Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 414

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Are All Dads Equal? Biology Versus Marriage as a Basis for Paternal Investment

Hofferth, Sandra L., Anderson, Kermyt G.·2003·Journal of Marriage and Family

Abstract

The stepfather relationship provides a source of potential conflict in remarriage families, because the mother and partner may have different interests in the well‐being of children from a prior union. Using three different theoretical perspectives—biology, sociology, and selection—this paper examines the engagement, availability, participation, and warmth of residential fathers in married biological parent, unmarried biological parent, married stepparent, and cohabiting father families. The data come from 2,531 children and their parents who were interviewed during the 1997 wave of the Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Biology explains less of father involvement than anticipated once differences between fathers are controlled. Marriage continues to differentiate paternal investment levels, as do age of child and financial responsibility to nonresidential children.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00213.x

Cites

53 of 53 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 53 references

Research works printed but not linked: 18

  1. Anderson K. G., 2001, Men's financial expenditures on genetic children and stepchildren from current and former relationships
  2. Bray J., 1999, Coping with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage, 253
  3. Evenhouse E., 2000, Is the wicked stepmother just a fairytale?
  4. Fawcett J., 1983, Determinants of fertility in developing countries, Vol. 1: Supply and demand for children, 429
  5. Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2000, Trends in the well‐being of America's children and youth, 1999
  6. 10.1300/J087v24n01_03 · doi:10.1300/j087v24n01_03
  7. Fine M. A., 1999, Coping with divorce, single parenting, and remarriage, 273
  8. 10.1037/0893-3200.9.2.216 · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.9.2.216
  9. 10.2307/585530 · doi:10.2307/585530
  10. Hetherington E. M., 1994, Stepfamilies: Who benefits? Who does not?, 55
  11. Hofferth S., 1998, Healthy environments, healthy children: Children in families
  12. Hofferth S.(1999 May).Family reading to young children: Social desirability and cultural biases in reporting. Paper presented at the Workshop on Measurement of and Research on Time Use Committee on National Statistics National Research Council Washington DC.
  13. Hofferth S., 1999, 1997 User guide: The child development supplement to the panel study of income dynamics
  14. 10.1300/J002v20n03_02 · doi:10.1300/j002v20n03_02
  15. 10.2307/2579924 · DOI
  16. Visher E., 1988, Old loyalties, new ties
  17. 10.2307/353604 · doi:10.2307/353604
  18. 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00155.x · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00155.x

Cited by

See all 414

Metadata

Authors
Hofferth, S. L., & Anderson, K. G.
Venue
Journal of Marriage and Family
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2003-02
Volume
65
Issue
1
Pages
213-232
ISSN
  • 0022-2445 (ISSN-L)
  • 1741-3737
OpenAlex
W2095628762
Cited by
414
References
53
FWCI
40.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Are All Dads Equal? Biology Versus Marriage as a Basis for Paternal Investment. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00213.x
The paper
Hofferth, S. L., & Anderson, K. G. (2003). Are All Dads Equal? Biology Versus Marriage as a Basis for Paternal Investment. Journal of Marriage and Family. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00213.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.