When do fathers care? Mothers’ economic contribution and fathers’ involvement in child care

Raley, Sara; Bianchi, Suzanne M.; Wang, Wendy

doi:10.1086/663354

Cited by 477Family Dynamics and RelationshipsGender, Labor, and Family DynamicsWork-Family Balance Challenges

When do fathers care? Mothers’ economic contribution and fathers’ involvement in child care

Open access

Raley, Sara, Bianchi, Suzanne M., Wang, Wendy·2012·American Journal of Sociology

DOI 10.1086/663354PMC PMC4568757

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Previous literature suggests a tenuous link between fathers' care of children and maternal employment and earnings. This study shows that the link is stronger when measures of caregiving capture fathers' increased responsibility for children. The analysis of time diary data from 6,572 married fathers and 7,376 married mothers with children under age 13 indicates that fathers (1) engage in more "solo" care of children when their wives are employed, (2) are more likely to do the kind of child care associated with responsibility for their children when their wives spend more time in the labor market, and (3) participate more in routine care when their wives contribute a greater share of the couple's earnings. In addition, the "father care" to "mother care" ratio rises when mothers contribute a greater share of household earnings.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1086/663354

Cites

62 of 62 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Reduction in working hours for new mothers can lead to increased pressure on new fathers to become the key earner.
“At this point it is worth noting that the transition to parenthood typically involves a substantial reduction in working hours for new mothers (Paull, 2008), which can lead to increased pressure on new fathers to become the key earner, perhaps at the cost of reduced family time (Raley et al., 2012).”
From Couples becoming parents: Trajectories for psychological distress and buffering effects of social support (2020) · cites this paper as Raley et al., 2012

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?
Correll, S. J., Benard, S., & Paik, I. (2007) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/511799 · Cited by 2,525 · see citing works
The Wage Penalty for Motherhood
Budig, M. J., & England, P. (2001) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657415 · Cited by 2,296 · see citing works
The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood.
LaRossa, R., & Hays, S. (1998) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/3005721 · Cited by 1,960 · see citing works
Economic Dependency, Gender, and the Division of Labor at Home
Brines, J. (1994) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230577 · Cited by 1,420 · see citing works
When Does Gender Trump Money? Bargaining and Time in Household Work
Bittman, M., England, P., Sayer, L. C., Folbre, N. R., & Matheson, G. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/378341 · Cited by 1,362 · see citing works
Changing rhythms of American family life
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-6528 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Are Parents Investing Less in Children? Trends in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Time with Children
Sayer, L. C., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/386270 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does Father Care Mean Fathers Share?
Craig, L. (2006) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243205285212 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Children's Time With Fathers in Intact Families
Yeung, W. J., Sandberg, J., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00136.x · Cited by 975 · see citing works
Maternal Gatekeeping: Mothers' Beliefs and Behaviors That Inhibit Greater Father Involvement in Family Work
Allen, S. M., & Hawkins, A. J. (1999) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353894 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Economic Dependence, Gender, and the Division of Labor in the Home: A Replication and Extension
Greenstein, T. N. (2000) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00322.x · Cited by 772 · see citing works
Paternal involvement: Levels, sources, and consequences.
Pleck, J. H. (1997) · Cited by 770 · see citing works
The Effect of Children on Women's Wages
Waldfogel, J. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657300 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
The Time Divide
Jacobs, J. A., & Gerson, K. (2004) · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Working Wives/Working Husbands.
Ridgeway, S., & Pleck, J. H. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2071051 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
The cultural contradictions of motherhood
Baigent, B. (1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-4163 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
The Package Deal: Marriage, Work, and Fatherhood in Men's Lives
Hobson, B. M., & Townsend, N. W. (2003) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/1556469 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Gender Differences in the Quantity and Quality of Free Time: The U.S. Experience
Mattingly, M., & Blanchi, S. M. (2003) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2003.0036 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Autonomy, Dependence, or Display? The Relationship Between Married Women’s Earnings and Housework
Gupta, S. (2007) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00373.x · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Differences in Disadvantage
Budig, M. J., & Hodges, M. J. (2010) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122410381593 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Are All Dads Equal? Biology Versus Marriage as a Basis for Paternal Investment
Hofferth, S. L., & Anderson, K. G. (2003) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00213.x · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Changes in Children's Time with Parents: United States, 1981-1997
Sandberg, J., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2001.0031 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Working in a 24/7 Economy: Challenges for American Families
Presser, H. B. (2004) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/s-2004-822552 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Determinants of Fathers' Participation in Family Work
BARNETT, R. C., & Baruch, G. K. (1987) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/352667 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families
Bianchi, S. M. (2011) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716211413731 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Self-citation
Race/Ethnic Differences in Father Involvement in Two-Parent Families
Hofferth, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x02250087 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
The Package Deal: Marriage, Work, and Fatherhood in Men's lives
Raj, D. S. (2003) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1525/ae.2003.30.4.642 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Paternal Engagement Activities with Minor Children
Marsiglio, W. (1991) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353001 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Dependence within families and the division of labor: Comparing Sweden and the United States
Evertsson, M., & Nermo, M. (2004) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00092.x · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Time With Children: The Impact of Couples' Work-Time Commitments
Nock, S. L., & Kingston, P. W. (1988) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/67.1.59 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Residential father family type and child well-being: Investment versus selection
Hofferth, S. L. (2006) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2006.0006 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
The Time Squeeze: Parental Statuses and Feelings About Time With Children
Milkie, M. A., Mattingly, M., Nomaguchi, K. M., Bianchi, S. M., & Robinson, J. P. (2004) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00050.x · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sharing of home responsibilities between professionally employed women and their husbands.
Biernat, M., & Wortman, C. B. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.60.6.844 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Nonresponse in the American Time Use Survey
Abraham, K. G., Maitland, A., & Bianchi, S. M. (2006) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfl037 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sex Stratification: Children, Housework, and Jobs.
Kando, T. M., Huber, J., & Spitze, G. D. (1985) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2578509 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Processes underlying father involvement in dual-earner and single-earner families.
Crouter, A. C., Perry‐Jenkins, M., Huston, T. L., & McHale, S. M. (1987) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.431 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Working in a 24/7 Economy: Challenges for American Families
Presser, H. B. (2004) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/s-2004-819857 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Time for Children, One's Spouse and Oneself among Parents Who Work Nonstandard Hours
Wight, V. R., Raley, S. B., & Bianchi, S. M. (2008) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.0.0092 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citation
Her money, her time: Women’s earnings and their housework hours
Gupta, S. (2005) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2005.07.003 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Sharing of home responsibilities between professionally employed women and their husbands.
Biernat, M., & Wortman, C. B. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.844 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
By what measure? family time devoted to children in the united states
Folbre, N. R., Yoon, J., Finnoff, K., & Fuligni, A. S. (2005) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2005.0013 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
A New Look at Parents' Time Spent in Child Care: Primary and Secondary Time Use
Zick, C. D., & Bryant, W. K. (1996) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1006/ssre.1996.0012 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
An End to Gender Display Through the Performance of Housework? A Review and Reassessment of the Quantitative Literature Using Insights From the Qualitative Literature
Sullivan, O. (2011) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00074.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Into One’s Own
Modell, J. (1989) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520341371 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Introduction: The emergent American father.
Lamb, M. E. (1987) · doi:10.4324/9780203761526-8 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Social Science Research
Leary, Z. O. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9780857020147.n130 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Market Earnings and Household Work: New Tests of Gender Performance Theory
Schneider, D. (2011) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00851.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Predicting the Sharing of Household Labor: Are Parenting and Housework Distinct?
Ishii‐Kuntz, M., & Coltrane, S. (1992) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.2307/1389302 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Do Professional Women Have Egalitarian Marital Relationships?
Yogev, S. (1981) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351343 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Division of Labor in Contemporary Marriage: Expectations, Perceptions, and Performance
Hiller, D. V., & Philliber, W. W. (1986) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800704 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Work, income, the economy, and married fathers as child-care providers
Casper, L. M., & O’Connell, M. (1998) · Demography · doi:10.2307/3004055 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Impact of Maternal Employment Characteristics on Fathers' Participation in Child Care
Darling‐Fisher, C. S., & Tiedje, L. B. (1990) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584944 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Temporal rhythms in family life: Seasonal variation in the relation between parental work and family processes.
Crouter, A. C., & McHale, S. M. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.2.198 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Sex Stratification: Children, Housework, and Jobs
Hiller, D. V., Huber, J., & Spitze, G. D. (1984) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351884 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Income-Pooling Arrangements, Economic Constraints, and Married Mothers' Child Care Choices
Brandon, P. D. (1999) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/019251399020003003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Missing the Big Picture and Making Much Ado About Almost Nothing: Recent Scholarship on Gender and Household Work
England, P. (2011) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00077.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The time use of mothers in the United States at the beginning of the 21st century
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-5193 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Perceptions of Parental Role Responsibilities: Differences between Mothers and Fathers
Gilbert, L. A., Hanson, G., & Davis, B. D. (1982) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584405 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Maternal Employment Status and Fathers' Involvement in Child Care
Russell, G. (1982) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/144078338201800204 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Spousal Economic Factors in ATUS Parents’ Time Choices
Connelly, R., & Kimmel, J. (2008) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9403-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Time Divide
Jacobs, J. A., & Gerson, K. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429494468-40 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Differences in Disadvantage: How the Wage Penalty for Motherhood Varies Across Womens Earnings Distribution
Budig, M. J., & Hodges, M. J. (2008) · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 7

Bittman Michael Craig Lyn Folbre Nancy Folbre Nancy Bittman Michael Packaging Care: What Happens When Children Receive Nonparental Care? Family Time: The Social Organization of Care 2004 New York Routledge 133 151
Budig Michelle J Folbre Nancy Budig Michelle J Folbre Nancy Activity, Proximity, or Responsibility? Measuring Parental Childcare Time Family Time: The Social Organization of Care 2004 New York Routledge 51 68
Cherlin Andrew The Marriage Go Round 2009 Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press
Riley Melissa Buckmiller Weekend versus Weekday Housework of Married and Cohabiting Men and Women.” Master’s thesis 2009 University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Sociology
Robinson John P Godbey Geoffrey Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Spend Their Time 1999 State College Pennsylvania State University Press
Russell Graeme Maternal Employment Status and Fathers’ Involvement in Childcare Journal of Sociology 1982 18 2 172 179
Wilde ET Batchelder L Ellwood D The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels NBER working paper 16582 2010 Cambridge, Mass National Bureau of Economic Research

Sorted by citations

The Gender Revolution: A Framework for Understanding Changing Family and Demographic Behavior
Goldscheider, F., Bernhardt, E., & Lappegård, T. (2015) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00045.x · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works
Housework: Who Did, Does or Will Do It, and How Much Does It Matter?
Bianchi, S. M., Sayer, L. C., Milkie, M. A., & Robinson, J. P. (2012) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sos120 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Self-citation
Re‐theorizing Family Demographics
Esping‐Andersen, G., & Billari, F. C. (2015) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00024.x · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Overwork and the Slow Convergence in the Gender Gap in Wages
Cha, Y., & Weeden, K. A. (2014) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122414528936 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
The Production of Inequality: The Gender Division of Labor Across the Transition to Parenthood
Yavorsky, J. E., Dush, C. M. K., & Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12189 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
A gendered pandemic: Childcare, homeschooling, and parents' employment during COVID‐19
Petts, R. J., Carlson, D. L., & Pepin, J. R. (2020) · Gender Work and Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12614 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
The Evolution of Fathering Research in the 21st Century: Persistent Challenges, New Directions
Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & Fagan, J. S. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12645 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
A systematic review of depression and anxiety in medical students in China
Mao, Y., Zhang, N., Liu, J., Zhu, B., He, R., & Wang, X. (2019) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-019-1744-2 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
How Parents Fare
Musick, K., Meier, A., & Flood, S. (2016) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122416663917 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Changes in US Parents’ Domestic Labor During the Early Days of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Carlson, D. L., Petts, R. J., & Pepin, J. R. (2021) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12459 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Work and Family in the Second Decade of the 21st Century
Perry‐Jenkins, M., & Gerstel, N. R. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12636 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
When Does Time Matter? Maternal Employment, Children’s Time With Parents, and Child Development
Hsin, A., & Felfe, C. (2014) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-014-0334-5 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
The gendered pandemic: The implications of COVID‐19 for work and family
Yavorsky, J. E., Qian, Y., & Sargent, A. C. (2021) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12881 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Overwork and the Persistence of Gender Segregation in Occupations
Cha, Y. (2013) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243212470510 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Should Researchers Conceptualize Differently the Dimensions of Parenting for Fathers and Mothers?
Fagan, J. S., Day, R. D., Lamb, M. E., & Cabrera, N. (2014) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12044 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The Reversal of the Gender Gap in Education and Its Consequences for Family Life
Bavel, J. V., Schwartz, C. R., & Esteve, A. (2018) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041215 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Stalled or Uneven Gender Revolution? A Long‐Term Processual Framework for Understanding Why Change Is Slow
Sullivan, O., Gershuny, J., & Robinson, J. P. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12248 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Own Gender, Sibling’s Gender, Parent’s Gender
Grigoryeva, A. (2017) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122416686521 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
A Matter of Time: Father Involvement and Child Cognitive Outcomes
Čaňo, T., Perales, F., & Baxter, J. (2018) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12532 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Advancing Research and Measurement on Fathering and Children’s Development
Volling, B. L., Cabrera, N., Feinberg, M. E., Jones, D. E., McDaniel, B. T., Liu, S., Almeida, D. M., Lee, J., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., Feng, X., et al. (2019) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/mono.12404 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Trends in Women’s and Men’s Time Use, 1965–2012: Back to the Future?
Sayer, L. C. (2015) · National symposium on family issues · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21635-5_2 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Education and the Transition to Fatherhood: The Role of Selection Into Union
Trimarchi, A., & Van Bavel, J. (2017) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0533-3 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Harried and Unhealthy? Parenthood, Time Pressure, and Mental Health
Ruppanner, L., Perales, F., & Baxter, J. (2018) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12531 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Marital Status and Mothers’ Time Use: Childcare, Housework, Leisure, and Sleep
Pepin, J. R., Sayer, L. C., & Casper, L. M. (2018) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0647-x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Liberalism, Neutrality, and the Gendered Division of Labor
Schouten, G. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198813071.001.0001 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Women's Housework: New Tests of Time and Money
Hook, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12351 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Time in Parenting Activities in Dual‐Earner Families at the Transition to Parenthood
Kotila, L. E., Schoppe‐Sullivan, S. J., & Dush, C. M. K. (2013) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12037 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Pluralistic Ignorance and the Flexibility Bias: Understanding and Mitigating Flextime and Flexplace Bias at Work
Munsch, C. L., Ridgeway, C. L., & Williams, J. C. (2014) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888413515894 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
By Default: How Mothers in Different-Sex Dual-Earner Couples Account for Inequalities in Pandemic Parenting
Calarco, J. M., Meanwell, E. V., Anderson, E. M., & Knopf, A. (2021) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231211038783 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Mothering Experiences: How Single Parenthood and Employment Structure the Emotional Valence of Parenting
Meier, A., Musick, K., Flood, S., & Dunifon, R. E. (2016) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-016-0474-x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Parenthood Is Associated With Greater Well-Being for Fathers Than Mothers
Nelson, S. K., Killingsworth, M. A., Layous, K., Cole, S. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2019) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167219829174 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Her Support, His Support: Money, Masculinity, and Marital Infidelity
Munsch, C. L. (2015) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122415579989 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The Social Structure of Time: Emerging Trends and New Directions
Cornwell, B. T., Gershuny, J., & Sullivan, O. (2019) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022416 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Signs of Change? At‐Home and Breadwinner Parents' Housework and Child‐Care Time
Chesley, N., & Flood, S. (2016) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12376 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Gender Divisions of Paid and Unpaid Work in Contemporary UK Couples
McMunn, A., Bird, L., Webb, E. A., & Sacker, A. (2019) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017019862153 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Coronavirus and care: How the coronavirus crisis affected fathers' involvement in Germany
Kreyenfeld, M. R., & Zinn, S. (2021) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2021.44.4 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Fathers' Child Care Involvement and Children's Age in Spain: A Time Use Study on Differences by Education and Mothers' Employment
Gracia, P. (2014) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcu037 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Will “Green” Parents Have “Green” Children? The Relationship Between Parents’ and Early Adolescents’ Green Consumption Values
Gong, Y., Li, J., Xie, J., Zhang, L., & Lou, Q. (2021) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-021-04835-y · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Dining with dad: Fathers' influences on family food practices
Fielding‐Singh, P. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.013 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Working mothers’ second shift, personal resources, and self-care
Dugan, A. G., & Barnes-Farrell, J. L. (2018) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2018.1449732 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Time for Each Other: Work and Family Constraints Among Couples
Flood, S., & Genadek, K. R. (2015) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12255 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mothers' and Fathers' Well‐Being in Parenting Across the Arch of Child Development
Meier, A., Musick, K., Fischer, J., & Flood, S. (2018) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12491 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Fathers’ Participation in Parenting and Maternal Parenting Stress: Variation by Relationship Status
Nomaguchi, K. M., Brown, S. L., & Leyman, T. M. (2015) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x15623586 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Are We Agreed? Self- Versus Proxy-Reporting of Paediatric Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Using Generic Preference-Based Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Khanna, D., Khadka, J., Mpundu‐Kaambwa, C., Lay, K., Russo, R. N., Ratcliffe, J., The Quality of Life in Kids: Key Evidence to Strengthen Decisions in Australia (QUOKKA) Project Team, Devlin, N. J., Norman, R., Viney, R. C., et al. (2022) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-022-01177-z · Cited by 84 · see citing works
What Does It Mean to Be a “Breadwinner” Mother?
Chesley, N. (2016) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x16676857 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Multigenerational aspects of social stratification: Issues for further research
Mare, R. D. (2014) · Research in Social Stratification and Mobility · doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2014.01.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Gender Disparities in Parenting Time Across Activities, Child Ages, and Educational Groups
Negraia, D. V., Augustine, J. M., & Prickett, K. C. (2018) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x18770232 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The forest and the trees: Industrialization, demographic change, and the ongoing gender revolution in Sweden and the United States, 1870-2010
Stanfors, M., & Goldscheider, F. K. (2017) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2017.36.6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Gender and time allocation of cohabiting and married women and men in France, Italy, and the United States
Bianchi, S. M., Lesnard, L., Nazio, T., & Raley, S. B. (2014) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2014.31.8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gendered Housework: Spousal Relative Income, Parenthood and Traditional Gender Identity Norms
Syrda, J. (2022) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/09500170211069780 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Still a “Stalled Revolution”? Work/Family Experiences, Hegemonic Masculinity, and Moving Toward Gender Equality
Friedman, S. M. (2015) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12238 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Along for the Ride
Cherng, H. S., Calarco, J. M., & Kao, G. S. (2012) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831212466689 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Sequence Analysis and Related Approaches
Ritschard, G., & Studer, M. (2018) · Life course research and social policies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95420-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Paternity Leave and Fathers' Responsibility: Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Canada
Wray, D. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12661 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Gendered Division of Housework and Couples' Sexual Relationships: A Reexamination
Carlson, D. L., Miller, A. J., Sassler, S. L., & Hanson, S. (2016) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12313 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Couples becoming parents: Trajectories for psychological distress and buffering effects of social support
Hughes, C., T. Devine, R., Foley, S., D. Ribner, A., Mesman, J., & Blair, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.133 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Father Involvement and Child Problem Behaviour in Intact Families: A 7-Year Cross-Lagged Study
Flouri, E., Midouhas, E., & Narayanan, M. K. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0077-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Childrearing Stages and Work–Family Conflict: The Role of Job Demands and Resources
Nomaguchi, K. M., & Fettro, M. N. (2018) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12521 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
‘The domestic handoff’: stay-at-home fathers’ time-use in female breadwinner families
Latshaw, B. A., & Hale, S. I. (2015) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2015.1034157 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Happy Moms, Happier Dads: Gendered Caregiving and Parents’ Affect
McDonnell, C., Luke, N., & Short, S. E. (2019) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x19860179 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The “new father”: Dynamic stereotypes of fathers.
Banchefsky, S., & Park, B. (2015) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0038945 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Do associations between objectively-assessed physical activity and neighbourhood environment attributes vary by time of the day and day of the week? IPEN adult study
Cerin, E., Mitáš, J., Cain, K. L., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Schofield, G., Sarmiento, O. L., Reis, R. S., Schipperijn, J., Davey, R., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0493-z · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Married with children: How family role identification shapes leadership behaviors at work
Dumas, T. L., & Stanko, T. L. (2016) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12182 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Can Men Make Time for Family? Paid Work, Care Work, Work-family Reconciliation Policies, and Gender Equality
Maume, D. J. (2015) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/2329496515620647 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Segregation across Workplaces and the Motherhood Wage Gap: Why Do Mothers Work in Low-Wage Establishments?
Fuller, S. (2017) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sox087 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The extreme gendering of COVID−19: Household tasks and division of labour satisfaction during the pandemic
Haney, T. J., & Barber, K. (2022) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/cars.12391 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Validating social support and prioritizing maternal wellbeing: beyond intensive mothering and maternal responsibility
Budds, K. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0029 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Fathers’ child care time and mothers’ paid work: A cross-national study of Denmark, Spain, and the United Kingdom
Gracia, P., & Esping‐Andersen, G. (2015) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2015.1082336 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Change in the gender division of domestic work after mothers or fathers took leave: exploring alternative explanations
Schober, P. S., & Zoch, G. (2018) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2018.1465989 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Do economic resources play a role in bargaining child care in couples? Parental investment in cases of matching and mismatching gender ideologies in Germany
Nitsche, N., & Grunow, D. (2018) · European Societies · doi:10.1080/14616696.2018.1473626 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gender Inequality in the Home: The Role of Relative Income, Support for Traditional Gender Roles, and Perceived Entitlement
Fetterolf, J. C., & Rudman, L. A. (2014) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-014-9126-x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Being a Parent or Having a Parent? The Perceived Employability of Men and Women Who Take Employment Leave
Kmec, J. A., Huffman, M. L., & Penner, A. M. (2013) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764213503338 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Weekday–weekend variations in mother‐/father–child physical activity and screen time relationship: A cross‐sectional study in a random sample of Czech families with 5‐ to 12‐year‐old children
Sigmundová, D., Baďura, P., Sigmund, E., & Bucksch, J. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1474951 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Socio-demographic Correlates of Fathers' and Mothers’ Parenting Behaviors
Graaf, J. V. H. D., Hoogenboom, M., de Roos, S. A., & Bucx, F. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1059-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Looking after grandchildren: gender differences in ‘when,’ ‘what,’ and ‘why’: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Gessa, G. D., Zaninotto, P., & Glaser, K. (2020) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2020.43.53 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A qualitative study conducted in the USA exploring Latino fathers’ beliefs, attitudes and practices related to their young children’s eating, physical activity and sedentary behaviours
Lindsay, A. C., Wallington, S. F., Muñoz, M. A., & Greaney, M. L. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017002579 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Volunteering During an Emergency
Kulik, L. (2016) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764016655621 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Living to Work (from Home): Overwork, Remote Work, and Gendered Dual Devotion to Work and Family
de Laat, K. (2023) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/07308884231207772 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Parents’ work schedules and time spent with children
Genadek, K. R., & Hill, R. (2017) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2017.1371672 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Social learning in the digital age: Associations between technoference, mother-child attachment, and child social skills
Zayia, D. N., Parris, L. N., McDaniel, B. T., Braswell, G. S., & Zimmerman, C. (2021) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2021.06.002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
How Media and Family Build Children's Persuasion Knowledge
Nelson, M. R., Atkinson, L., Rademacher, M. A., & Ahn, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2017.1291383 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mother–child engagement in sports and outdoor activities: Intensive mothering, purposive leisure, and implications for health and relationship closeness
Knoester, C., & Fields, V. T. (2019) · International Review for the Sociology of Sport · doi:10.1177/1012690219855916 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
How do my parents react when I feel happy? Longitudinal associations with adolescent depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and positive affect regulation
Nelis, S., Bastin, M., Raes, F., & Bijttebier, P. (2019) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12318 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Productivity or Gender? The Impact of Domestic Tasks Across the Wage Distribution
Cooke, L. P., & Hook, J. L. (2018) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12467 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Father-Child Sports Participation and Outdoor Activities: Patterns and Implications for Health and Father-Child Relationships
Knoester, C., & Randolph, T. (2019) · Sociology of Sport Journal · doi:10.1123/ssj.2018-0071 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Care Life Expectancy: Gender and Unpaid Work in the Context of Population Aging
Ophir, A., & Polos, J. (2021) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-021-09640-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Parents’ Self-Stigma Scale: Development, Factor Analysis, Reliability, and Validity
Eaton, K., Ohan, J. L., Stritzke, W. G. K., & Corrigan, P. W. (2018) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-018-0822-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Paternity Leave-Taking and Father Involvement among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged U.S. Fathers
Knoester, C., Petts, R. J., & Pragg, B. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0994-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gender Differentiation in Paid and Unpaid Work during the Transition to Parenthood
Barnes, M. W. (2015) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12263 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
US Parents’ Domestic Labor During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Carlson, D. L., & Petts, R. J. (2022) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-022-09735-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gender in the Elite
Keister, L. A., Thébaud, S., & Yavorsky, J. E. (2022) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-020321-031544 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Uh Oh. Cue the [New] Mommy Wars”: The Ideology of Combative Mothering in Popular U.S. Newspaper Articles About Attachment Parenting
Moore, J., & Abetz, J. S. (2016) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2015.1076026 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Educational inequalities in parental care time: Cross-national evidence from Belgium, Denmark, Spain, and the United Kingdom
Gracia, P., & Ghysels, J. (2016) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.016 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ghanaian fathers' experiences of caring for preterm infants; a journey of exclusion
Adama, E. A., Sundin, D., & Bayes, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jnn.2017.05.003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Paternal Part‐Time Employment and Fathers' Long‐Term Involvement in Child Care and Housework
Bünning, M. (2019) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12608 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Stability and Change in German Parents’ Childcare Patterns Across Two Decades
Steinbach, A., & Schulz, F. (2021) · Social Politics International Studies in Gender State & Society · doi:10.1093/sp/jxab017 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Father’s involvement and parenting styles in Portuguese families. The role of education and working hours
Monteiro, L., Fernandes, M., Torres, N., & Santos, C. (2017) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.1451 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Converging Educational Differences in Parents' Time Use in Developmental Child Care
Cha, Y., & Park, H. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12720 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Linked Lives and Childhood Experience of Family Death on Educational Attainment
Patterson, S., Verdery, A. M., & Daw, J. (2020) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023120975594 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Occupational Inflexibility and Women's Employment During the Transition to Parenthood
Ishizuka, P., & Musick, K. (2021) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-9373598 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Running head: Men’s Childcare and Maternal Employment When Do Fathers Care? Maternal Employment, Age of Children and Men’s Involvement in Childcare*
Wang, R., & Bianchi, S. M. (2015)
Self-citation
The Impact of Maternal Employment Characteristics on Fathers' Participation in Child Care
Darling‐Fisher, C. S., & Tiedje, L. B. (1990) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584944 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Maternal Employment Status and Fathers' Involvement in Child Care
Russell, G. (1982) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/144078338201800204 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Involved fatherhood : an analysis of the conditions associated with paternal involvement in childcare and housework
Norman, H. (2010) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fathering over Time: What Makes the Difference?
Aldous, J., Mulligan, G. M., & Bjarnason, Þ. (1998) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353626 · Cited by 262 · see citing works

Authors: Raley, S., Bianchi, S. M., & Wang, W.
Affiliations: McDaniel College (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Pew Research Center (US)
ORCID: Wang, Wendy
Venue: American Journal of Sociology
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Published: 2012-03
Volume: 117
Issue: 5
Pages: 1422-1459
ISSN: 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
1537-5390
DOI: 10.1086/663354
PMC: PMC4568757
OpenAlex: W1672615387
Cited by: 477
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 40.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: American Journal of Sociology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041022)
Topics: Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
Keywords: father involvement in childcare, maternal employment, household earnings, gender division of labor, time diary data, child care, married couples

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

When do fathers care? Mothers’ economic contribution and fathers’ involvement in child care

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks