic or glucose-intolerant patients, adipose-produced mediators such as CCL5, IL-1b, IL-8 and oxidative stress markers are increased, and insulin therapy reduces their circulating concentrations.
“Several inflammatory mediators produced by adipose tissue, such as CCL5, IL-1b and IL-8, as well as markers of oxidative stress, are increased in diabetic or glucose-intolerant patients, and the amelioration of hyperglycaemia by insulin therapy reduces circulating concentrations of these molecules (104,105) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [104] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [105]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningBecause abdominal adipose tissue is partly drained by the portal system, adipokines, high NEFA fluxes and hormones from adipose tissue could contribute to altered hepatic function in obese subjects.
“Since the abdominal adipose tissue is partly drained by the portal system, it cannot be excluded that some adipokines, together with high NEFA fluxes and hormones delivered by the adipose tissue, could contribute to the alteration of hepatic function observed in obese subjects, the mechanism of which needs to be better dissected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTLR-4 is expressed by adipocytes and overexpressed during obesity.
“TLR-4 is expressed by adipocytes and is overexpressed during obesity (96) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [96]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter 4 weeks, 100 inflammation-linked genes were modified, with 41% increased and 59% decreased.
“The expression of 100 genes linked to inflammatory processes was modified after 4 weeks (41 % increased and 59 % decreased).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [127]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMature adipocytes in culture with medium from activated macrophages show increased lipolysis and insulin resistance in addition to a pro-inflammatory state.
“Other than the proinflammatory state, increased lipolysis and resistance to insulin have been observed (89,90) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [89]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [90]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningAnti-inflammatory treatment did not significantly decrease circulating TNF-a, MCP-1, or IL-8, indicating no general down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
“There was no significant decrease in circulating TNF-a, MCP-1 or IL-8 concentrations, which indicates that there was no general down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOverall, studies of anti-inflammatory therapy support inflammatory mediators as contributors to insulin resistance pathogenesis but do not provide clear evidence of a critical pathogenic role of TNF-a or IL-1.
“The overall conclusion is that results of studies of anti-inflammatory therapy generally support the concept of inflammatory mediators as contributors to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, but have as yet not provided clear evidence of a critical pathogenic role of TNF-a or IL-1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSalicylates are weak inhibitors of IKKb and serine phosphorylation of IRS proteins.
“The longest experience is with the use of salicylates which are weak inhibitors of IkB kinase b and of serine phosphorylation of IRS proteins (143,144) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [143]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [144]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSTAMP2 has been proposed as a major determinant of the postprandial inflammatory response, blocking activated inflammatory signalling in adipocytes and possibly macrophages.
“A six-transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) has been proposed as a major determinant of the postprandial inflammatory response (170) , acting to block activated inflammatory signalling pathways in adipocytes and possibly in macrophages.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [170]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHepatocytes, adipocytes, muscle cells and endothelium synthesise inflammatory mediators, but local activated macrophages appear dominant in synthesis/secretion, leading to spillover into general circulation.
“Hepatocytes, adipocytes, muscle cells and the endothelium are sites of inflammatory mediator synthesis, but local activated macrophages appear to be the dominant site of synthesis and secretion, which leads to spillover into the general circulation (66,67,142) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [66]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [67]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [142]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAgeing is accompanied by a low-grade chronic inflammatory state, shown by 2- to 4-fold increases in serum levels of several inflammatory mediators in older persons.
“Ageing is accompanied by a low-grade, chronic inflammatory state clearly shown by 2-to 4-fold increases in serum levels of several inflammatory mediators in older persons (173) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [173] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPostprandial hyperglycaemia can suppress antioxidant capacity and its ability to curb an inflammatory reaction.
“Postprandial hyperglycaemia can suppress antioxidant capacity (169) and thus its ability to curb an inflammatory reaction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [169]
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Hyperglycaemia induces free radicals that initiate an inflammatory reaction.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningLiver cell functions may be affected by inflammatory mediators released from abdominal adipose tissue because of their blood link.
“In addition to paracrine effects, it is conceivable that the functions of liver cells are affected by inflammatory mediators released from the abdominal adipose tissue because of their blood link.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationObesity is an important determinant of the magnitude of the postprandial inflammatory response, perhaps more important than specific meal components.
“Obesity is considered an important determinant of the magnitude of the postprandial inflammatory response (163) , perhaps being more important than any specific component of a meal inducing the response.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [163]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAnti-inflammatory treatment significantly decreased systemic CRP and IL-6 but did not change insulin resistance.
“However, although there was a significant decrease in systemic CRP and IL-6 concentrations in response to anti-inflammatory treatment, there was no change in insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment index and euglycaemichyperinsulinaemic clamp studies).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDaily recombinant human IL-1ra injections for 13 weeks decreased glycated Hb and enhanced endogenous insulin production in a controlled double-blind trial.
“A first controlled double-blind trial was performed with daily injections of recombinant human IL-1ra for 13 weeks.This resulted in decreased glycated Hb levels and enhanced endogenous insulin production (148) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [148]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn elderly people, physical activity is inversely associated with inflammatory markers, independent of BMI, and the association is suggested to be dose-dependent.
“Rather consistent inverse, BMI-independent, associations are found and the associations are suggested to be dosedependent; the more physically active the person, the lower the inflammatory markers (208,224) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn elderly participants, training significantly reduced inflammatory markers without changes in BMI or body fat.
“Several training interventions have not produced changes in basal IL-6 or CRP concentrations (213 -218) , while significant reductions in inflammatory markers have been observed following training without changes in BMI or body fat in elderly participants (219,220) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPlasma IL-6 increases exponentially with exercise and relates to exercise intensity, duration, muscle mass recruited, and endurance capacity.
“Plasma IL-6 increases in an exponential fashion with exercise and is related to exercise intensity, duration, the mass of muscle recruited and endurance capacity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [206]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [207]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [208] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCRP, IL-6, and TNF-a are negatively associated with muscle strength.
“Other studies have also shown a negative association of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-a with muscle strength (228,232) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [228]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [232]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 1020 participants aged 65 years and older, functional fitness was inversely associated with IL-6 and IL-1ra but not with CRP, TNF-a, IL-10, or IL-1b.
“Functional fitness was inversely associated with IL-6 and IL-1ra concentrations (but not with CRP, TNF-a, IL-10 or IL-1b) in a prospective population-based study of 1020 participants aged 65 years and older (223,231) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [223]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [231]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMuscle-derived IL-6 and other cytokines are suggested to mediate health-beneficial effects of exercise and protect against diseases associated with low-grade inflammation.
“IL-6 and other cytokines that are produced and released by skeletal muscles have been suggested to be involved in mediating the health-beneficial effects of exercise and to play important roles in the protection against diseases associated with low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [206]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [207]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [208] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationVO2max attained during graded maximal exercise to voluntary exhaustion is considered the single best indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness.
“Maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) attained during a graded maximal exercise to voluntary exhaustion is considered as the single best indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness (197) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [197]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPhysical inactivity and obesity are modifiable behavioural risk factors for a wide range of chronic diseases, particularly CVD.
“Physical inactivity and obesity are also increasingly recognised as modifiable behavioural risk factors for a wide range of chronic diseases, and in particular for CVD (195) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [195]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPhysiological concentrations of IL-6 stimulate circulating IL-1ra and IL-10 and inhibit TNF-a production.
“(2) Physiological concentrations of IL-6 stimulate the appearance in the circulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ra and IL-10 and inhibit the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-a.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [206]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [207]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [208] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn cardiac rehabilitation patients, exercise training reduced median CRP by 41%, while CRP did not change in non-exercisers.
“In a relatively large intervention study of exercise training on cardiac rehabilitation patients, the median CRP concentration was reduced by 41 %, while CRP concentrations did not change in subjects who did not exercise (236) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [236]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationInflammatory mediators influence pathological processes or act as sensitive markers of subclinical disorders in the elderly.
“This indicates that these inflammatory mediators influence pathological processes or act as very sensitive markers of subclinical disorders in the elderly (173) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [173] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn men, cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with CRP concentration and prevalence of elevated CRP.
“Cross-sectional studies in men from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study have demonstrated that cardiorespiratory fitness levels are inversely associated with CRP concentration and also the prevalence of elevated CRP concentrations (248) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [248]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReduced energy intake is paramount compared with the nature of low-energy food; decreased inflammatory markers occur with low-energy fat-rich and low-energy carbohydrate-rich diets.
“Early studies have shown that reduced energy intake is paramount compared with the nature of low-energy food, i.e. decreased concentrations of inflammatory markers are observed with a low-energy, fat-rich as well as with a low-energy, carbohydrate-rich diet (279) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [279] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with fibrinogen and white blood cell count.
“Analyses with fibrinogen and white blood cell count showed similar results (249) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [249] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn NHANES, both fitness and BMI were independently associated with increased fasting insulin and CRP concentrations.
“Both fitness and BMI were independently associated with increased fasting insulin and CRP concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [250]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationBoth fitness and fatness are associated with systemic inflammatory status, with relative contributions possibly dependent on age, disease status, and sex.
“The review concluded that both fitness and fatness are associated with systemic inflammatory status, although the relative contributions of both may be dependent on age, disease status and sex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [198]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn overweight adolescents, CRP but not C3, C4, or ceruloplasmin was associated with muscle strength after controlling for confounders including body fat and fat-free mass; no association in normal-weight.
“Nevertheless, when stratifying according to overweight status, CRP (but not C3, C4 or ceruloplasmin) concentration was associated with muscle strength in overweight, but not in normal-weight, adolescents after controlling for potential confounders, including body fat and fat-free mass (260) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [260]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 9-year-old Swedish children, total physical activity was unrelated to CRP, fibrinogen, C3, or C4, but exercise was related.
“In this study of 9-year-old Swedish children, total physical activity was unrelated to CRP, fibrinogen, C3 or C4 concentrations, but exercise was.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [257]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationExercise is uniquely positioned to reduce inflammation, and small non-significant reductions in CRP may contribute to clinical benefits by reducing cardiovascular and metabolic risk.
“Nevertheless, exercise is uniquely positioned to reduce inflammation, and even small non-significant reductions in CRP levels may contribute to clinical benefits by reducing cardiovascular and metabolic risk (222) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [222]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn multivariate analyses of 2120 Finns, determinants of CRP included obesity and smoking in men, and obesity, oral contraceptive use, and physical activity in women.
“CRP levels in 2120 Finns were associated with obesity indices and physical activity among both sexes (247) ; in multivariate analyses, the determinants of CRP concentration included obesity and smoking in men, and obesity, oral contraceptive use and physical activity in women.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [247]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe inverse association between Mediterranean diet and IL-6 was independent of known CVD risk factors and persisted in within-pair twin comparison.
“This association was independent of several known cardiovascular risk factors, and persisted when twins within pairs were compared, suggesting that the results were not confounded by shared environmental and genetic factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [282] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premiseown dataCRP, C3, and ceruloplasmin but not C4 were negatively associated with muscle strength after controlling for confounders, but not after adjusting for body fat.
“CRP, C3 and ceruloplasmin (but not C4) concentrations were negatively associated with muscle strength after controlling for sex, age, pubertal status, weight, height, socio-economic status and cardiorespiratory fitness, but did not remain when adjusting for body fat.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSirtuin activation improves metabolic efficiency, strengthens cell stress defences, and dampens inflammatory activities by decreasing NF-kB activation.
“As a consequence, metabolic efficiency is improved, cell defences against stress are strengthened and inflammatory activities are dampened, notably by decreasing the activation of NF-kB (271 -274) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [271]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [272]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [273]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [274] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationResveratrol interacts with sirtuins and promotes their deacetylase activity.
“Resveratrol, present in red wine, was found to directly or indirectly interact with sirtuins and promote their deacetylase activity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn healthy men and women, BMI but not previous year or current physical activity predicted CRP concentration.
“In another study in healthy men and women, BMI, but not previous year or current physical activity, predicted CRP concentration (245) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [245]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter stratifying by fitness and weight, weight remained significantly associated with CRP but fitness did not.
“However, when patients with low, moderate and high fitness were further stratified as normal, overweight or obese, weight remained significantly associated with CRP, but fitness did not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [250]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOverall, there are no consistent data that tea consumption (black or green) has a beneficial effect on inflammatory status, and longer-duration studies are needed.
“Overall, there are no consistent data that tea consumption (black or green) has a beneficial effect on inflammatory status, but studies of longer duration than those currently reported need to be performed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a subsample of 690 healthy women from the Nurses' Health Study, AHEI and alternate Mediterranean diet index scores were negatively associated with CRP, IL-6, sE-selectin and sICAM-1, and these associations persisted after adjustment for confounders including BMI.
“The key findings were that the AHEI and alternate Mediterranean diet index scores were negatively associated with CRP, IL-6, sE-selectin and sICAM-1 concentrations, and that these associations persisted upon adjustment for potential confounding variables including BMI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [285] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationConsumption of a Western diet rich in Maillard reaction products correlates with impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease associated with metabolic syndrome and related conditions.
“In fact, consumption of a Western diet rich in these products was found to correlate with impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular and renal disease associated with the metabolic syndrome and related conditions (449,450) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationIn 5089 non-diabetic MESA participants, a fats and processed meats pattern was positively associated with CRP and IL-6; a beans, tomatoes and refined grains pattern was positively related to sICAM-1; a whole grains and fruit pattern was inversely associated with CRP, IL-6 and sICAM-1; and a vegetables and fish pattern was inversely related to IL-6.
“The fats and processed meats pattern (fats, oils, processed meats, fried potatoes, salty snacks and desserts) was positively associated with CRP and IL-6 concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [306]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 120 premenopausal obese women, a two-year multidisciplinary intervention with a low-energy Mediterranean-style diet and increased physical activity reduced CRP, IL-6 and IL-18 and increased adiponectin compared with control.
“Significant reduction in several markers of inflammation (CRP, IL-6 and IL-18) and an increase in adiponectin concentration were noted in the Mediterranean diet group compared with the control group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [111] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationIn overweight and obese subjects, a hypoenergetic diet with whole-grain foods decreased CRP by 38% independent of weight loss, but did not change IL-6, TNF-a or PAI-1 activity over 12 weeks.
“CRP concentration decreased by 38 % (CRP at baseline 5•9-6•0 mg/l) in the whole-grain group independent of the observed weight loss (319) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [319] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn postmenopausal Iranian women with metabolic syndrome, soya nuts but not soya protein reduced plasma CRP, TNF-a and IL-18 concentrations.
“In one study, reduced plasma CRP, TNF-a and IL-18 concentrations were reported in postmenopausal Iranian women with the metabolic syndrome consuming soya nuts but not soya protein (347) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [347]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRegular consumption of alcohol-containing beverages such as wine or beer has been reported to be inversely associated with several markers of low-grade inflammation in a dose-dependent manner, with moderate daily intake (1-2 drinks/d) often associated with decreased inflammatory markers, although not in all studies.
“The regular consumption of alcohol-containing beverages such as wine or beer has been reported to be inversely associated with several markers of low-grade inflammation, in a dose-dependent manner: i.e. moderate daily intake (1 -2 drinks/d) was often found to be associated with decreased concentrations of inflammatory markers, although this was not the case in all studies (Table 10) (418 -432) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [418]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [419]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [420]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationEndogenous advanced glycation end products are formed by at least three mechanisms: enhanced carbohydrate or lipid substrate availability, increased oxidative metabolism, and increased non-oxidative metabolism.
“AGE are formed within the body (endogenous AGE) due to at least three mechanisms (460) :”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [460]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong 1922 women from the Nurses' Health Study, highest AHEI adherence was associated with 24% higher total adiponectin, 32% higher HMW adiponectin, 16% lower resistin, 41% lower CRP and 19% lower sE-selectin than lowest adherence.
“After adjustment for age and energy intake, women with the highest adherence to the AHEI had 24 % higher median total adiponectin and 32 % higher median high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations, as well as 16 % lower resistin, 41 % lower CRP and 19 % lower sE-selectin concentrations than did women with the lowest adherence to the AHEI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [301]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn PREDIMED, 772 asymptomatic high cardiovascular risk subjects assigned to two Mediterranean diets had significant reductions in serum IL-6, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1, while CRP was reduced only in the olive-oil-supplemented Mediterranean diet.
“Both Mediterranean diets were beneficial in terms of significant reductions in serum IL-6, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 concentrations, while CRP concentration was reduced only in the Mediterranean diet supplemented with olive oil.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [293] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the same study, a Western pattern was positively related to CRP, IL-6, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 after adjustment for all confounders except BMI; with BMI adjustment, coefficients remained significant for CRP, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1.
“The Western pattern showed a positive relationship with CRP, IL-6, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 after adjustment for all confounders except BMI; with further adjustment for BMI, the coefficients remained significant for CRP, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [303]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOverall, soya protein does not affect markers of inflammation; soyabean processing may affect anti-inflammatory potential; and health status of subjects might determine anti-inflammatory efficacy of specific foods.
“Overall, these data suggest that soya protein does not affect markers of inflammation, that soyabean processing may affect the anti-inflammatory potential of soyabean constituents and that the health status of the study subjects might determine the anti-inflammatory efficacy of specific foods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationIn healthy young males, oxidised LDL from those on a Mediterranean-style or low-fat high-carbohydrate diet decreased TNF-a-induced VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in vitro.
“Oxidised LDL from subjects on either the Mediterranean diet or the high-carbohydrate diet decreased TNF-a-induced VCAM-1 and E-selectin expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in vitro.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [290]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationSchulze et al. identified a dietary pattern high in sugar-sweetened soft drinks, refined grains, diet soft drinks and processed meat and low in wine, coffee, cruciferous vegetables and yellow vegetables that was significantly associated with increased CRP, IL-6, sTNFR2, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1, and with increased diabetes risk.
“Using data from the Nurses' Health Study, Schulze et al. (304) identified a dietary pattern that was significantly associated with increased concentrations of CRP, IL-6, sTNFR2, sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [304] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenVegetarians may differ from non-vegetarians in lifestyle factors other than diet, such as physical activity, smoking and socio-economic class.
“However, it is important to recognise that vegetarians may differ from non-vegetarians in aspects of lifestyle other than diet such as physical activity, smoking behaviour and socio-economic class.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn NHANES III, HEI score was negatively correlated with CRP after adjustment for several CVD risk factors including BMI and waist:hip ratio; the association was significant in women only.
“Using the data from NHANES III on a representative sample of the US population, Ford et al. (300) found a negative correlation between the HEI and CRP concentration after adjustment for several CVD risk factors including BMI and waist:hip ratio; when stratified by sex this finding was significant in women only.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [300]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningCurrent evidence for specific effects of single vegetable and fruit varieties is not convincing, while a high overall intake of vegetables and fruits seems associated with a lower state of inflammation.
“In conclusion, current evidence for specific effects of single vegetable and fruit varieties is not convincing, while a high overall intake of vegetables and fruits seems to be associated with a lower state of inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationIn 180 metabolic syndrome subjects, a two-year Mediterranean-style diet reduced body weight more and decreased CRP, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-18 and improved endothelial function compared with a prudent control diet.
“After 2 years, body weight decreased more in the intervention group and inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-18) decreased and endothelial function improved, compared with the control group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [284]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningCell-surface RAGE induces pro-inflammatory signalling, whereas soluble RAGE prevents this by sequestering ligands away from cell-surface RAGE.
“Thus, the cell-surface RAGE appears to be involved in inducing pro-inflammatory signalling while the soluble form of RAGE appears to prevent this, by seques-tering ligands away from the cell-surface RAGE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn long-term haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients, circulating advanced glycation end products correlated significantly with the advanced glycation end product content of a regular diet and with blood urea nitrogen level.
“This study showed that circulating AGE correlated significantly with the AGE content of a regular diet, as estimated by means of 3 d dietary records and food questionnaires, as well as with blood urea N level (459) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [459] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMalondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal are the main aldehydes generated during lipid peroxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, whereas 4-hydroxy-2-hexanal is predominant from n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
“Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal are the main aldehydes generated during lipid peroxidation of n-6 PUFA (468) , whereas 4-hydroxy-2-hexanal is the predominant compound derived from the oxidation of n-3 PUFA (469) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn healthy younger and older human subjects, dietary advanced glycation end products, but not energy intake, correlated with serum advanced glycation end product levels and markers of oxidative stress, which in turn correlated with serum C-reactive protein concentration and insulin resistance.
“In healthy younger (aged , 45 years) and older (aged .60 years) human subjects, dietary AGE, but not energy intake, correlated with serum AGE levels and markers of oxidative stress (8-isoprostanes), which in turn correlated with serum CRP concentration and insulin resistance (514 -521) (Table 12).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked- cites [514] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [515]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [516]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [517]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [518]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [519]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [520]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [521]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationTaken together, the studies show that dietary advanced glycation end product content correlates with circulating levels of advanced glycation end products and with markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and renal function.
“Taken together, these studies show that dietary AGE content correlates with circulating levels of AGE and with markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and renal function.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCooking was shown to increase the bioavailability of some nutrients, especially proteins from some plant sources.
“However, cooking was also shown to increase the bioavailability of some nutrients, especially proteins derived from some plant sources (451) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [451]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAdvanced lipoxidation end products are derived from lipid oxidation rather than from sugars and sugar breakdown products.
“The so-called advanced lipoxidation end products (ALE) are similar to AGE but, rather than originating from sugars and sugar breakdown products, ALE are derived from lipid oxidation (467) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [467]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn non-diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients randomly assigned to high- or low-advanced glycation end product diets for 4 weeks, serum advanced glycation end product levels correlated with advanced glycation end product consumption and with blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total protein, albumin and phosphorus, and advanced glycation end product restriction profoundly reduced circulating AGE
“Likewise, in non-diabetic patients on maintenance peritoneal dialysis randomly assigned to two groups consuming either a high-or low-AGE diet for 4 weeks, serum AGE levels correlated with AGE consumption as well as with blood urea N, serum creatinine, total protein, albumin and P, with AGE restriction profoundly reducing circulating AGE (523) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [523]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAt present, RAGE seems to be the only advanced glycation end product receptor involved in cell activation.
“At present, RAGE seems to be the only receptor involved in cell activation (140) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [140] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAGE-R1, AGE-R2 and AGE-R3 behave as an advanced glycation end product-receptor complex and exert a predominant scavenging function.
“On the other hand, AGE-R1, AGE-R2 and AGE-R3 seem to behave as an AGE-receptor complex rather than individual receptor molecules and exert a predominant scavenging function (482,483) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [482]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [483]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationAccumulation of endogenous and exogenous advanced glycation end products may be favoured by reduced kidney clearance in renal failure and by impaired detoxification.
“Finally, accumulation of both endogenous and exogenous AGE may be favoured by reduced kidney clearance as in the case of renal failure (466) and by impaired detoxification caused by the utilisation of cofactors of detoxifying enzymes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [466]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSerum advanced glycation end product levels were directly related to degree of renal dysfunction, and renal advanced glycation end product excretion was inversely correlated with degree of renal dysfunction.
“Moreover, the serum AGE levels were directly related to the degree of renal dysfunction, as estimated by the increase in albuminuria and the decrease in creatinine clearance, and renal AGE excretion was inversely correlated with the degree of renal dysfunction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [456]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReactive oxygen species can trigger proinflammatory signalling pathways causing MAPK-dependent activation of transcription factors such as NF-kB and consequent modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
“ROS can trigger proinflammatory signalling pathways causing MAPK-dependent activation of transcription factors such as NF-kB (474 -476) and consequent modulation of the gene expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (474,475,477) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [474]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [475]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [476]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [477]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn spontaneously diabetic db/db mice and normal mice fed high-fat diets, feeding a low-advanced glycation end product diet reduced serum advanced glycation end product levels and improved insulin sensitivity compared with a high-advanced glycation end product diet.
“In spontaneously diabetic db/db mice (507) and in normal mice fed high-fat diets (508) , feeding of a low-AGE diet reduced serum AGE levels and improved insulin sensitivity, compared with a high-AGE diet.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [507]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [508]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationClass A and B scavenger receptors participate in atherogenesis, with SR-AI/II and CD36 pro-atherogenic and SR-BI protective.
“Finally, the participation of class A and B scavenger receptors in the process of atherogenesis has been clearly established by a large body of experimental studies, with scavenger receptor AI (SR-AI) and II and CD36 showing a predominant pro-atherogenic role and scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) exerting a protective function towards lesion development (487) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [487] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRAGE is implicated in atherogenesis and diabetic complications, based on animal studies showing that soluble RAGE inhibits atherosclerosis and nephropathy while RAGE overexpression or ablation affects these conditions.
“Among the AGE receptors, RAGE was shown to be implicated in atherogenesis, based on the observations that soluble RAGE, which is able to bind circulating AGE and other RAGE ligands, and therefore to prevent their pro-inflammatory effects, inhibited the development of atherosclerosis in diabetic apoE 2/2 mice (489)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [489]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [490] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [491]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCarboxymethyllysine can originate from both sugars and lipid oxidation products.
“Some reaction products, such as carboxymethyllysine, can originate from both sugars and lipid oxidation products (470) , and have been called 'either advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products' (466) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [470]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [466]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn genetically hypercholesterolaemic apoE-/- mice, low advanced glycation end product content in the diet attenuated development of atherosclerosis after streptozotocin-induced diabetes and neointimal formation after arterial injury.
“Likewise, in genetically hypercholesterolaemic apoE 2/2 mice, low AGE content in the diet attenuated the development of atherosclerosis after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (511) and neointimal formation after arterial injury (512) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [511]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [512]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationAcute studies show that after a high-advanced glycation end product meal there is typically an elevation of inflammatory markers in the hours after consumption, and this increase does not occur with a low-advanced glycation end product meal.
“Although these have been conducted in a variety of subject/patient groups, they show rather similar effects: typically, there is an elevation of various inflammatory markers (CRP, cytokines and soluble adhesion molecules) in the hours after consumption of a high-AGE meal, and this increase does not occur with a low-AGE meal (see Table 12).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table 12
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationAGE-R1 plays a protective role, as indicated by resistance to oxidant and inflammatory injury in mesangial cells overexpressing this receptor and by associations of low AGE-R1 expression with diabetic nephropathy and complications.
“Also AGE-R1 seems to play a protective role, as indicated by resistance to oxidant and inflammatory injury in mesangial cells overexpressing this receptor (482,502) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [482]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [502]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [503]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [504]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGalectin-3 exerts a prevailing protective role, as indicated by reports that galectin-3 ablation accelerates glomerulopathy, increases advanced glycation end product levels, and accelerates ageing.
“Conversely, galectin-3 was proposed to exert a prevailing protective role as indicated by reports that galectin-3 ablation resulted in (1) the acceleration of glomerulopathy induced by diabetes (496) , (2) increased AGE levels (497) and ( 3) accelerated ageing (498) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [496]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [497]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [498]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationStudies in experimental animals and human volunteers show that absorption of ingested Maillard reaction products is variable and dependent on the Maillard reaction product.
“Studies in experimental animals fed or injected with radiolabelled protein-bound AGE and human volunteers receiving diets enriched with MRP or specific AGE have shown that absorption of ingested MRP is variable and dependent on the MRP (464,465,527 -529) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHighly cross-linked advanced glycation end products and melanoidins are predominantly excreted in faeces, while absorbed Maillard reaction products are generally rapidly excreted by the kidney with limited accumulation in tissues and organs.
“Highly cross-linked AGE and melanoidins were predominantly excreted in the faeces while absorbed MRP were in general rapidly excreted by the kidney, with limited accumulation in tissues and organs (465,528 -531) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn human intervention studies, conjugated linoleic acid, especially the trans-10,cis-12 isomer, increases CRP concentration but not cytokine or soluble adhesion molecule concentrations.
“two studies demonstrate that CLA, especially the trans-10, cis-12 isomer, increases CRP concentration, but not the concentrations of cytokines or soluble adhesion molecules (593,594)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPyrraline and free pentosidine are readily absorbed and excreted in urine.
“Both pyrraline and pentosidine, the latter only in free form, were readily absorbed and excreted in the urine (532,533) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [532]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [533]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOnly high-molecular-weight serum fractions from diabetic nephropathy patients stimulate RAGE, and supramolecular complexes are a prerequisite for RAGE binding.
“Penfold et al. (535) recently showed that only serum fractions isolated from diabetic patients with nephropathy containing high-molecular-weight proteins (. 50 kD) were able to stimulate RAGE but not medium-or low-molecular-weight serum fractions, in line with mechanistic studies that showed no binding of carboxymethyllysine-modified proteins to RAGE (536 -538) , and that supramolecular complexes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked- cites [535]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [536] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [537]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [538]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [539]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [540]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [541]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [542]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDietary advanced glycation end products, even if absorbed, would have little effect on inflammatory processes via RAGE activation in target tissues, because free advanced glycation end product-modified amino acids are unlikely to be incorporated into nascent proteins.
“Together this suggests that dietary AGE, even if they are absorbed from the gut, would have little effect on inflammatory processes via RAGE activation in target tissues, since it appears highly unlikely that free AGE-modified amino acids would be incorporated into nascent proteins.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA recent study in obese children found lower circulating advanced glycation end product levels compared with lean controls while inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in obese children.
“In addition, a recent study in obese children found lower circulating AGE levels compared with lean controls while inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in obese children (517) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [517]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSaturated fatty acids, especially lauric acid, activate TLR-4 and thereby induce NF-kB activity.
“activated directly by SFA, especially lauric acid (12 : 0), via TLR-4 and through this mechanism induce NF-kB activity (574,575)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [574]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [575]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCirculating advanced glycation end product levels were inversely correlated with mortality in haemodialysis patients, probably due to better nutritional status.
“In contrast to the aforementioned reports, circulating AGE levels could not be identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular or renal outcomes in diabetic subjects with diabetic nephropathy (524) , and circulating AGE levels were even inversely correlated with mortality in haemodialysis patients, the latter most probably due to a better nutritional status (525) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [525]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEPA or DHA concentration in granulocyte membranes is inversely associated with CRP concentration; the effect of DHA is stronger than that of EPA.
“The concentration of either EPA or DHA in granulocyte membranes was inversely associated with CRP concentration in one study (374) ; the effect of DHA was stronger than that of EPA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [374] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Zhao et al., the alpha-linolenic acid diet produced greater decreases in inflammatory markers than the linoleic acid diet: 75%, 80%, 37.5% and 12% decreases in CRP, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and sE-selectin concentrations, respectively.
“The changes in inflammatory markers seen with the a-linolenic acid diet were greater than with the linoleic acid diet (75, 80, 37•5 and 12 % decreases in CRP, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and sE-selectin concentrations, respectively).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [606]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationClinical trials have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects and clinical benefit from fish oil administration in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases and childhood asthma.
“Furthermore, clinical trials have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects and clinical benefit from fish oil administration in diseases with a frank inflammatory basis including rheumatoid arthritis (615) , inflammatory bowel diseases (616) and childhood asthma (617) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [615]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [616]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [617]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn an elderly Italian population, plasma EPA is inversely associated with IL-6 concentration and positively associated with IL-10 and TGFb concentrations.
“In an elderly Italian population, plasma EPA was inversely associated with IL-6 concentration and positively associated with the concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGFb (578) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [578] source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn Ferrucci et al., plasma arachidonic acid is positively associated with TGF-b concentration.
“Ferrucci et al. (578) reported no association between arachidonic acid in plasma and CRP, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-10 and sIL-6R concentrations, while there was an inverse association with IL-6 and IL-1ra concentrations and a positive association with TGF-b”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [578] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDecreasing saturated fatty acid status while increasing n-6 PUFA status might reduce low-grade inflammation.
“This suggests that decreasing SFA status while increasing n-6 PUFA status might reduce low-grade inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationObservations that PGE2 can exert anti-inflammatory effects and that arachidonic acid gives rise to lipoxin A4 have challenged the earlier view that arachidonic acid enhances inflammation.
“However, observations that classical pro-inflammatory mediators such as PGE 2 can also exert anti-inflammatory effects and that arachidonic acid gives rise to anti-inflammatory mediators such as lipoxin A 4 have started to challenge the earlier view (608)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [608]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Zhao et al., in the linoleic acid group, CRP and sICAM-1 concentrations decreased by 45% and 25%, respectively; sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin fell by 15% and 7% but these changes were not significant.
“In the linoleic acid group, the concentrations of CRP and sICAM-1 decreased by 45 and 25 %, respectively; sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin also fell (by 15 and 7 %) but these changes were not significant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [606]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationPlasma arachidonic acid either has little impact on low-grade inflammation or is anti-inflammatory.
“These observations suggest either that plasma arachidonic acid has little impact on low-grade inflammation (does not affect CRP or TNF-a) or that it is anti-inflammatory (lowers IL-6; increases TGF-b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationLong-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation lowers concentrations of CRP, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-18, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin in various subject/patient groups.
“Studies have shown that longchain n-3 PUFA lower the concentrations of CRP (621,624,639) , IL-6 (621,624,639) , TNF-a (639) , IL-18 (643) , sICAM-1 (625,628,645,646) , sVCAM-1 (605,645) and sE-selectin (618) in various subject/patient groups (see Table 16).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked- cites [621]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [624]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [639] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [643]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [625]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [628]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [645]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [646]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn an elderly Italian population, plasma DHA is inversely associated with IL-6 and TNF-a concentrations and positively associated with IL-10 and TGF-b concentrations.
“Furthermore, plasma DHA was inversely associated with IL-6 and TNF-a concentrations and was also positively associated with the concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-b (578) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [578] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSerum non-esterified EPA and DHA are inversely associated with sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 concentrations in patients at risk of CHD; EPA is also inversely associated with sE-selectin concentration.
“Serum non-esterified EPA and DHA were both inversely associated with concentrations of sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 in patients at risk of CHD (585) ; EPA was also inversely associated with sE-selectin concentration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [585]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSome observations suggest that hyperglycaemia and hypertriacylglycerolaemia/elevated NEFA levels induce independent effects and, when present together, act synergistically to generate oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired endothelial function and vascular disease.
“However, some observations have suggested that hyperglycaemia and hypertriacylglycerolaemia/elevated NEFA levels induce independent effects and, when present together, act synergistically to generate oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired endothelial function and vascular disease (651 -653) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationShen et al. identified that the IL-1b 6054 G>A SNP was significantly associated with CRP and adiponectin concentrations and with prevalence of metabolic syndrome among 1120 men and women with mean age 49.
“They first identified that the IL-1b 6054 G .A SNP was significantly associated with CRP and adiponectin concentrations and with the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a group of 1120 men and women with a mean age of 49 years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [650] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAlthough the overwhelming view is that EPA+DHA at sufficient doses are anti-inflammatory, evidence from measurements of low-grade inflammation markers is not entirely consistent.
“Thus, although the overwhelming view is that EPA þ DHA given at sufficient doses are anti-inflammatory, the evidence from measurements of markers of low-grade inflammation is not entirely consistent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn two studies, EPA+DHA administration increased sVCAM-1 (<10%) and sE-selectin (20%) concentrations, had no effect on sP-selectin, and decreased von Willebrand factor and thrombomodulin concentrations.
“Both studies identified an increase in sVCAM-1 (,10 %) and sE-selectin (20 %) concentrations, with no effect on sP-selectin and a decrease in von Willibrand factor and thrombomodulin concentrations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [629]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [642]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRestoration of NO availability normalises endothelial function and insulin sensitivity.
“Restoration of NO availability results in normalisation of endothelial function as well as insulin sensitivity (659,660) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [659]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [660]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong subjects with low erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content, the 6054 G allele was associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.49, 7.26 for GG and OR 1.95, 95% CI 0.85, 4.46 for GA) compared with AA genotype, but no significant genotype associations were found among subjects with high erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content.
“Among subjects with low erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content (below the median), the 6054 G allele was associated with increased risk of the metabolic syndrome (OR 3•29, 95 % CI 1 •49, 7•26 for GG and OR 1•95, 95 % CI 0•85, 4•46 for GA) compared with the AA genotype, but there were no significant genotype associations among subjects with high erythrocyte n-3 PUFA content (above the median).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [650] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationConsumption of a glycaemic meal increases oxidative stress and reduces antioxidant defences, with the increase being greater with higher levels of hyperglycaemia.
“The consumption of a glycaemic meal increases oxidative stress and reduces antioxidant defences, with the increase being significantly greater with higher levels of hyperglycaemia (169,664,665) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [169]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [664]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [665]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn long-term insulin-resistant, sucrose-fed rats, dietary n-3 PUFA decreased adipocyte diameter and significantly reduced several inflammation-related genes.
“the presence of n-3 PUFA in the diet of long-term insulin-resistant, sucrosefed rats decreased adipocyte diameter (648) and significantly reduced several inflammation-related genes (unpublished results, Guerre-Millo M, Naour N, Lombardo Y, Clement K, Rizkalla S).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [648]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn overweight women with type 2 diabetes, 8 weeks of 1.8 g/d EPA+DHA decreases adiposity and reduces expression of inflammation-related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue.
“In a group of overweight women with type 2 diabetes, 8 weeks of a moderate dose of long-chain n-3 PUFA (1•8 g/d of EPA þ DHA) decreased adiposity and reduced expression of a number of inflammation-related genes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (630) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [630]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter meals, LDL oxidation increases and this phenomenon correlates with the degree of hyperglycaemia.
“Ceriello et al. (652) observed that after meals LDL oxidation increases and that this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of hyperglycaemia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [652] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOxidative stress induces damage to cell membranes, internal cell structures and DNA and induces inflammatory responses.
“Oxidative stress is known to induce damage to cell membranes, internal cell structures and DNA as well as to induce inflammatory responses (Fig. 8) (654) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [654]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe decrease in endothelium-dependent vasodilation can be prevented by antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and alpha-lipoic acid or by L-arginine, suggesting that increased NO oxidation and related NO drain affect vasculature cells.
“The fact that such a decrease can be prevented by supplying various antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and a-lipoic acid (659 -662) or L-arginine (656,663) , the precursor of NO, suggests that increased NO oxidation and the related NO drain have an impact on cells of the vasculature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [659]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [660]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [661]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [662]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [656]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [663]
Not checked in the free run.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Nitric oxide plays a key role in linking hyperglycaemia-induced free radical production to metabolic events.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationIL-1b genetic variants are associated with measures of chronic low-grade inflammation and risk of metabolic syndrome, and genetic influences are more evident among subjects with low erythrocyte n-3 PUFA status.
“The results suggest that IL-1b genetic variants are associated with measures of chronic low-grade inflammation and the risk of the metabolic syndrome, and that genetic influences were more evident among subjects with low erythrocyte n-3 PUFA status and so, most probably low n-3 PUFA intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationElevated NEFA can cause oxidative stress due to increased mitochondrial uncoupling and beta-oxidation, leading to increased ROS production and activation of stress-sensitive signalling pathways, which impair insulin secretion and action.
“They also pointed out that elevated NEFA can cause oxidative stress due to increased mitochondrial uncoupling and b-oxidation, the latter leading to an increased production of ROS and to an activation of stress-sensitive signalling pathways, which in turn impair insulin secretion and action.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [662]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigher iron intake, especially haem iron, and higher iron status are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, although the literature is not fully consistent.
“There is some epidemiological evidence that higher Fe intake, particularly that of haem Fe, and higher Fe status are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and CHD (702 -714) , although not all of the literature is consistent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked- cites [702] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [703] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [704] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [705] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [706] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [707]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [708] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [709] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [710] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [711] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn an intervention with lean normotensive and obese hypertensive adults, both DASH diet (30 g fibre/d) and fibre-supplemented usual diet (30 g psyllium/d) caused a reduction in CRP concentration (14% and 18%, respectively), significant only in lean normotensive subjects.
“Both diets caused a reduction in CRP concentration (14 and 18 %, respectively), although this was significant only in lean normotensive subjects in either intervention arm.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [682]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBecause Fe is a redox-active transition metal, it may contribute to production of ROS, oxidative stress and inflammation, and thus Fe excess can augment risk for diabetes and CVD.
“On the other hand, because Fe is a redox-active transition metal, it may contribute to the production of ROS, oxidative stress and inflammation (698,699) , and thus Fe excess can augment the risk for diabetes and CVD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [698]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [699]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFe deficiency is associated with alterations in the immune response and increased risk of infections.
“Fe deficiency is associated with alterations in the immune response and increased risk of infections (695 -697) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [695]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [696]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [697]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningEvidence from large observational studies is highly suggestive of a positive association between GI/GL and low-grade inflammation, but intervention trials do not support this convincingly, perhaps because of small size.
“Thus, evidence from large observational studies is highly suggestive that there is a positive association between GI/GL and low-grade inflammation, but intervention trials do not support this convincingly, perhaps because of the small size of most of the latter trials.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationROS are produced by free, not bound, Fe, and the body has evolved a metabolic system that minimises availability of free Fe.
“It is important to indicate that ROS are produced by free, and not bound, Fe (700) and the body has evolved a metabolic system that minimises the availability of free Fe (698) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [700]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [698]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFe deficiency and excess can both have deleterious effects.
“Fe has been called a double-edged sword, as both Fe deficiency and excess can have deleterious effects (695) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [695]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDietary GI and GL are both positively associated with plasma CRP concentration in 18,137 healthy women aged >45 years without diagnosed diabetes.
“Dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) were both positively associated with plasma CRP concentration in 18 137 healthy women aged .45 years without diagnosed diabetes (672) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [672]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMost Fe in the body is not free and is bound to proteins such as ferritin, transferrin and Hb; thus serum ferritin, transferrin, transferrin saturation and Hb measurements do not reflect availability of free or labile Fe implicated in ROS production.
“Most Fe in the body is not free, and is bound to proteins such as ferritin, transferrin and Hb; thus, serum ferritin, transferrin, transferrin saturation and Hb measurements do not reflect the availability of 'free' or 'labile' Fe that is implicated in the production of ROS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhey protein-derived peptides lower CRP concentration after 6 weeks in one study in hypertensive subjects, but not in another.
“Whey protein-derived peptides lowered CRP concentration (after 6 weeks) in one study in hypertensive subjects (685) , but not in another (686) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [685]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [686]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn NHANES 1999-2000, dietary fibre intake is inversely associated with serum CRP concentrations in diabetic women (n 3920) and in subjects with diabetes, hypertension and obesity (n 7891).
“In NHANES 1999-2000 in the USA, dietary fibre intake was inversely associated with serum CRP concentrations (OR 0•49 for 32 g/d v. 5•1 g/d) in diabetic women (n 3920) (677) , as well as in subjects with diabetes, hypertension and obesity (n 7891) (678) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [677]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [678]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVitamin D analogues selectively inhibit inducible cyclo-oxygenase-2, which could be viewed as an anti-inflammatory action.
“Vitamin D analogues selectively inhibit the inducible cyclo-oxygenase-2 (738) , which could be viewed as an anti-inflammatory action.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [738] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWithin any tertile of vitamin D status, telomere length was longer in those with lower CRP concentrations, suggesting inflammation plays a role in telomere shortening.
“Within any tertile of vitamin D status, telomere length was longer in those with lower CRP concentrations, suggesting that inflammation plays a role in those processes associated with telomere shortening.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [740]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSerum vitamin D concentration was associated with leucocyte telomere length in 2160 women aged 18-79 years and was inversely associated with CRP concentration.
“Serum vitamin D concentration was associated with leucocyte telomere length in 2160 women aged 18 -79 years (mean age 49 years) and was inversely associated with CRP concentration (740) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [740]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationJablonski et al. found that endothelial cell expression of NF-κB and IL-6 was higher in vitamin D-deficient subjects, and IL-6 expression was inversely related to 25(OH)D3 concentration.
“Jablonski et al. (746) examined the inflammatory phenotype of endothelial cells collected from the antecubital vein of middle-aged and older subjects: endothelial cell expression of NF-kB and of IL-6 were both higher in vitamin D-deficient subjects, and IL-6 expression was inversely related to 25(OH)D 3 concentration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [746]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong forty-four morbidly obese subjects, 25(OH)D3 did not correlate with leptin, resistin, adiponectin or IL-18.
“Among forty-four morbidly obese subjects, 25(OH)D 3 did not correlate with leptin, resistin, adiponectin or IL-18.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [745]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVitamin D primes monocytes to respond less effectively to bacterial cell wall components, most probably through suppression of TLR.
“Indeed, vitamin D primes monocytes to respond less effectively to bacterial cell wall components, most probably due to the aforementioned suppression of TLR (735) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [735] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPittas et al. provided 700 IU vitamin D3 plus 500 mg calcium citrate daily to adult non-diabetics for three years in a double-blind randomised controlled trial and found no effect on plasma CRP or IL-6.
“Pittas et al. (749) provided 700 IU (17•5 mg) vitamin D 3 plus 500 mg calcium citrate daily to adult non-diabetics for 3 years in a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial and found no effect on plasma CRP or IL-6.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [749]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationJorde et al. provided 40 000 or 20 000 IU vitamin D3 per week or placebo to overweight subjects for one year; there was no difference between groups in changes in CRP, sICAM-1, MCP-1, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 or IL-17.
“Jorde et al. (743) provided 40 000 or 20 000 IU (1000 or 500 mg) vitamin D 3 per week or placebo to overweight subjects for 1 year; there was no difference between groups in the changes in concentrations of CRP, sICAM-1, MCP-1, IFN-g, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 or IL-17 over the course of the study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [743]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter bariatric surgery in morbidly obese women, transferrin saturation improved and CRP and orosomucoid concentrations decreased.
“A concomitant improvement in Fe status (as measured by transferrin saturation) and decrease in inflammation (CRP and orosomucoid concentrations) has been observed after bariatric surgery intervention in morbidly obese women (722) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [722]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong 261 healthy men and women, plasma 25(OH)D3 was not correlated with resistin, adiponectin or IL-18, but was inversely correlated with leptin.
“Among 261 healthy men and women, plasma 25(OH)D 3 was not correlated with resistin, adiponectin or IL-18 concentrations but was inversely correlated with leptin concentration (745) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [745]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningVitamin D dose, the nature of the supplementation regimen, the health status of the individuals studied, and starting vitamin D status may all be important factors in determining the effect of supplemental vitamin D.
“This finding suggests that vitamin D dose, the nature of the supplementation regimen and the health status of the individuals under study, as well as starting vitamin D status, may all be important factors in determining the effect of supplemental vitamin D.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationVitamin D affects ICAM-1 expression on mononuclear and endothelial cells, suggesting it suppresses leucocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation.
“In addition, vitamin D affects the expression of ICAM-1 on mononuclear cells and on endothelial cells, suggesting that it suppresses the recruitment of leucocytes to sites of inflammation (732) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [732] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Guatemalan children aged 8-11 years, twice the recommended daily iron for eight weeks versus placebo produced no differences in CRP or orosomucoid, but increased α-1 antichymotrypsin.
“In a small study in 8-11-year-old Guatemalan children who received twice the recommended daily amounts of Fe for 8 weeks (n 20) or placebo (n 20), no differences in CRP or orosomucoid concentrations were noted, although a-1 antichymotrypsin levels were increased with the Fe supplement (724) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [724]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVitamin D blunts the pro-inflammatory effects of advanced glycation end products on endothelial cells, suggesting it acts as an endogenous vascular protector against their deleterious effects.
“It blunts the pro-inflammatory effects of AGE on endothelial cells, suggesting that it acts as an endogenous vascular protector counteracting the possible deleterious effects of AGE (731) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [731] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDevaraj et al. found significant inverse relationships between serum 25(OH)D3 and CRP concentration, monocyte NF-κB activation and TLR4 expression in pooled healthy subjects, type 1 diabetics and type 1 diabetics with microvascular complications.
“Using data pooled from thirty-six healthy subjects, twenty-four type 1 diabetics and twenty-six type 1 diabetics with microvascular complications, Devaraj et al. (747) found significant inverse relationships between serum 25(OH)D 3 and CRP concentration, monocyte NF-kB activation and TLR4 expression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [747] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPatients with metabolic syndrome or diabetes showed decreased vitamin C status and increased lipid peroxidation.
“Patients with the metabolic syndrome or diabetes showed decreased vitamin C status and increased lipid peroxidation (753 -756) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [753]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [754]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [755]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [756]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVarious immune cells can convert inactive vitamin D3 to its active form and can respond to active vitamin D via the vitamin D receptor they express.
“Various immune cells including monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, T-cells and B-cells can convert inactive vitamin D 3 to its active form (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ), and these cells can also respond to the active vitamin D via its receptor which they express (727) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [727]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationVitamin D inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and induces lymphocyte apoptosis.
“Vitamin D inhibits the proliferation of lymphocytes and induces their apoptosis (732) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [732] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationObese subjects have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations than non-obese subjects, and obesity was associated with moderately elevated CRP concentrations.
“Obese subjects have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations than non-obese, and obesity was associated with moderately elevated CRP concentrations (757) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [757]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSupplementation with α-tocopherol decreases γ-tocopherol concentrations because the α-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver prefers α-tocopherol.
“Supplementation with a-tocopherol decreases g-tocopherol concentrations (764,765) due to a preference of the a-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver for a-tocopherol.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [764]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [765]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 379 Dutch adults, serum lutein and lycopene concentrations were inversely associated with sICAM-1, serum β-carotene with total blood leucocyte numbers and CRP, serum vitamin C with CRP, while plasma α-tocopherol was positively associated with CRP.
“In 379 Dutch adults, serum lutein and lycopene concentrations were inversely associated with sICAM-1 concentrations, serum b-carotene with total blood leucocyte numbers and CRP concentrations, serum vitamin C with CRP concentrations, while plasma atocopherol concentrations were positively associated with CRP concentrations (773) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [773]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong 3258 healthy men, dietary vitamin C intake and plasma vitamin C concentrations were both inversely associated with CRP concentrations.
“Among 3258 healthy men (age 68 (SD 5) years; BMI 26•7 (SD 3•6) kg/m 2 ), dietary vitamin C intake and plasma vitamin C concentrations were both inversely associated with CRP concentrations (329) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [329]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFlaxseed-derived lignans at 360 mg per day lowered CRP concentrations in type 2 diabetic women but not men over twelve weeks compared with placebo, with no effect on IL-6 concentrations.
“In a recent study, flaxseed-derived lignans (360 mg/d) lowered CRP concentrations in type 2 diabetic women but not in men over 12 weeks compared with placebo, with no effect on IL-6 concentrations (818) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [818]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a second prospective study, a high intake of carotenoids in elderly subjects was associated with lower plasma IL-6 concentrations, while α-tocopherol did not correlate significantly.
“In a second prospective study, a high intake of carotenoids in elderly subjects (BMI 28•8 (SD 6•8) kg/m 2 ) was associated with lower plasma IL-6 concentrations, while a-tocopherol did not correlate significantly (779) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [779]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGrowing evidence indicates that γ-tocopherol, unlike α-tocopherol, exerts anti-inflammatory properties explained by an unsubstituted chromanol ring that allows trapping of reactive nitrogen species and formation of 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol.
“There is growing evidence that g-tocopherol, in contrast to a-tocopherol, exerts anti-inflammatory properties which can be explained by an unsubstituted position on the chromanol ring providing g-tocopherol with the ability to trap reactive N species and subsequent formation of 5-nitro-g-tocopherol (762,763) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [762]
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [763]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn normal-weight, overweight and obese Swiss children aged 6-14 years, dietary intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E and β-carotene did not predict CRP, IL-6 or TNF-α concentrations, but were significant predictors of leptin concentrations.
“In another study, dietary intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E and b-carotene did not predict the concentrations of CRP, IL-6 or TNF-a in normal-weight, overweight and obese Swiss children aged 6 -14 years, but they were significant predictors of leptin concentrations (772) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [772]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationIt is possible that a greater or lesser anti-inflammatory effect of antioxidant vitamins will be observed in people with different genotypes related to inflammatory processes.
“Thus, it is possible that a greater or lesser anti-inflammatory effect of antioxidant vitamins will be observed in people with different genotypes related to inflammatory processes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA lignan complex at 500 mg per day isolated from flax given to healthy postmenopausal women significantly reduced plasma CRP concentration during a six-week placebo-controlled intervention, with no significant differences for IL-6, TNF-α, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 or MCP-1 concentrations.
“In contrast, a lignan complex (500 mg/d) isolated from flax given to healthy postmenopausal women significantly reduced plasma CRP concentration during the 6-week placebo-controlled intervention.No significant differences were found for IL-6, TNF-a, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 or MCP-1 concentrations (817) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [817]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial in metabolic syndrome subjects, CRP decreased only in the combined α- and γ-tocopherol supplementation group, while TNF-α decreased with α-tocopherol alone or in combination with γ-tocopherol.
“In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, subjects with the metabolic syndrome received 800 mg/d a-tocopherol, 800 mg/d g-tocopherol, a combination of both (800 mg/d each) or placebo; there was a decrease in CRP concentrations only in the combined aand g-tocopherol supplementation group, while TNF-a decreased with a-tocopherol alone or in combination with g-tocopherol (790) .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [790]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationConsumption of black tea increased plasma catechin concentrations, but these were not associated with changes in plasma CRP concentrations in healthy overweight and obese adults.
“In contrast, although the consumption of black tea resulted in increased plasma catechin concentrations, these were not associated with changes in plasma CRP concentrations in healthy overweight and obese adults (389) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [389]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn subjects who had survived myocardial infarction and received statin therapy for at least six months, supplementation with a chokeberry flavonoid extract for six weeks significantly decreased CRP and MCP-1 concentrations, while adiponectin was significantly increased.
“In subjects who had survived myocardial infarction and had received statin therapy for at least 6 months, supplementation with a chokeberry flavonoid extract for 6 weeks significantly decreased CRP and MCP-1 concentrations, while adiponectin was significantly increased (803) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [803]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningHigh-glucose and high-fat meals cause postprandial inflammation; this is increased by high AGE content and reduced in part by certain antioxidants or antioxidant-rich foods.
“Both high-glucose and high-fat meals induce postprandial inflammation, and it is exaggerated by a high meal content of AGE and partly ablated by the inclusion of certain antioxidants or antioxidant-containing foods within the meal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningSFA and trans-MUFA are pro-inflammatory, and one conjugated linoleic acid isomer may also be.
“Available data indicate that SFA and trans-MUFA are pro-inflammatory, and that one isomer of conjugated linoleic acid may also be.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrebiotics escape digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and reach the large intestine virtually intact, where they are fermented by the microbiota and express their prebiotic activity.
“Prebiotics escape digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and reach the large intestine virtually intact, where they are fermented by the microbiota and express their prebiotic activity (834) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [834]
Not checked in the free run.
The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationIn overweight subjects, plasma phospholipid total saturated fatty acid levels are positively associated with IL-6.
“Total SFA:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenDietary fatty acids affect low-grade inflammation, and PUFA are the best studied.
“Dietary fatty acids also influence low-grade inflammation; best studied are PUFA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
PremisecitationIn overweight subjects, the ratio of PUFA to SFA in plasma cholesteryl esters is not associated with CRP.
“Ratio of PUFA to SFA: ¼ CRP; # IL-6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningWeight loss from diet or surgery lowers blood concentrations of inflammatory markers, most likely because adipose tissue mass falls.
“Blood concentrations of inflammatory markers are lowered following weight loss, whether this is induced by diet or surgery, which most probably reflects the decrease in adipose tissue mass.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMilk peptides, vitamin D, probiotics, and prebiotics are understudied dietary factors for low-grade inflammation.
“Underexplored dietary factors include milk peptides, vitamin D, probiotics and prebiotics.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“There may also be a role for milk peptides, but these have not been sufficiently evaluated.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“The effect of prebiotics on chronic low-grade inflammation is not clear and is underexplored.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies' findings can be combined despite differences in inflammatory outcomes and time points.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationInstitutionalised elderly individuals supplemented with oligofructose at 8 g per day for three weeks showed increased faecal bifidobacteria counts and decreased expression of IL-6 mRNA in blood monocytes.
“Institutionalised elderly individuals (mean age 85 years) supplemented with oligofructose (8 g/d for 3 weeks) showed increased faecal bifidobacteria counts and decreased expression of IL-6 mRNA in blood monocytes (837) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [837]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningWhole grains, vegetables, fruits, and fish are each associated with lower inflammation.
“Among the components of healthy diets, whole grains, vegetables and fruits, and fish are all seen to be associated with lower inflammation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMany plant-derived substances probably affect low-grade inflammation and may contribute to a healthy anti-inflammatory diet.
“There are likely to be many plant-derived substances that influence low-grade inflammation and which may have a role as part of a healthy 'anti-inflammatory diet'.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe inflammatory response after a meal is larger in obese individuals and those with type 2 diabetes.
“This postprandial inflammatory response is greater in obese subjects and type 2 diabetics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCell volume regulatory mechanisms participate in the signalling of hormones and mediators.
“Cell volume regulatory mechanisms, therefore, participate in the signalling of those hormones and mediators (840) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [840]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn a Japanese general population aged over 70 years, dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake is not associated with CRP.
“aLNA: ¼ CRP”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [581]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
PremisecitationIn overweight subjects, the ratio of PUFA to SFA in plasma phospholipids is not associated with CRP.
“Ratio of PUFA to SFA: ¼ CRP; # IL-6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn overweight subjects, plasma cholesteryl ester linoleic acid and DHA are not associated with CRP or IL-6.
“Linoleic acid, DHA: ¼ CRP, IL-6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenChronic low-grade inflammation is thought to raise the risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
“Chronic low-grade inflammation is believed to increase the risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and CVD.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“Obese people have higher circulating concentrations of many inflammatory markers (measured in the 'resting' state, i.e. in fasted blood), and these are believed to play a role in causing insulin resistance and in other metabolic disturbances of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe effect of prebiotics on chronic low-grade inflammation is unclear and under-researched.
“The effect of prebiotics on chronic low-grade inflammation is not clear and is underexplored.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationAlthough probiotics have the potential to lower markers of chronic low-grade inflammation, intervention studies in human volunteers rarely demonstrate this effect.
“Thus, although there is the potential for probiotics to lower markers of chronic low-grade inflammation, intervention studies performed to date in human volunteers rarely demonstrate this effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMany metabolic pathways are sensitive to cell volume as a result of activation, inhibition or altered expression of enzymes.
“Many metabolic pathways are sensitive to cell volume (841) , as a result of activation, inhibition or altered expression of enzymes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [841]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn high-fat-fed mice, oligofructose restored gut bifidobacteria and normalised systemic endotoxin levels and the inflammatory state.
“In high-fat-fed mice, oligofructose restored gut bifidobacteria, and normalised systemic endotoxin levels and the inflammatory state (836) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [836]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenHyperglycaemia causes both postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation, partly via oxidative stress.
“Hyperglycaemia induces both postprandial and chronic low-grade inflammation, acting in part through oxidative stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningHyperglycaemia or a high-fat meal promotes inflammation after eating.
“Hyperglycaemia or a high-fat meal promote postprandial inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“Both high-glucose and high-fat meals induce postprandial inflammation, and it is exaggerated by a high meal content of AGE and partly ablated by the inclusion of certain antioxidants or antioxidant-containing foods within the meal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenOxidised lipids, saturated fatty acids, and trans-fatty acids are dietary factors that increase inflammation.
“Dietary factors that promote inflammation are oxidised lipids, SFA and trans-fatty acids.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“Available data indicate that SFA and trans-MUFA are pro-inflammatory, and that one isomer of conjugated linoleic acid may also be.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationIn overweight subjects, plasma cholesteryl ester total saturated fatty acid levels are positively associated with IL-6.
“Total SFA:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [579]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningA meal produces a temporary inflammatory state that is connected with oxidative stress.
“Following consumption of a meal, there is a transient state of inflammation that is linked with oxidative stress.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“These latter observations link postprandial inflammation to oxidative stress.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAGE and ALE are also formed in the body and through non-food exposures, so the overall contribution of foods to AGE/ALE burden is currently unclear, and measurement is technically difficult.
“However, AGE and ALE are also generated in vivo and also as a result of other, non-food-related, environmental exposures (e.g.smoking), and so the overall impact of foods on the burden of AGE and ALE is not currently clear; this is compounded by technical difficulties in measuring these complex chemical entities in foods and in body fluids.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMice raised under germ-free conditions fail to develop experimental colitis, suggesting an important modulating role of intestinal microbiota on local inflammatory processes.
“Mice raised under germ-free conditions fail to develop experimental colitis, suggesting an important modulating role of intestinal microbiota on local inflammatory processes (826) .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [826] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationIn healthy subjects, L. rhamnosus GG compared with Bifidobacterium animalis and Propionibacterium freudenreichii for three weeks had no effect on serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 or IFN-γ concentrations, but serum CRP concentration decreased in the L. rhamnosus group.
“There was no effect of serum TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10 or IFN-g concentrations, but serum CRP concentration decreased in the L. rhamnosus group.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [832]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenMilk peptides may play a role in low-grade inflammation, but they have not been adequately evaluated.
“There may also be a role for milk peptides, but these have not been sufficiently evaluated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningVitamin D may reduce low-grade inflammation, with plausible mechanisms demonstrated in model systems.
“Vitamin D has the potential to reduce low-grade inflammation, with plausible mechanistic actions demonstrated in model systems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThere is some evidence of beneficial effects of prebiotics in inflammatory conditions, but results are inconsistent.
“There is some evidence of beneficial effects but results are inconsistent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [839]
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningA chronic low-grade inflammatory state exists and is more pronounced in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals.
“A state of chronic low-grade inflammation exists and this is exaggerated in obese and type 2 diabetic individuals.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
“It is now recognised that a lower level of inflammation, here termed chronic low-grade inflammation, can also persist and may be a cause of, or result from, the obese state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · hedged
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningHeated meals high in AGE and ALE increase oxidative stress and inflammation; low-AGE meals reduce inflammatory markers.
“Heated meals high in AGE and ALE enhance oxidative stress and inflammation; intervention studies with low-and high-AGE meals either acutely or chronically have associated AGE with increased inflammatory marker concentrations and show that these are decreased by meals low in AGE.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenExercise causes short-lived local inflammation, for example in muscle, which may be important for producing a protective anti-inflammatory response.
“Exercise itself is associated with transient and local inflammation (e.g. in muscle) that may, in fact, be important in inducing a protective and ultimately healthy anti-inflammatory response.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningProtective dietary factors for low-grade inflammation include whole grains, fibre, vegetables, fruits, fish, PUFA (particularly marine n-3), vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids.
“Important protective factors in the diet are whole grains, fibre, vegetables, fruits, fish, PUFA, especially marine n-3 PUFA, vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
“Among the components of healthy diets, whole grains, vegetables and fruits, and fish are all seen to be associated with lower inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · boosted
“There is good evidence from both model systems and from human observational and intervention studies that vitamin C, vitamin E and carotenoids decrease the concentrations of inflammatory markers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed studies' findings can be combined despite differences in inflammatory outcomes and time points.
- Also stated in: § Summary, conclusions and research gaps · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningCellular volume has the potential to affect inflammation directly or indirectly, but the effect of hydration status on low-grade inflammation is not well documented.
“Cellular volume has the potential to have an impact directly or indirectly on inflammation, but the effect of hydration status on low-grade inflammation is not well documented.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
PremisecitationIn healthy young and older men, supplementation with EPA and DHA at 1.35, 2.7, or 4.05 g/d for 12 weeks did not affect sICAM-1 or sVCAM-1.
“¼ sICAM-1, sVCAM-1”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [622]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationIn elderly men at risk of coronary heart disease, supplementation with 2.4 g/d EPA and DHA for 18 months inversely affected von Willebrand factor and thrombomodulin.
“# von Willibrand factor, thrombomodulin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [619]
Not checked in the free run.
The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationIn healthy women on hormone replacement therapy, supplementation with EPA and DHA at 1.09 or 2.18 g/d for 5 weeks inversely affected CRP and IL-6.
“# CRP, IL-6”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [624]
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
PremisecitationIn myocardial infarction survivors, supplementation with 3.5 g/d EPA and DHA for 12 months did not affect sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, or sE-selectin.
“¼ sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [627] source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Chronic low-grade inflammation is characterized by raised concentrations of inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation.
“Chronic low-grade inflammation is characterised by raised concentrations of inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In low-grade inflammation, systemic inflammatory indicators rise modestly, usually less than twofold above controls.
“The up-regulation of systemic indicators of inflammation such as leucocyte count, and serum and plasma concentrations of acute-phase proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, soluble adhesion molecules and prothrombotic mediators is modest, usually less than 2-fold above what is observed in controls.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diagnostic criteria for low-grade inflammation are not precisely defined, but the phenotype is not disputed.
“Diagnostic criteria for low-grade inflammation have not been precisely defined, but the phenotype per se is not disputed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The vast majority of macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue in obesity originates from the circulation.
“It should be noted, however, that the vast majority of the macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue in obesity originates most probably from the circulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In obesity and metabolic syndrome, key organs with increased insulin resistance are liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and endothelium.
“In obesity and the metabolic syndrome, key organs displaying increased insulin resistance are the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and the endothelium (Fig. 6).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The postprandial inflammatory response lasts 4-8 hours and recurs several times daily.
“The postprandial inflammatory response lasts for only few (4 -8) h but it recurs several times a day following eating.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Meals or food components may contain LPS that directly triggers systemic inflammation.
“Meals or food components may contain LPS which directly triggers systemic inflammation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hyperglycaemia induces free radicals that initiate an inflammatory reaction.
“Hyperglycaemia induces the production of free radicals which themselves initiate an inflammatory reaction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported physical activity data are subject to recall and reporting biases.
“Self-reported data of physical activity are easy and feasible to ask in a questionnaire or interview in large populations but are a measurement subject to recall and reporting biases.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6 stimulates lipolysis and fat oxidation.
“Moreover, IL-6 stimulates lipolysis as well as fat oxidation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The increase in IL-6 at the end of exercise causes the increased CRP levels during late recovery.
“The increase in IL-6 at the end of exercise is responsible for the increased CRP levels during late recovery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Regular physical activity decreases basal and post-exercise plasma IL-6 concentrations.
“In response to regular physical activity, basal as well as post-exercise plasma concentrations of IL-6 will decrease by mechanisms that might include increased glycogen content, improved antioxidant capacity and improved insulin sensitivity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lower circulating IL-6 results in lower CRP levels.
“The lower concentrations of IL-6 in the circulation will subsequently result in lower CRP levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physical activity and obesity are often inversely related.
“Given that physical activity and obesity are often inversely related, it is not clear as to whether the antiinflammatory health benefits of a physically active lifestyle are due to exercise per se or result from favourable changes in body composition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A strong background of low-grade inflammatory status determines any possible inverse association.
“These determinants do most probably involve a strong background of low-grade inflammatory status, which consistently is shown to determine any possible inverse association.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Energy restriction itself may play an anti-inflammatory role via sirtuin and FoxO proteins.
“However, energy restriction itself may also play an anti-inflammatory role, with key mediators of the effect being proteins of the sirtuin and Forkhead box, sub-group O (FoxO) families which are induced/activated during states of limited energy supply.”
The paper relies on this without support.
IL-6 is a more sensitive marker of chronic low-grade inflammation than CRP, and CRP reflects a downstream effect associated with IL-6.
“It is likely that IL-6 is a more sensitive marker of chronic low-grade inflammation and that CRP reflects a more downstream effect associated with IL-6.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Nitric oxide plays a key role in linking hyperglycaemia-induced free radical production to metabolic events.
“NO, a potent vasodilator, is assumed to play a key role in this respect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hyperglycaemia, elevated TAG/NEFA and hyperinsulinaemia are mutually inherent to the initial development of a diabetic state.
“Hyperglycaemia, elevated TAG/NEFA and hyperinsulinaemia are events that are mutually inherent to the initial development of a diabetic state.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Incorporation of EPA and DHA into human inflammatory cells occurs partly at the expense of arachidonic acid, reducing substrate for synthesis of classic inflammatory eicosanoids such as PGE2.
“The incorporation of EPA and DHA into human inflammatory cells is partly at the expense of arachidonic acid, resulting in less substrate available for the synthesis of the classic inflammatory eicosanoids such as PGE 2 .”
The paper relies on this without support.
The inflammatory markers measured in the reviewed studies adequately represent chronic low-grade inflammation.
“Perhaps the most important is that there is no consensus regarding the inflammatory mediators which best represent chronic low-grade inflammation.”
“Most studies have measured CRP, perhaps because it is long established, is linked to the risk of CVD and is routinely measured in clinical laboratories.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The reviewed studies' findings can be combined despite differences in inflammatory outcomes and time points.
“Further, even where dietary components have been fairly well explored through intervention studies, many of the studies have been small in size and they have reported on different inflammatory outcomes at different time points.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In overweight and obese women, supplementation with 4.2 g/d EPA and DHA for 12 weeks does not affect sialic acid, fibrinogen, or PAI-1 activity.
“¼ Sialic acid, fibrinogen, PAI-1 activity”
The paper relies on this without support.
In overweight and obese women, supplementation with 4.2 g/d EPA and DHA for 12 weeks inversely affects CRP and IL-6.
“# CRP, IL-6”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In a recent randomized clinical trial, individuals randomized to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil had a significant reduction in circulating oxidized LDL and inflammatory markers.
“In a recent randomized clinical trial, individuals randomized to a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil had a significant reduction in circulating oxidized LDL and inflammatory markers (48,49).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [49]
Data from several epidemiological studies suggest that people consuming higher quality diets have lower inflammation, independently from the classical cardiometabolic risk factors.
“In support of this hypothesis, data from several epidemiological studies suggest that people consuming higher quality diets have lower inflammation, independently from the classical cardiometabolic risk factors (49,50).”
From Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [49]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Soya-protein CRP result conflicts with Table 7
MajorThe prose says the study found a CRP reduction with soya nuts but not soya protein. Table 7 reports a CRP reduction for soya protein as well.
“In one study, reduced plasma CRP, TNF-a and IL-18 concentrations were reported in postmenopausal Iranian women with the metabolic syndrome consuming soya nuts but not soya protein (347) .”
“Soya protein: # CRP,”
A cited cellular vitamin D study measured no cellular marker
MinorThe review identifies studies 747 and 748 as the two reporting cellular anti-inflammatory findings. Its description of study 748 instead reports only an absence of association with serum CRP; the cellular study described immediately before it is study 746.
“However, two studies that investigated cellular markers of inflammation both reported an anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D (747,748) .”
“Most recently, NHANES data for 5867 adolescents aged 12 -19 years showed no relationship between serum 25(OH)D 3 and CRP concentrations (748) .”
A purported negative alcohol trial reports increased adiponectin
MinorThe prose groups study 433 among the negative longer-term alcohol trials. Table 11 reports increased adiponectin in that study, which the paper identifies as anti-inflammatory.
“The three 'negative' trials (433 -436) used red wine or beer.”
“| Lean and overweight | 20 (M) | 18 -25 | Beer (40 g/d) | 3 weeks | ¼ Resistin, leptin | 433 | | | | | | | " Adiponectin, grehlin | |”
Cites
3 retracted
Visfatin: A Protein Secreted by Visceral Fat That Mimics the Effects of Insulin
Fukuhara, A., Matsuda, M., Nishizawa, M., Segawa, K., Tanaka, M., Kishimoto, K., Matsuki, Y., Murakami, M., Ichisaka, T., Murakami, H., et al. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1097243 · Cited by 1,906 · see citing works
RetractedRETRACTED: The anti-inflammatory activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in macrophages
Cohen-Lahav, M., Douvdevani, A., Chaimovitz, C., & Shany, S. (2007) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.093 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
RetractedRetracted: Effects of Whey Peptides on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Pins, J. J., & Keenan, J. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2006.05667.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
RetractedObesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue
Weisberg, S. P., McCann, D., Desai, M., Rosenbaum, M., Leibel, R. L., & Ferrante, A. W. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319246 · Cited by 10,041 · see citing works
(1985) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 9,143 · see citing works
Adipose Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α: Direct Role in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance
Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7678183 · Cited by 7,518 · see citing works
Xu, H., Barnes, G. T., Yang, Q., Tan, G., Yang, D., Chou, C. J., Sole, J., Nichols, A., Ross, J. S., Tartaglia, L. A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319451 · Cited by 6,760 · see citing works
Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes
Esterbauer, H., Schaur, R. J., & Zollner, H. (1991) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(91)90192-6 · Cited by 6,672 · see citing works
Pearson, T. A., Mensah, G. A., Alexander, R. W., Anderson, J. L., Cannon, R. O., Criqui, M., Fadl, Y. Y., Fortmann, S. P., Hong, Y., Myers, G. L., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000052939.59093.45 · Cited by 6,401 · see citing works
Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and diabetic complications
Giacco, F., & Brownlee, M. (2010) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.110.223545 · Cited by 5,461 · see citing works
Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization
Lumeng, C. N., Bodzin, J. L., & Saltiel, A. R. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29881 · Cited by 4,664 · see citing works
Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population
Trichopoulou, A., Costacou, T., Bamia, C., & Trichopoulos, D. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa025039 · Cited by 4,397 · see citing works
Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome
Després, J.-P., & Lemieux, I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05488 · Cited by 4,354 · see citing works
Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet
Baur, J. A., Pearson, K. J., Price, N. L., Jamieson, H. A., Lerin, C., Kalra, A., Prabhu, V. V., Allard, J. S., Lopez-Lluch, G., Lewis, K., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05354 · Cited by 4,290 · see citing works
Inflammation, stress, and diabetes
Wellen, K. E., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci25102 · Cited by 4,143 · see citing works
Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology
Hu, F. B. (2002) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002 · Cited by 4,029 · see citing works
Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence
Baur, J. A., & Sinclair, D. A. (2006) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2060 · Cited by 3,958 · see citing works
Weiss, G., & Goodnough, L. T. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra041809 · Cited by 3,800 · see citing works
TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance
Shi, H., Kokoeva, M. V., Inouye, K., Tzameli, I., Yin, H., & Flier, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28898 · Cited by 3,690 · see citing works
Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity
Tilg, H., & Moschen, A. R. (2006) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1937 · Cited by 3,195 · see citing works
The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise
Petersen, A. M. W., & Pedersen, B. K. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00164.2004 · Cited by 3,100 · see citing works
Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance
Olefsky, J. M., & Glass, C. K. (2010) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135846 · Cited by 2,733 · see citing works
Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics
Gibson, G. R., Probert, H. M., Loo, J. V., Rastall, R. A., & Roberfroid, M. B. (2004) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr200479 · Cited by 2,539 · see citing works
Cinti, S., Mitchell, G., Barbatelli, G., Murano, I., Ceresi, E., Faloia, E., Wang, S., Fortier, M., Greenberg, A. S., & Obin, M. S. (2005) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m500294-jlr200 · Cited by 2,529 · see citing works
Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance
Houstis, N., Rosen, E. D., & Lander, E. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04634 · Cited by 2,525 · see citing works
n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases
Calder, P. C. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1505s · Cited by 2,525 · see citing works
Self-citationElevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults
Visser, M. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.22.2131 · Cited by 2,494 · see citing works
Monnier, L., Mas, E., Ginet, C., Michel, F., Villon, L., Cristol, J.-P., & Colette, C. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.14.1681 · Cited by 2,444 · see citing works
Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm.
Baynes, J. W., & Thorpe, S. R. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.1.1 · Cited by 2,441 · see citing works
Integrating cell-signalling pathways with NF-κB and IKK function
Perkins, N. D. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2083 · Cited by 2,350 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress and Stress-Activated Signaling Pathways: A Unifying Hypothesis of Type 2 Diabetes
Evans, J. L., Goldfine, I. D., Maddux, B. A., & Grodsky, G. M. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2001-0039 · Cited by 2,232 · see citing works
Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue
Trayhurn, P., & Wood, I. S. (2004) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041213 · Cited by 2,210 · see citing works
Esposito, K., Marfella, R., Ciotola, M., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, F., Giugliano, G., D'Armiento, M., D'Andrea, F., & Giugliano, D. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.12.1440 · Cited by 2,126 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease
Berg, A. H., & Scherer, P. E. (2005) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000163635.62927.34 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
Franceschi, C., Capri, M., Monti, D., Giunta, S., Olivieri, F., Sevini, F., Panourgia, M. P., Invidia, L., Celani, L., Scurti, M., et al. (2007) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.016 · Cited by 2,087 · see citing works
Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Yang, Q., Graham, T. E., Mody, N., Preitner, F., Peroni, O. D., Zabolotny, J. M., Kotani, K., Quadro, L., & Kahn, B. B. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03711 · Cited by 2,086 · see citing works
Microbial Influences in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Sartor, R. B. (2008) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.059 · Cited by 1,927 · see citing works
Relation of Body Fat Distribution to Metabolic Complications of Obesity*
KISSEBAH, A. H., VYDELINGUM, N., MURRAY, R., EVANS, D. J., KALKHOFF, R. K., & ADAMS, P. W. (1982) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-54-2-254 · Cited by 1,909 · see citing works
Functional significance of cell volume regulatory mechanisms
LANG, F., BUSCH, G. L., RITTER, M., VÖLKL, H., WALDEGGER, S., GULBINS, E., & HÄUSSINGER, D. (1998) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.1.247 · Cited by 1,891 · see citing works
Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue
Wellen, K. E., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200320514 · Cited by 1,823 · see citing works
Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Larsen, C. M., Faulenbach, M., Vaag, A., Vølund, A., Ehses, J. A., Seifert, B., Mandrup-Poulsen, T., & Donath, M. Y. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa065213 · Cited by 1,798 · see citing works
Cani, P. D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Knauf, C., Burcelin, R., Tuohy, K. M., Gibson, G. R., & Delzenne, N. M. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0791-0 · Cited by 1,770 · see citing works
Effects of a Mediterranean-Style Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Trial
Estruch, R., Martínez-González, M. Á., Corella, D., Salas-Salvadó, J., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., Covas, M. I., Fiol, M., Gómez-Gracia, E., López-Sabater, M. C., Vinyoles, E., et al. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00004 · Cited by 1,704 · see citing works
The anti-inflammatory agents aspirin and salicylate inhibit the activity of IκB kinase-β
Yin, M.-J., Yamamoto, Y., & Gaynor, R. B. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/23948 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
Fain, J. N., Madan, A. K., Hiler, M. L., Cheema, P. S., & Bahouth, S. W. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-1336 · Cited by 1,571 · see citing works
Esposito, K., Pontillo, A., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, G., Masella, M., Marfella, R., & Giugliano, D. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.14.1799 · Cited by 1,511 · see citing works
Self-citationCCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding
Weisberg, S. P., Hunter, D., Huber, R., Lemieux, J., Slaymaker, S., Vaddi, K., Charo, I., Leibel, R. L., & Jr., A. W. F. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci24335 · Cited by 1,497 · see citing works
Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly
Harris, T. B., Ferrucci, L., Tracy, R. P., Corti, M. C., Wacholder, S., Ettinger, W. H., Heimovitz, H., Cohen, H. J., & Wallace, R. (1999) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00066-2 · Cited by 1,488 · see citing works
Advanced glycation endproducts—role in pathology of diabetic complications
Ahmed, N. (2004) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.09.004 · Cited by 1,457 · see citing works
CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding
Weisberg, S. P. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci24335c1 · Cited by 1,424 · see citing works
Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function
Salminen, S., Bouley, C., Boutron, M.-C., Cummings, J. H., Franck, A., Gibson, G. R., Isolauri, E., Moreau, M.-C., Roberfroid, M., & Rowland, I. (1998) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19980108 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
Retinol-Binding Protein 4 and Insulin Resistance in Lean, Obese, and Diabetic Subjects
Graham, T. E., Yang, Q., Blüher, M., Hammarstedt, A., Ciaraldi, T. P., Henry, R. R., Wason, C. J., Oberbach, A., Jansson, P.-A., Smith, U., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054862 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Advanced protein glycosylation in diabetes and aging
Brownlee, M. D. (1995) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.46.1.223 · Cited by 1,312 · see citing works
Understanding RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation end products
Bierhaus, A., Humpert, P. M., Morcos, M., Wendt, T., Chavakis, T., Arnold, B., Stern, D. M., & Nawroth, P. P. (2005) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-005-0688-7 · Cited by 1,297 · see citing works
Visser, M., Pahor, M., Taaffe, D. R., Goodpaster, B. H., Simonsick, E. M., Newman, A. B., Nevitt, M., & Harris, T. B. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.5.m326 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet
Uribarri, J., Woodruff, S., Goodman, S., Cai, W., Chen, X., Pyzik, R., Yong, A., Striker, G. E., & Vlassara, H. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.018 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Relationship between Adipocyte Size and Adipokine Expression and Secretion
Skurk, T., Alberti-Huber, C., Herder, C., & Hauner, H. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1055 · Cited by 1,288 · see citing works
Salonen, J. T., Nyyssönen, K., Korpela, H., Tuomilehto, J., Seppänen, R., & Salonen, R. (1992) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.86.3.803 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Dandona, P., Aljada, A., Chaudhuri, A., Mohanty, P., & Garg, R. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000158483.13093.9d · Cited by 1,263 · see citing works
Empirically derived eating patterns using factor or cluster analysis: a review
Newby, P. K., & Tucker, K. L. (2004) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00040.x · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
McCullough, M. L., Feskanich, D., Stampfer, M. J., Giovannucci, E. L., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., & Willett, W. C. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1261 · Cited by 1,191 · see citing works
Cancello, R., Henegar, C., Viguerie, N., Taleb, S., Poitou, C., Rouault, C., Coupaye, M., Pelloux, V., Hugol, D., Bouillot, J.-L., et al. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.8.2277 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
Self-citationInflammation and insulin resistance
de Luca, C., & Olefsky, J. M. (2008) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.057 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
The Effects of Physical Activity on Serum C-Reactive Protein and Inflammatory Markers
Kasapis, C., & Thompson, P. D. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.077 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Park, L., Raman, K. G., Lee, K. J., Lu, Y., Ferran, L. J., Chow, W. S., Stern, D. M., & Schmidt, A. M. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/2012 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Bastard, J., Jardel, C., Bruckert, É., Blondy, P., Capeau, J., Laville, M., Vidal, H., & Hainque, B. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.9.6839 · Cited by 1,102 · see citing works
Suganami, T., Nishida, J., & Ogawa, Y. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000183883.72263.13 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome
Maury, E., & Brichard, S. M. (2010) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.031 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Diet-quality scores and plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction
Fung, T. T., McCullough, M. L., Newby, P., Manson, J. E., Meigs, J. B., Rifai, N., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.1.163 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Ziccardi, P., Nappo, F., Giugliano, G., Esposito, K., Marfella, R., Cioffi, M., D’Andrea, F., Molinari, A. M., & Giugliano, D. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc0702.104279 · Cited by 994 · see citing works
Self-citationPostprandial Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Complications
Ceriello, A. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.1.1 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Nuclear factor-?B: its role in health and disease
Kumar, A., Takada, Y., Boriek, A., & Aggarwal, B. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-004-0555-y · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Inflammatory mediators in the elderly
Krabbe, K. S., Pedersen, M., & Bruunsgaard, H. (2004) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.01.009 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
The origins of age-related proinflammatory state
Ferrucci, L., Corsi, A., Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Taub, D. D., Guralnik, J. M., & Longo, D. L. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2004-07-2599 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Inflammatory Markers and Physical Performance in Older Persons: The InCHIANTI Study
Cesari, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Pahor, M., Lauretani, F., Corsi, A. M., Williams, G. R., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/59.3.m242 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Yang, R.-Z., Lee, M.-J., Hu, H., Pray, J., Wu, H.-B., Hansen, B. C., Shuldiner, A. R., Fried, S. K., McLenithan, J. C., & Gong, D.-W. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00572.2004 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Lopez-Garcia, E., Schulze, M. B., Fung, T. T., Meigs, J. B., Rifai, N., Manson, J. E., & Hu, F. B. (2004) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.4.1029 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
The Effects of Diet on Inflammation
Giugliano, D., Ceriello, A., & Esposito, K. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.052 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Self-citationCarey, V. J., Walters, E. E., Colditz, G. A., Solomon, C. G., Willet, W. C., Rosner, B. A., Speizer, F. E., & Manson, J. E. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009158 · Cited by 827 · see citing works
Fu, M.-X., Requena, J. R., Jenkins, A. J., Lyons, T. J., Baynes, J. W., & Thorpe, S. R. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.17.9982 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Targeting Multiple Signaling Pathways by Green Tea Polyphenol (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate
Khan, N., Afaq, F., Saleem, M., Ahmad, N., & Mukhtar, H. (2006) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3636 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance?
Fischer, C. P. (2026) · PubMed · doi:10.22029/eir.2006.1620 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Lander, H. M., Tauras, J. M., Ogiste, J. S., Hori, O., Moss, R. A., & Schmidt, A. M. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.28.17810 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Suganami, T., Tanimoto-Koyama, K., Nishida, J., Itoh, M., Yuan, X., Mizuarai, S., Kotani, H., Yamaoka, S., Miyake, K., Aoe, S., et al. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000251608.09329.9a · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Weyer, C., Foley, J. E., Bogardus, C., Tataranni, P. A., & Pratley, R. E. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051560 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Calorie restriction–the SIR2 connection
Guarente, L., & Picard, F. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.029 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Acute Hyperglycemia Attenuates Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Humans In Vivo
Williams, S. B., Goldfine, A. B., Timimi, F. K., Ting, H. H., Roddy, M.-A., Simonson, D. C., & Creager, M. A. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.17.1695 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Koschinsky, T., He, C.-J., Mitsuhashi, T., Bucala, R., Liu, C., Buenting, C., Heitmann, K., & Vlassara, H. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.12.6474 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Hammes, H.-P., Du, X., Edelstein, D., Taguchi, T., Matsumura, T., Ju, Q., Lin, J., Bierhaus, A., Nawroth, P., Hannak, D., et al. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm834 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
γ-Tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention
Jiang, Q., Christen, S., Shigenaga, M. K., & Ames, B. N. (2001) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Erridge, C., Attina, T., Spickett, C. M., & Webb, D. J. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1286 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
The quantitative assessment of body iron
Cook, J. D., Flowers, C. H., & Skikne, B. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-10-3071 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Chrysohoou, C. A., Panagiotakos, D. B., Pitsavos, C. E., Das, U. N., & Stefanadis, C. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.039 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Omentin Plasma Levels and Gene Expression Are Decreased in Obesity
Batista, C. M. D. S., Yang, R.-Z., Lee, M., Glynn, N. M., Yu, D.-Z., Pray, J., Ndubuizu, K., Patil, S. P., Schwartz, A. B., Kligman, M. D., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1506 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods
Goldberg, T., Cai, W., Peppa, M., Dardaine, V., Baliga, B. S., Uribarri, J., & Vlassara, H. (2004) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.05.214 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Obesity, adiponectin and vascular inflammatory disease
Ouchi, N., Kihara, S., Funahashi, T., Matsuzawa, Y., & Walsh, K. (2003) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-200312000-00003 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Prevention of fat-induced insulin resistance by salicylate
Kim, J. K., Kim, Y.-J., Fillmore, J. J., Chen, Y., Moore, I., Lee, J., Yuan, M., Li, Z. W., Karin, M., Perret, P., et al. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci11559 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Health risks associated with overweight and obesity
Kopelman, P. (2007) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2007.00311.x · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: New twists in an old tale
Calder, P. C. (2009) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2009.01.008 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids to circulating inflammatory markers.
Ferrucci, L., Cherubini, A., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Corsi, A., Lauretani, F., Martin, A., Andres-Lacueva, C., Senin, U., & Guralnik, J. M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1303 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
Curat, C. A., Wegner, V., Sengenès, C., Miranville, A., Tonus, C., Busse, R., & Bouloumié, A. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0173-z · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Kintscher, U., Hartge, M., Hess, K., Foryst-Ludwig, A., Clemenz, M., Wabitsch, M., Fischer-Posovszky, P., Barth, T. F. E., Dragun, D., Skurk, T., et al. (2008) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.165100 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Aging and proinflammatory cytokines
Bruunsgaard, H., Pedersen, M., & Pedersen, B. K. (2001) · Current Opinion in Hematology · doi:10.1097/00062752-200105000-00001 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Ueki, K., Kondo, T., & Kahn, C. R. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.12.5434-5446.2004 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Wu, H., Ghosh, S., Perrard, X. D., Feng, L., García, G., Perrard, J. L., Sweeney, J. F., Peterson, L. E., Chan, L., Smith, C. W., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.638379 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Fain, J. N. (2006) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74018-3 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Evidence that interleukin-6 is produced in human skeletal muscle during prolonged running
Ostrowski, K., Rohde, T., Zacho, M., Asp, S., & Pedersen, B. K. (1998) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.949bp.x · Cited by 673 · see citing works
Vlassara, H., Cai, W., Crandall, J., Goldberg, T., Oberstein, R., Dardaine, V., Peppa, M., & Rayfield, E. J. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.242407999 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
Ceriello, A., Taboga, C., Tonutti, L., Quagliaro, L., Piconi, L., Bais, B., Da Ros, R., & Motz, E. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000027569.76671.a8 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Pittas, A. G., Harris, S. S., Stark, P. C., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1994 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Weight loss regulates inflammation‐related genes in white adipose tissue of obese subjects
ClÉment, K., Viguerie, N., Poitou, C., Carette, C., Pelloux, V., Curat, C. A., Sicard, A., Rome, S., Benis, A., Zucker, J., et al. (2004) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2204com · Cited by 640 · see citing works
Self-citationGonzalez-Quintela, A., Alende, R., Gude, F., Campos, J., Rey, J., Meijide, L. M., Fernandez-Merino, C., & Vidal, C. (2007) · Clinical and Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03545.x · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue-Derived Factors: Impact on Health and Disease
Trujillo, M. E., & Scherer, P. E. (2006) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2006-0033 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Cancello, R., Tordjman, J., Poitou, C., Guilhem, G., Bouillot, J. L., Hugol, D., Coussieu, C., Basdevant, A., Hen, A. B., Bedossa, P., et al. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-0133 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of reactive aldehyde in cardiovascular diseases
Uchida, K. (2000) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00226-4 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Johnson, J. B., Summer, W., Cutler, R. G., Martin, B., Hyun, D.-H., Dixit, V. D., Pearson, M., Nassar, M., Tellejohan, R., Maudsley, S., et al. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.005 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Lopez-Garcia, E., Schulze, M. B., Meigs, J. B., Manson, J. E., Rifai, N., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2005) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.3.562 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
From Blood Monocytes to Adipose Tissue-Resident Macrophages
Curat, C. A., Miranville, A., Sengenès, C., Diehl, M., Tonus, C., Busse, R., & Bouloumié, A. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.5.1285 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Wendt, T., Tanji, N., Guo, J., Kislinger, T., Qu, W., Lu, Y., Bucciarelli, L. G., Rong, L., Moser, B., Markowitz, G. S., et al. (2003) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63909-0 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Association between Physical Activity and Markers of Inflammation in a Healthy Elderly Population
Geffken, D. F., Cushman, M., Burke, G. L., Polak, J. F., Sakkinen, P. A., & Tracy, R. P. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/153.3.242 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Rausch, M. E., Weisberg, S., Vardhana, P., & Tortoriello, D. V. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803744 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Egert, S., Bosy‐Westphal, A., Seiberl, J., Kürbitz, C., Settler, U., Plachta‐Danielzik, S., Wagner, A. E., Frank, J., Schrezenmeir, J., Rimbach, G. H., et al. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509359127 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Harman-Boehm, I., Blüher, M., Redel, H., Sion-Vardy, N., Ovadia, S., Avinoach, E., Shai, I., Klöting, N., Stumvoll, M., Bashan, N., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1811 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Uribarri, J., Cai, W., Peppa, M., Goodman, S., Ferrucci, L., Striker, G., & Vlassara, H. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.4.427 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Inflammatory Disease Processes and Interactions with Nutrition
Calder, P. C., Albers, R., Antoine, J., Blum, S., Bourdet‐Sicard, R., Ferns, G. A., Folkerts, G., Friedmann, P. S., Frost, G. S., Guarner, F., et al. (2009) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114509377867 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Self-citationSearching for the exercise factor: is IL-6 a candidate?
Pedersen (2003) · Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility · doi:10.1023/a:1026070911202 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Scavenger Receptors in Atherosclerosis: Beyond Lipid Uptake
Moore, K. J., & Freeman, M. W. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000229218.97976.43 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
RAGE Blockade Stabilizes Established Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Apolipoprotein E–Null Mice
Bucciarelli, L. G., Wendt, T., Qu, W., Lu, Y., Lalla, E., Rong, L., Goova, M. T., Moser, B., Kislinger, T., Lee, D. C., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000039325.03698.36 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Pischon, T., Hankinson, S. E., Hotamisligil, G. S., Rifai, N., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000079224.46084.c2 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Effect of alcohol consumption on systemic markers of inflammation
Imhof, A., Froehlich, M., Brenner, H., Boeing, H., Pepys, M. B., & Koenig, W. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04170-2 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Lee, J. Y., Plakidas, A., Lee, W. H., Heikkinen, A., Chanmugam, P., Bray, G. A., & Hwang, D. H. (2003) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m200361-jlr200 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Zittermann, A., Frisch, S., Berthold, H. K., Götting, C., Kühn, J., Kleesiek, K., Stehle, P., Koertke, H., & Köerfer, R. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27004 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Nappo, F., Esposito, K., Cioffi, M., Giugliano, G., Molinari, A. M., Paolisso, G., Marfella, R., & Giugliano, D. (2002) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01741-2 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Self-citationTobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products
Cerami, C., Founds, H., Nicholl, I. D., Mitsuhashi, T., Giordano, D., VanPatten, S., Lee, A., Al‐Abed, Y., Vlassara, H., Bucala, R., et al. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13915 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome and adipocytokines
Matsuzawa, Y. (2006) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.028 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Christen, S., Woodall, A., Shigenaga, M. K., Southwell‐Keely, P. T., Duncan, M. W., & Ames, B. N. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3217 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Different Faces of the Heme-Heme Oxygenase System in Inflammation
Wagener, F. A. D. T. G., Volk, H., Willis, D., Abraham, N. G., Soares, M. P., Adema, G. J., & Figdor, C. G. (2003) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.55.3.5 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Lang, C. H., Dobrescu, C., & Bagby, G. J. (1992) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.130.1.1727716 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Zhao, G., Etherton, T. D., Martin, K. R., West, S. G., Gillies, P. J., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.11.2991 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Dietary patterns and changes in body mass index and waist circumference in adults
Newby, P., Muller, D., Hallfrisch, J., Qiao, N., Andres, R., & Tucker, K. L. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1417 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Fruit and vegetable intakes, C-reactive protein, and the metabolic syndrome
Esmaillzadeh, A., Kimiagar, M., Mehrabi, Y., Azadbakht, L., Hu, F. B., & Willett, W. C. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1489 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Sadeghi, K., Wessner, B., Laggner, U., Ploder, M., Tamandl, D., Friedl, J., Zügel, U., Steinmeyer, A., Pollak, A., Roth, E., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200425995 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Abramson, J. L., & Vaccarino, V. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.11.1286 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Kim, C.-S., Park, H.-S., Kawada, T., Kim, J.-H., Lim, D., Hubbard, N. E., Kwon, B.-S., Erickson, K. L., & Yu, R. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803259 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Blueberries Decrease Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Men and Women with Metabolic Syndrome
Basu, A., Du, M., Leyva, M. J., Sanchez, K., Betts, N. M., Wu, M., Aston, C. E., & Lyons, T. J. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.124701 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function
Calder, P. C. (2008) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.016 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Self-citationn−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: From molecular biology to the clinic
Calder, P. C. (2003) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-003-1068-y · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Keefe, J. H., Gheewala, N. M., & O’Keefe, J. O. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.016 · Cited by 497 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These observations have prompted the hypothesis that it is the sugar and lipid content of meals which is related to postprandial inflammation, oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction((157,167,551,554)).”
Stentz, F. B., Umpierrez, G. E., Cuervo, R., & Kitabchi, A. E. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.8.2079 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Holt, E. M., Steffen, L. M., Moran, A., Basu, S., Steinberger, J., Ross, J. A., Hong, C.-P., & Sinaiko, A. R. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.11.036 · Cited by 496 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In one study, no association with CRP was observed((288)), while in a second study, an inverse association was seen in men but not in women((327)).”
Physical Activity and Hemostatic and Inflammatory Variables in Elderly Men
Wannamethee, S. G., Lowe, G. D. O., Whincup, P. H., Rumley, A., Walker, M., & Lennon, L. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000016346.14762.71 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Nettleton, J. A., Steffen, L. M., Mayer-Davis, E. J., Jenny, N. S., Jiang, R., Herrington, D. M., & Jacobs, D. R. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1369 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Sirtuin Functions in Health and Disease
Yamamoto, H., Schoonjans, K., & Auwerx, J. (2007) · Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/me.2007-0079 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Baer, D. J., Judd, J. T., Clevidence, B. A., & Tracy, R. P. (2004) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.6.969 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Development and prevention of advanced diabetic nephropathy in RAGE-overexpressing mice
Yamamoto, Y., Kato, I., Doi, T., Yonekura, H., Ohashi, S., Takeuchi, M., Watanabe, T., Yamagishi, S.-I., Sakurai, S., Takasawa, S., et al. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci11771 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Inflammation and the IKKβ/IκB/NF-κB axis in obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance
Shoelson, S. E., Lee, J., & Yuan, M. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802501 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Koerner, A., Kratzsch, J., & Kiess, W. (2005) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2005.07.008 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Henegar, C., Tordjman, J., Achard, V., Lacasa, D., Cremer, I., Guerre-Millo, M., Poitou, C., Basdevant, A., Stich, V., Viguerie, N., et al. (2008) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-1-r14 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Bermudez, E. A., Rifai, N., Buring, J. E., Manson, J. E., & Ridker, P. M. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000029781.31325.66 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Colbert, L. H., Visser, M., Simonsick, E. M., Tracy, R. P., Newman, A. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Pahor, M., Taaffe, D. R., Brach, J. S., Rubin, S., et al. (2004) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52307.x · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Hypoxia in adipose tissue: a basis for the dysregulation of tissue function in obesity?
Trayhurn, P., Wang, B., & Wood, I. S. (2008) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508971282 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular complications
Jay, D., Hitomi, H., & Griendling, K. K. (2006) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.06.018 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Dietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women
Schulze, M. B., Hoffmann, K., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Meigs, J. B., Weikert, C., Heidemann, C., Colditz, G. A., & Hu, F. B. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.82.3.675 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
A High Plasma Concentration of TNF- Is Associated With Dementia in Centenarians
Brüünsgaard, H., Andersen‐Ranberg, K., Jeune, B., Pedersen, B. K., Skinhøj, P., & Pedersen, B. K. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/54.7.m357 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
The Metabolic Syndrome and Antioxidant Concentrations
Ford, E. S., Mokdad, A. H., Giles, W. H., & Brown, D. W. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2346 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammatory processes and inflammatory bowel diseases
Calder, P. C. (2008) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700289 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary pattern, inflammation, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in women
Schulze, M. B., Hoffmann, K., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Meigs, J. B., Weikert, C., Heidemann, C., Colditz, G. A., & Hu, F. B. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.3.675 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Hammerstone, J. F., Lazarus, S. A., Mitchell, A. E., Rucker, R., & Schmitz, H. H. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf980760h · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Separation of human adipocytes by size: hypertrophic fat cells display distinct gene expression
Jernås, M., Palming, J., Sjöholm, K., Jennische, E., Svensson, P.-A., Gabrielsson, B. G., Levin, M., Sjögren, A., Rudemo, M., Lystig, T. C., et al. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.05-5678fje · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Epicardial fat: properties, function and relationship to obesity
Rabkin, S. W. (2006) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2006.00293.x · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Mora, S., Lee, I., Buring, J., & Ridker, P. (2006) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.295.12.1412 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Cook, D. G., Mendall, M. A., Whincup, P. H., Carey, I. M., Ballam, L., Morris, J. E., Miller, G. J., & Strachan, D. P. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00312-3 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Nicklas, B. J., Ambrosius, W., Messier, S. P., Miller, G. D., Penninx, B. W., Loeser, R. F., Palla, S., Bleecker, E., & Pahor, M. (2004) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.4.544 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Serum Ferritin and Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome in U.S. Adults
Jehn, M., Clark, J. M., & Guallar, E. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.10.2422 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Morand, C., Dubray, C., Milenkovic, D., Lioger, D., Martin, J. F., Scalbert, A., & Mazur, A. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.004945 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Taaffe, D. R., Harris, T. B., Ferrucci, L., Rowe, J., & Seeman, T. E. (2000) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/55.12.m709 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Kohut, M. L., McCann, D. A., Russell, D. W., Konopka, D. N., Cunnick, J. E., Franke, W. D., Castillo, M. C., Reighard, A. E., & Vanderah, E. (2006) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.12.002 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Disease, Interleukin-6, and Risk of Mortality in Older Women
Volpato, S., Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., Balfour, J. L., Chaves, P. H. M., Fried, L. P., & Harris, T. B. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.103.7.947 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Therapy Insight: adipocytokines in metabolic syndrome and related cardiovascular disease
Matsuzawa, Y. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0380 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics.
Ljungh, Å., & Wadström, T. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Kopp, H. P., Kopp, C. W., Festa, A., Krzyzanowska, K., Kriwanek, S., Minar, E., Roka, R., & Schernthaner, G. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000073313.16135.21 · Cited by 427 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Weight loss induced by gastric bypass reduced the circulating concentrations of visfatin((123)) and TNF-a((124,125)).”
Deficiency of interleukin-18 in mice leads to hyperphagia, obesity and insulin resistance
Netea, M. G., Joosten, L. A. B., Lewis, E., Jensen, D. R., Voshol, P. J., Kullberg, B. J., Tack, C. J., van Krieken, H., Kim, S.-H., Stalenhoef, A. F., et al. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1415 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Vlassara, H., Li, Y. M., Imani, F., Wojciechowicz, D., Yang, Z., Liu, F.-T., & Cerami, A. (1995) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03401604 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Legrand, D., Elass, E., Carpentier, M., & Mazurier, J. (2005) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5370-2 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Adipocytokines - novel link between inflammation and vascular function?
Guzik, T. J., Mangalat, D., & Korbut, R. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Smith, J. K. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.18.1722 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Monocyte Cytokine Production in an Elderly Population: Effect of Age and Inflammation
Roubenoff, R., Harris, T. B., Abad, L. W., Wilson, P. W. F., Dallal, G. E., & Dinarello, C. A. (1998) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/53a.1.m20 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Christiansen, T., Richelsen, B., & Bruun, J. M. (2004) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802839 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Overweight children and adolescents: A risk group for iron deficiency
Nead, K. G., Halterman, J. S., Kaczorowski, J. M., Auinger, P., & Weitzman, M. (2004) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.114.1.104 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Dietary Patterns and Markers of Systemic Inflammation among Iranian Women
Esmaillzadeh, A., Kimiagar, M., Mehrabi, Y., Azadbakht, L., Hu, F. B., & Willett, W. C. (2007) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/137.4.992 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Adamson, G. E., Lazarus, S. A., Mitchell, A. E., Prior, R. L., Cao, G., Jacobs, P. H., Kremers, B. G., Hammerstone, J. F., Rucker, R. B., Ritter, K. A., et al. (1999) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf990317m · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Increase of plasma IL-6 concentration with age in healthy subjects
Wei, J., Xu, H., Davies, J. L., & Hemmings, G. P. (1992) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(92)90112-3 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Immunomodulation by omega-3 fatty acids
Calder, P. C. (2007) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.015 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Self-citationSirtuins: The ‘ <i>magnificent seven</i> ’, function, metabolism and longevity
Dali‐Youcef, N., Lagouge, M., Froelich, S., Koehl, C., Schoonjans, K., & Auwerx, J. (2007) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890701408194 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Nomiyama, T., Perez-Tilve, D., Ogawa, D., Gizard, F., Zhao, Y., Heywood, E. B., Jones, K. L., Kawamori, R., Cassis, L. A., Tschöp, M. H., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci31986 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Rees, D., Miles, E. A., Banerjee, T., Wells, S. J., Roynette, C. E., Wahle, K. W., & Calder, P. C. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.2.331 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Self-citationMonocytes from type 2 diabetic patients have a pro-inflammatory profile
Giulietti, A., van Etten, E., Overbergh, L., Stoffels, K., Bouillon, R., & Mathieu, C. (2007) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.10.007 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
The Diet Quality Index Revised
Haines, P. S., Siega‐Riz, A. M., & Popkin, B. M. (1999) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00168-6 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
39 of the 903 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Kennedy, 1994, The Healthy Eating Index Final Report
- Schalkwijk, 2006, Is reduction of AGEs in food a potential medical nutrition therapy: are AGEs the real culprits?, IMARS Highlights, 1, 8
- 258 Wärnberg, J (2006) Inflammatory status in adolescents; the impact of health determinants such as overweight and and fitness. PhD Thesis, Karolinska Institutet.
- Hoffmeister, 2003, Moderate alcohol consumption and plasma concentration of sensitive markers of inflammation. Comment on an atheroprotective relationship, Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 128, 2237
- Bierhaus, 2005, The immune response to food and its impact on atherogenesis, Diabetes Stoffwechsel, 14
- Erbersdobler, 2001, Metabolic transit of Amadori products, Nahrung, 45, 177, 10.1002/1521-3803(20010601)45:3 · DOI
- McCord, 1998, Iron, free radicals, and oxidative injury, Semin Hematol, 35, 5
- Collins, 2002, A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain in healthy adults: assessment of its delivery, transit and influence on microbial flora and enteric immunity, Micro Ecol Health Dis, 81
- Dalgard, 2009, Supplementation with orange and blackcurrant juice, but not vitamin E, improves inflammatory markers in patients with peripheral arterial disease, Br J Nutr, 101, 263, 10.1017/s0007114508995660 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases
Boeing, H., Bechthold, A., Bub, A., Ellinger, S., Haller, D., Kroke, A., Leschik‐Bonnet, E., Müller, M. J., Oberritter, H., Schulze, M. B., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y · Cited by 1,776 · see citing works
Self-citationMarine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance
Calder, P. C. (2015) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.010 · Cited by 1,717 · see citing works
“Cytokines are associated with inflammatory diseases, with higher levels of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 being a common feature of many inflammatory conditions [26,84,85].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFunctional Roles of Fatty Acids and Their Effects on Human Health
Calder, P. C. (2015) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607115595980 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Self-citationMartínez-González, M. A., García-Arellano, A., Toledo, E., Salas-Salvadó, J., Buil-Cosiales, P., Corella, D., Covas, M. I., Schröder, H., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043134 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
“The appropriate harmony and balance in the intake of both macronutrients and essential micronutrients [42] may contribute to lower oxidative stress, less postprandial inflammation and reductions in other mechanisms associated with the abdominal deposition of fat [43,44].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOxidative stress and metabolic disorders: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies
Rani, V., Deep, G., Singh, R. K., Palle, K., & Yadav, U. C. S. (2016) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.002 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation
Innes, J. K., & Calder, P. C. (2018) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.004 · Cited by 935 · see citing works
Self-citationLow-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation
Minihane, A. M., Vinoy, S., Russell, W. R., Baka, A., Roche, H. M., Tuohy, K. M., Teeling, J. L., Blaak, E. E., Fenech, M. F., Vauzour, D., et al. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515002093 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
“cussed here; this topic has been dealt with more extensively elsewhere((1,6,7)).”
InfluentialSelf-citationInflammation: Depression Fans the Flames and Feasts on the Heat
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Derry, H. M., & Fagundes, C. P. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020152 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
“In fact, two reviews of randomized controlled trials concluded that exercise produces little or no change in inflammatory markers in healthy people who do not lose weight (121, 122).”
BackgroundGlobal Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Redondo-Flórez, L., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15122749 · Cited by 873 · see citing works
“Thus, trans fatty acids may have a negative effect on health due to their potentially pro-inflammatory activity, enhancing cytokine release from monocytes and macrophages, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) [310,311].”
BackgroundInfluentialHealth Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms
Tosti, V., Bertozzi, B., & Fontana, L. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx227 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
“In support of this hypothesis, data from several epidemiological studies suggest that people consuming higher quality diets have lower inflammation, independently from the classical cardiometabolic risk factors (49,50).”
Advanced glycation endproducts in food and their effects on health
Poulsen, M. W., Hedegaard, R. V., Andersen, J. M., de Courten, B., Bügel, S., Nielsen, J., Skibsted, L. H., & Dragsted, L. O. (2013) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.052 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Obesity, Inflammation, Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Fatty Acids
Rogero, M. M., & Calder, P. C. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10040432 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
“This systemic inflammatory response mainly originates from adipose tissue, which produces a wide variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, called adipokines [23].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWallace, T. C., Bailey, R. L., Blumberg, J. B., Burton-Freeman, B., Chen, C.-Y. O., Crowe-White, K. M., Drewnowski, A., Hooshmand, S., Johnson, E., Lewis, R., et al. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1632258 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
“There is a substantial amount of evidence to suggest that many foods, nutrients, and dietary bioactive compounds modulate the inflammation both acutely and chronically (Calder et al. 2011; Calder et al. 2013).”
BackgroundPrevention of Diabetes With Mediterranean Diets: A Subgroup Analysis of a Randomized Trial
Salas-Salvadó, J., Bulló, M., Estruch, R., Ros, E., Covas, M.-I., Ibarrola-Jurado, N., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V., et al. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m13-1725 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
“For example, many vegetables, fruits, and seeds, such as cereals and legumes, contain minerals, polyphenols, and other phytochemicals that combat oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance (24, 25).”
BackgroundDietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: a systematic literature review
Barbaresko, J., Koch, M., Schulze, M. B., & Nöthlings, U. (2013) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12035 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Immunosenescence and inflammaging in the aging process: age-related diseases or longevity?
Santoro, A., Bientinesi, E., & Monti, D. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101422 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Intermittent Fasting Confers Protection in CNS Autoimmunity by Altering the Gut Microbiota
Cignarella, F., Cantoni, C., Ghezzi, L., Salter, A., Dorsett, Y., Chen, L., Phillips, D., Weinstock, G. M., Fontana, L., Cross, A. H., et al. (2018) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.006 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation
Bach Knudsen, K. E., Lærke, H. N., Hedemann, M. S., Nielsen, T. S., Ingerslev, A. K., Gundelund Nielsen, D. S., Theil, P. K., Purup, S., Hald, S., Schioldan, A. G., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101499 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
“becomes infiltrated by immune cells [5,6].”
BackgroundInfluentialNutrition, immunity and COVID-19
Calder, P. C. (2020) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
“35 This state is considered to contribute to an increased risk of chronic conditions of ageing 35 and may predispose to mounting an excessive inflammatory response when infected.”
Self-citationChilds, C. E., Calder, P. C., & Miles, E. A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081933 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
“, adipocytes, the cells that store lipids in fat tissue) [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMcArdle, M. A., Finucane, O. M., Connaughton, R. M., McMorrow, A. M., & Roche, H. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00052 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
“DCs isolated from the SVF of lean and obese mice contained different population subsets (Bertola et al., 2012); CDllchigh/F4/80low DCs from obese mice induced the differentiation of TH17 cells that produced high levels of IL17, whereas CDllchigh/F4/80neg DCs induced both TH1 and TH17 cells that produced low levels of…”
BackgroundInfluentialObesity-Associated Oxidative Stress: Strategies Finalized to Improve Redox State
Savini, I., Catani, M. V., Evangelista, D., Gasperi, V., & Avigliano, L. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140510497 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
“Dietary factors, such as sugar-rich soft drinks and diet rich in SFA, have been shown to promote fat deposition and regain weight following weight loss [40,59].”
BackgroundA journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses
Esposito, K., Maiorino, M. I., Bellastella, G., Chiodini, P., Panagiotakos, D., & Giugliano, D. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008222 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
“The potential protection from diabetes by the Mediterranean diet may be considered as antiinflammatory and antioxidative, principally because of the increased intake of protective nutrients such as dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals, as well as antioxidants and polyphenols, whereas they are also characterised by a l…”
BackgroundSelf-citationCalder, P. C., Bosco, N., Bourdet‐Sicard, R., Capuron, L., Delzenne, N. M., Dore, J. M., Franceschi, C., Lehtinen, M. J., Recker, T., Salvioli, S., et al. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.001 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
“Among the components of a healthy diet, higher intake of whole grains, vegetables and fruits, nuts, and fish are all associated with lower inflammation (Calder et al., 2011).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDominguez, L. J., Veronese, N., Vernuccio, L., Catanese, G., Inzerillo, F., Salemi, G., & Barbagallo, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13114080 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
A Consideration of Biomarkers to be Used for Evaluation of Inflammation in Human Nutritional Studies
Calder, P. C., Ahluwalia, N., Albers, R., Bosco, N., Bourdet-Sicard, R., Haller, D., Holgate, S. T., Jönsson, L. S., Latulippe, M. E., Marcos, A., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512005119 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
“nutrition may be useful in the prevention or treatment of such conditions((1,6)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVery long-chain <i>n</i> -3 fatty acids and human health: fact, fiction and the future
Calder, P. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665117003950 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“Furthermore, chronic low-grade inflammation is now recognised to be a contributor to CVD((153,154)) and to play a role in cardiometabolic diseases like obesity, type-2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and in cognitive decline((155)).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRegulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation
Lewis, E. D., Meydani, S. N., & Wu, D. (2018) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.1976 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
“Chronic, low grade inflammation is a common feature of many chronic metabolic conditions including obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes (2, 3), and is also associated with aging.”
BackgroundInflammation and post‐traumatic stress disorder
Hori, H., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12820 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Bennett, J. M., Andridge, R., Peng, J., Shapiro, C. L., Malarkey, W. B., Emery, C. F., Layman, R. M., Mrózek, E., & Glaser, R. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2013.51.8860 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
“In fact, two recent reviews concluded that exercise RCTs produce little or no change in inflammatory markers in healthy people who do not lose weight.(42,43) Despite the fact that our participants’ weight did not change and our trial did not include aerobic or resistance exercise, cytokine production decreased signifi…”
Background<i>n</i> -3 Fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: new mechanisms to explain old actions
Calder, P. C. (2013) · Proceedings of the Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665113001031 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Self-citationLutein: More than just a filter for blue light
Kijlstra, A., Tian, Y., Kelly, E. R., & Berendschot, T. T. J. M. (2012) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.03.002 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“…been criticized since the sensitivity of the used assay was low and a large part of the study population had CRP levels below the detection level (Calder et al., 2011). nging H2O2 thereby inhibiting the final pathway of NF-kB activation induced by various Rs) and the CD40 molecule (Kim et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodFu, Y., Wang, Y., Gao, H., Li, D., Jiang, R., Ge, L., Tong, C., & Xu, K. (2021) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2021/8879227 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
“Among the components of a healthy diet, the intake of omega-3 fatty acids is associated with reduced inflammation [65].”
The relationship between circulating testosterone and inflammatory cytokines in men
Mohamad, N.-V., Wong, S. K., Hasan, W. N. W., Jolly, J. J., Farhana, M. F. N., Ima-Nirwana, S., & Chin, K. (2018) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685538.2018.1482487 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
“Excessive visceral fat is a cause of chronic inflammation because adipose tissue is a major source of pro-inflammatory mediators [9].”
BackgroundPromising Health Benefits of the Strawberry: A Focus on Clinical Studies
Afrin, S., Gasparrini, M., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Reboredo‐Rodríguez, P., Mezzetti, B., Varela‐López, A., Giampieri, F., & Battino, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00857 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Dietary factors, epigenetic modifications and obesity outcomes: Progresses and perspectives
Milagro, F. I., Mansego, M. L., de Miguel, C., & Martínez, J. A. (2012) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.010 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Childhood obesity and risk of pediatric multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome
Langer-Gould, A. M., Brara, S. M., Beaber, B., & Koebnick, C. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31828154f3 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Mediterranean diets and metabolic syndrome status in the PREDIMED randomized trial
Babió, N., Toledo, E., Estruch, R., Ros, E., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Castañer, O., Bulló, M., Corella, D., Arós, F., Gómez‐Gracia, E., et al. (2014) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.140764 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Overview of oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes
Sibony, R. W., Segev, O., Dor, S., & Raz, I. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.70014 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“44,45 46 – 48 Exogenous antioxidants can be acquired through diet and through supplements.”
BackgroundFruit Polyphenols: A Review of Anti-inflammatory Effects in Humans
Joseph, S. V., Edirisinghe, I., & Burton‐Freeman, B. M. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2013.767221 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“This change in a cell’s redox status activates redox sensitive signaling molecules, such as NF-kB, JNK, and other stress signaling molecules, ultimately resulting in increased gene expression of a number of inflammatory mediators (Calder et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRuiz‐Canela, M., Zazpe, I., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., Sánchez‐Tainta, A., Corella, D., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Fitó, M., Lamuela-Raventós, R. M., Rekondo, J., et al. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514004401 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Obesity, Inflammation and Diet
Lee, H., Lee, I. S., & Choue, R. (2013) · Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition · doi:10.5223/pghn.2013.16.3.143 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
“Previous studies have reviewed [8-10] the role of diet (e.”
BackgroundMetabolic and Vascular Effect of the Mediterranean Diet
Tuttolomondo, A., Simonetta, I., Daidone, M., Mogavero, A., Ortello, A., & Pinto, A. V. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20194716 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“Omega 3 fatty acids exert their anti-inflammatory effect through binding to the 120 G protein-coupled receptor and inhibition of inflammation NLRP3 [187,188].”
Dietary patterns, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome
Ahluwalia, N., Andreeva, V. A., Kesse‐Guyot, E., & Herçberg, S. (2012) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2012.08.007 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“The postulated mechanisms nvolve increased levels of proinflammatory, and decreased levls of anti-inflammatory, adipokines and cytokines, thereby reating a proinflammatory environment with an increase in eactive oxygen and nitrogen species [8,39,40].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Health Potential of Fruits and Vegetables Phytochemicals: Notable Examples
Rodríguez‐Casado, A. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2012.755149 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Very long chain omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids and human health
Calder, P. C. (2014) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.201400025 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“Furthermore, chronic low‐grade inflammation is now recognized to be a contributor to cardiovascular disease [134, 135] and to play a role in cardiometabolic diseases like obesity, type‐2 diabetes, and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease [136].”
Self-citationLow-Grade Inflammation and Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption: A Review
Asensi, M. T., Napoletano, A., Sofi, F., & Dinu, M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061546 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
“At present, it is not well-established which biomarkers can best represent low-grade inflammation, although among the most widely used in scientific studies are soluble mediators (chemokines and cytokines), acute-phase proteins (fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein (CRP)) or blood cellular markers (granulocytes and total…”
BackgroundMonounsaturated Fatty Acids in Obesity-Related Inflammation
Ravaut, G., Légiot, A., Bergeron, K., & Mounier, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22010330 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
“Dietary SFAs are deleterious to metabolic health as they play an important role in the development of obesity, metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation [88].”
BackgroundAdherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Inflammatory Markers
Sureda, A., Bibiloni, M. D. M., Julibert, A., Bouzas, C., Argelich, E., Llompart, I., Pons, A., & Tur, J. A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10010062 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern has been shown to be inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) [9,10], some of its components [11] and type-2 diabetes [12].”
BackgroundKoelman, L., Rodrigues, C. E., & Aleksandrova, K. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab086 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Beyond Obesity and Lifestyle: A Review of 21st Century Chronic Disease Determinants
Egger, G. J., & Dixon, J. B. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/731685 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“Health problems have been related to both specific nutrients [24] and overall meal patterns [25], with inflammatory biomarkers generally accompanying those foods/eating patterns associated with disease risk in the presence and the absence of obesity [17, 26].”
BackgroundDairy products and inflammation: A review of the clinical evidence
Bordoni, A., Danesi, F., Dardevet, D. P., Dupont, D., Fernandez, A. S., Gille, D., dos Santos, C. N., Pinto, P., Re, R., Rémond, D., et al. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2014.967385 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“…inflammation, has a significant impact on human health and longevity (Candore et al., 2010); (iii) nutrient metabolism and inflammation are mechanistically closely interconnected (Hotamisligil, 2006; Calder et al., 2011; Klop et al., 2012; Calder et al., 2013; Hernandez-Aguilera et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBerries: Anti-inflammatory Effects in Humans
Joseph, S. V., Edirisinghe, I., & Burton‐Freeman, B. M. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf4044056 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Raiten, D. J., Ashour, F. A. S., Ross, A. C., Meydani, S. N., Dawson, H. D., Stephensen, C. B., Brabin, B. J., Suchdev, P. S., & van Ommen, B. (2015) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.114.194571 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota Metabolism and Interaction with Food Components
Vernocchi, P., CHIERICO, F. D., & Putignani, L. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21103688 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“When the intestinal SCFA (butyrate) level decreases in patients with IBDs, it is clear that GM diversity decreases by reducing the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and increasing the Proteobacteria level [66].”
BackgroundKnüppel, A., Shipley, M. J., Llewellyn, C. H., & Brunner, E. J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05649-7 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Miles, E. A., & Calder, P. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.712608 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationBonet, M. L., Canas, J. A., Ribot, J., & Palou, A. (2015) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.022 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Lipid signaling in adipose tissue: Connecting inflammation & metabolism
Masoodi, M., Kuda, O., Rossmeisl, M., Flachs, P., & Kopecký, J. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.023 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“For instance, it has been shown in healthy as well as obese subjects that various inflammatory markers were lower in individuals consuming the so called Mediterranean diet, whose principal source of fat is olive oil (rich in monounsaturated FA) and which is also rich in fish (reviewed in [161]).”
BackgroundMediterranean diet, dietary polyphenols and low grade inflammation: results from the MOLI‐SANI study
Bonaccio, M., Pounis, G., Cerletti, C., Donati, M. B., Iacoviello, L., de Gaetano, G., & on behalf of the MOLI‐SANI Study Investigators (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.12924 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Phillips, C. M., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., & Perry, I. J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10081033 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“Diet is an important moderator of inflammation, with certain foods and nutrients capable of eliciting immunomodulatory effects [13,14].”
Li, J. J., Wang, B., Kodali, M. C., Chen, C., Kim, E., Patters, B. J., Lan, L.-B., Kumar, S., Wang, X., Yue, J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-1038-8 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“HFD-induced obesity is associated with chronic lowgrade peripheral inflammation [27, 28] and is also associated with noticeable CNS inflammation [18, 29–32].”
BackgroundInflammaging and Cancer: A Challenge for the Mediterranean Diet
Ostan, R., Lanzarini, C., Pini, E., Scurti, M., Vianello, D., Bertarelli, C., Fabbri, C., Izzi, M., Palmas, M. G., Biondi, F., et al. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7042589 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“Obesity plays a central role in carcinogenesis since adipose tissue has been recognized as an endocrine source of mediators (hormones, acute-phase proteins, cytokines, adipokines and growth factors, [44])”
BackgroundBarrea, L., Muscogiuri, G., Frías-Toral, E., Laudisio, D., Pugliese, G., Castellucci, B., Garcia-Velasquez, E., Savastano, S., & Colao, A. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1792826 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“There are concerns with chronic, systematic, lowgrade inflammation with dietary and lifestyle changes by constantly raising inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation (Calder et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationWestern diets and chronic diseases
Adolph, T. E., & Tilg, H. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03165-6 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“In 1997, the WHO declared obesity to be an epidemic, and, since then, metabolic disorders have substantially increased worldwide, affecting the health of children and adults alike 59–61 .”
van Woudenbergh, G. J., Theofylaktopoulou, D., Kuijsten, A., Ferreira, I., van Greevenbroek, M. M., van der Kallen, C. J., Schalkwijk, C. G., Stehouwer, C. D., Ocké, M. C., Nijpels, G., et al. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.056333 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“These markers have been associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes in observational studies (1, 2) and can be induced by risk factors for type 2 diabetes, such as overweight (3), physical inactivity (4), and diet (3).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Osteoporosis: A Review
Wong, S. K., Chin, K., Suhaimi, F. H., Ahmad, F., & Ima-Nirwana, S. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8060347 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Thus, chronic low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of obesity, characterized by overproduction of various inflammatory markers in the systemic circulation [71].”
BackgroundGenser, L., Aguanno, D., Soula, H. A., Dong, L., Barbot-Trystram, L., Assmann, K. E., Salem, J., Vaillant, J., Oppert, J., Laugerette, F., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.5134 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“Obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, are also characterized by systemic inflammation but at subclinical levels [5,6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn Overview of Epigenetics in Obesity: The Role of Lifestyle and Therapeutic Interventions
Mahmoud, A. M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23031341 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“, butyrate) and polyunsaturated fatty acids are examples of these nutrients, as they exert anti-inflammatory effects via modifying HDAC activity and DNA methylation [77].”
BackgroundCraddock, J. C., Neale, E. P., Peoples, G. E., & Probst, Y. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy103 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“inflammation such as CRP, Interlukin-6 (IL-6) and fibrinogen (12, 13, 21, 28).”
BackgroundInhibiting microglia expansion prevents diet-induced hypothalamic and peripheral inflammation
André, C., Guzman-Quevedo, O., Rey, C., Rémus-Borel, J., Clark, S., Castellanos-Jankiewicz, A., Ladeveze, E., Leste-Lasserre, T., Nadjar, A., Abrous, D. N., et al. (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-0586 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“C–G: Body weight gain [two-way ANOVA: diet effect F(1,33) = 15.”
MethodInfluentialDower, J. I., Geleijnse, J. M., Gijsbers, L., Schalkwijk, C. G., Kromhout, D., & Hollman, P. C. H. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.211888 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman gut microbiota: Does diet matter?
Maukonen, J., & Saarela, M. (2015) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665114000688 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Bradford, P. G. (2013) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1074 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Barrea, L., Marzullo, P., Muscogiuri, G., Di Somma, C., Scacchi, M., Orio, F., Aimaretti, G., Colao, A., & Savastano, S. (2018) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422418000136 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Post-absorptively, abdominal adipocytes and monocytes/macrophages show the ability to respond to acute postprandial elevation of several metabolic components of the meal, for example, TAG, SCFA, oxysterols and glucose, through a transient inflammatory response that is crucial for the development of insulin resistance,…”
BackgroundInflammaging and human longevity in the omics era
Monti, D., Ostan, R., Borelli, V., Castellani, G., & Franceschi, C. (2016) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.008 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Kiss, M., Czimmerer, Z., & Nagy, L. (2013) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.044 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“This chronic inflammatory state is believed to promote insulin resistance, terminating in type 2 diabetes.(104) Mice with PPARg-deficient macrophages were predisposed to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance accompanied by increased expression of inflammatory mediators.”
BackgroundThe Healthy Effects of Strawberry Polyphenols: Which Strategy behind Antioxidant Capacity?
Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Gasparrini, M., Afrin, S., Bompadre, S., Mezzetti, B., Quiles, J. L., Giampieri, F., & Battino, M. A. (2015) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1051919 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Neufcourt, L., Assmann, K. E., Fezeu, L., Touvier, M., Graffouillère, L., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., Wirth, M. D., Herçberg, S., Galan, P., et al. (2015) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.09.002 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Effect of diet-derived advanced glycation end products on inflammation
Kellow, N. J., & Coughlan, M. T. (2015) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv030 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Diet-Derived Antioxidants and Their Role in Inflammation, Obesity and Gut Microbiota Modulation
Deledda, A., Annunziata, G., Tenore, G. C., Palmas, V., Manzin, A., & Velluzzi, F. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10050708 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Mechanistic aspects of carotenoid health benefits – where are we now?
Bohn, T., Bonet, M. L., Borel, P., Keijer, J., Landrier, J., Milisav, I., Ribot, J., Riso, P., Winklhofer-Roob, B., Sharoni, Y., et al. (2021) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422421000147 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“radation of carotenoids due to a chronic pro-inflammatory environment(11,12).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNutrient deficiencies after gastric bypass surgery.
Saltzman, E., & Karl, J. (2013) · Annual review of nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161225 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
van Deuren, T., Blaak, E. E., & Canfora, E. E. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13498 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Díaz-López, A., Babio, N., Martínez-González, M. A., Corella, D., Amor, A. J., Fitó, M., Estruch, R., Arós, F., Gómez-Gracia, E., Fiol, M., et al. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1117 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“phytochemicals that combat oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance (32,33).”
BackgroundAlbers, R., Bourdet-Sicard, R., Braun, D., Calder, P. C., Herz, U., Lambert, C., Lenoir-Wijnkoop, I., Méheust, A., Ouwehand, A., Phothirath, P., et al. (2013) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513001505 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“the comorbidity of metabolic disorders((32,33)).”
Self-citationn -3 PUFA and inflammation: from membrane to nucleus and from bench to bedside
Calder, P. C. (2020) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665120007077 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Higher than normal levels of TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 are a common feature of many inflammatory conditions((1,2)) and also occur in obesity((15)) and with ageing((16)).”
Self-citationKellow, N. J., & Savige, G. S. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.220 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Shi, M. Y., Loftus, H., McAinch, A. J., & Su, X. Q. (2017) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.036 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“…and fruits is inversely related to inflammatory stress, compared with meals that are energy dense which induce an acute inflammatory status in both overweight and healthy adults (Calder et al., 2011; Manning et al., 2008; Root et al., 2012; Vendrame, Daugherty, Kristo, Riso & Klimis-Zacas, 2013).”
BackgroundInvited review: The anti-inflammatory properties of dairy lipids
Lordan, R., & Zabetakis, I. (2017) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2016-12224 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Hypothalamic dysfunction in obesity
Williams, L. M. (2012) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s002966511200078x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, a correlation exists between high levels of inflammatory markers and increasing BMI((27)).”
BackgroundInfluentialBhatti, G. K., Reddy, A. P., Reddy, P. H., & Bhatti, J. S. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00369 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Conversely, Calorie restriction (CR), antioxidant-rich dietary components, and certain dietary patterns may limit the progress of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases (Everitt et al., 2006; Calder et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMounien, L., Tourniaire, F., & Landrier, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071562 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Lycopene in protection against obesity and diabetes: A mechanistic review
Zhu, R., Chen, B., Bai, Y., Miao, T., Li, R., Zhang, H., Xia, B., Li, Y., Gao, S., Wang, X., et al. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104966 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics of obese adults: Not only an increase in weight
Gouju, J., & Legeay, S. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115281 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Maiorino, M. I., Bellastella, G., Giugliano, D., & Esposito, K. (2018) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-018-0872-6 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“There is evidence that the generation of a pro-inflammatory state may represent one mechanism linking unhealthy diets to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases [80, 81].”
BackgroundSelf-citationde Pablos, R. M., Espinosa‐Oliva, A. M., Ortega, R. H., Cano, M., & Argüelles, S. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.005 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Obesity-related cognitive impairment: The role of endothelial dysfunction
Buie, J. N. J., Watson, L. S., Smith, C. J., & Sims‐Robinson, C. (2019) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104580 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Mechanism of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Parmeggiani, F., Romano, M., Costagliola, C., Semeraro, F., Incorvaia, C., D’Angelo, S., Perri, P., Palma, P. D., Nadai, K. D., & Sebastiani, A. (2012) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2012/546786 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Koloverou, E., Panagiotakos, D. B., Pitsavos, C. E., Chrysohoou, C. A., Georgousopoulou, E. N., Grekas, A., Christou, A., Chatzigeorgiou, M., Skoumas, I., Tousoulis, D., et al. (2015) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2672 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
- Authors
- Calder, P. C., Ahluwalia, N., Brouns, F., Buetler, T., Clement, K., Cunningham, K., Esposito, K., Jönsson, L. S., Kolb, H., Lansink, M., Marcos, A., Margioris, A., Matusheski, N., Nordmann, H., O'Brien, J., Pugliese, G., Rizkalla, S., Schalkwijk, C., Tuomilehto, J., Wärnberg, J., Watzl, B., & Winklhofer-Roob, B. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Inserm (FR)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Danone (Netherlands) (NL)
- University of Crete (GR)
- Nestlé (Switzerland) (CH)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Max Rubner Institut (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- S3
- Pages
- S1-S78
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2127855202
- Semantic Scholar
- c6e88341b8d0eb3af272b9e84fc98cf29780dd76
- Cited by
- 1,098
- References
- 903
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 6.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Danone
- Vifor Pharma
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- low-grade inflammation, obesity, overweight, dietary factors, postprandial inflammation, advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, adipose tissue macrophages, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, omega-3 fatty acids, dietary antioxidants, hyperglycemia, dietary fat, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, fish, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, weight loss
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Diet, Food Handling, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Motor Activity, Obesity, Peroxides, Lipid Peroxidation, Glycation End Products, Advanced, Overweight
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
