The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Blurring boundaries? Linking technology use, spillover, individual distress and family satisfaction
Abstract
Information technology is entrenched in everyday life; yet, scholars have not firmly established whether this use blesses or vexes individuals and their families. This study analyzes longitudinal data (N =1,367) from the Cornell Couples and Careers Study to assess whether increases in spillover explain changes in distress and family satisfaction associated with technology use. Structural equation models indicate that cell phone use over time (but not computer use) is associated with increases in negative forms of spillover (positive spillover is not significant) and is linked to increased distress and lower family satisfaction. Overall, the evidence suggests that technology use may be blurring work/family boundaries with negative consequences for working people.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Therefore, we propose that anxiety created by OEEM should have significant damaging implications for the health and relationship satisfaction of both partners rather than simply the focal employee (Chesley, 2005).”
From Killing Me Softly: Organizational E-mail Monitoring Expectations’ Impact on Employee and Significant Other Well-Being (2021) · cites this paper as Chesley, 2005
In the citing paper
“Harm, repeated physical, mental, social, work, or familial interruptions, preferring the cell phone to personal contact (52–54); frequent and constant consultations in brief periods (3) with insomnia and sleep disturbances (55, 56).”
From Cell-phone addiction: a review (2016) · cites this paper as [52]
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
(1998) · Cited by 36,049
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638
Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335
Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.9.1017 · Cited by 4,793
Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64 · Cited by 4,734
All in a Day's Work: Boundaries and Micro Role Transitions
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259305 · Cited by 3,039
Kraut, R. E., Kiesler, S. B., Boneva, B. S., Cummings, J. N., Helgeson, V. S., & Crawford, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00248 · Cited by 2,367
Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.111 · Cited by 2,124
Frone, M. R. (2003) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10474-007 · Cited by 1,799
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Arbuckle J. L., 1999, AMOS 4.0 users guide
- Begun B, 2001, The click clique, Newsweek, 138, 64
- Chesley N, Families in a high tech age: Technology usage patterns, work and family correlates, and gender, Journal of Family Issues
- Galinsky E., 2001, Feeling overworked: When work becomes too much
- Grzywacz J. G. (2002 November).Toward a theory of work‐family facilitation. Paper presented at the 34th Annual Theory Construction and Research Methodology Workshop Houston TX.
- 10.1037/1076-8998.4.4.382 · DOI
- Sproull L. S. (2000).Computers in U.S. households since 1977. InA. D.Chandler Jr. &J. W.Cortada(Eds.) A nation transformed by information(pp.257–280). London:Oxford University Press.
- Ventura M, 1995, The age of interruption, Family Therapy Networker, 19, 19
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 504
Bahr, T. J., Ginsburg, S., Wright, J. G., & Shachak, A. (2023) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105147 · Cited by 31
EFFECTS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Campbell, S. W., & Ling, R. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203877111-33 · Cited by 24
Medrano, L. A., & Trógolo, M. (2018) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2018a9 · Cited by 32
Kaiser, S., Ringlstetter, M. J., Eikhof, D. R., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16199-5 · Cited by 91
In Control or Fatalistically Ruled? The Sense of Mastery among Working Canadians
Schieman, S., & Narisada, A. (2014) · Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie · doi:10.1111/cars.12051 · Cited by 23
Chesley, N., & Fox, B. (2012) · Sociological Focus · doi:10.1080/00380237.2012.630906 · Cited by 23
Self-citationValdés, G., & Barley, S. R. (2016) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888416655187 · Cited by 26
Too tired for exercise? The work and leisure of female cleaners in Denmark
Lenneis, V., & Pfister, G. U. (2016) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2016.1216579 · Cited by 23
Salmela, T., Colley, A., & Häkkilä, J. (2019) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300732 · Cited by 30
Scheepers, R., & Middleton, C. A. (2013) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.03322 · Cited by 23
Flexwork, Work–Family Boundaries, and Information and Communication Technologies
Rice, R. E. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119256151.ch9 · Cited by 23
Work-related smartphone use during off-job hours and work-life conflict: A scoping review
Blake, H., Hassard, J., Singh, J., & Teoh, K. (2024) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000554 · Cited by 24
Hartner‐Tiefenthaler, M., Goisauf, M., Gerdenitsch, C., & Koeszegi, S. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.606375 · Cited by 25
Liu, Q., & Wu, J. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-12071-2 · Cited by 25
Technology in families and the clinical encounter: results of a cross‐national survey
Bacigalupe, G., Cámara, M., & Buffardi, L. E. (2014) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12042 · Cited by 30
Global boundary work tactics: managing work and family transitions in a 24–7 global context
Lirio, P. (2017) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2016.1272545 · Cited by 23
The role of mobile devices in 21st-century family communication
Storch, S. L., & Juarez-Paz, A. V. O. (2018) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/2050157918811369 · Cited by 22
Moen, P., & Chesley, N. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012372574-5.50009-0 · Cited by 22
Self-citationSOCIAL MEDIA USAGE, OVERLOAD AND EXHAUSTION: A PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE
Kamal, N., Rabbani, S., Samdani, H., Shujaat, S., & Ahmad, M. (2020) · International Review of Management and Marketing · doi:10.32479/irmm.10190 · Cited by 23
Iovu, M.-B., Runcan, R., Runcan, P.-L., & Andrioni, F. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.18502/ijph.v49i11.4728 · Cited by 21
Online Dating Is Shifting Educational Inequalities in Marriage Formation in Germany
Potârcă, G. (2021) · Demography · doi:10.1215/00703370-9420350 · Cited by 21
Smartphones and Face‐to‐Face Interaction: Digital Cross‐Talk During Encounters in Everyday Life
Ictech, B. (2018) · Symbolic Interaction · doi:10.1002/symb.406 · Cited by 21
Developing and Validating a Measure of Consumer Well-Being in Relation to Cell Phone Use
Sirgy, M. J., Lee, D., Kamra, K., & Tidwell, J. (2007) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-007-9033-3 · Cited by 21
From flexibility to unending availability: Platform workers' experiences of work–family conflict
Glavin, P., Schieman, S., & Bierman, A. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12977 · Cited by 23
Determinants of Technostress: A Systematic Literature Review
Bhatt, N., & Kothari, T. P. (2022) · European Journal of Business Science and Technology · doi:10.11118/ejobsat.2022.007 · Cited by 20
Social Media and Military Families: A Perspective
Matthews-Juarez, P., Juárez, P. D., & Faulkner, R. T. (2013) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2013.795073 · Cited by 20
Duriez, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.633515 · Cited by 19
Lazauskaitė‐Zabielskė, J., Žiedelis, A., & Urbanavičiūtė, I. (2022) · Baltic Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/bjm-12-2021-0491 · Cited by 26
Reimann, L., Binnewies, C., Ozimek, P., & Loose, S. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14010008 · Cited by 27
Tennakoon, K. L. U. S. (2018) · South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management · doi:10.1177/2322093718788712 · Cited by 20
Yan, Z. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316417584 · Cited by 18
Investigation into post-adoption usage of mobile ICTs in Australian construction projects
Hasan, A., Ahn, S., Rameezdeen, R., & Baroudi, B. (2019) · Engineering Construction & Architectural Management · doi:10.1108/ecam-05-2019-0277 · Cited by 18
Chen, L., & Corritore, C. L. (2008) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.02213 · Cited by 18
An Empirical Investigation of Stress Factors in Information Technology Professionals
Raghavan, V. V., Sakaguchi, T., & Mahaney, R. C. (2008) · Information Resources Management Journal · doi:10.4018/irmj.2008040103 · Cited by 17
The Cell Phone, Constant Connection and Time Scarcity in Australia
Bittman, M., Brown, J. E., & Wajcman, J. (2009) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9367-8 · Cited by 18
Understanding “His and Her” Work-Family Conflict and Facilitation
Stoiko, R. R., Strough, J., & Turiano, N. A. (2016) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9434-2 · Cited by 18
Wet, W. D., & Koekemoer, E. (2016) · South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences · doi:10.17159/2222-3436/2016/v19n2a7 · Cited by 18
Wet, W. D., & Koekemoer, E. (2016) · South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences · doi:10.4102/sajems.v19i2.1328 · Cited by 18
Technology-enacted abusive supervision and its effect on work and family
Valle, M., Carlson, D. S., Carlson, J. R., Zivnuska, S., Harris, K. J., & Harris, R. B. (2021) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2020.1816885 · Cited by 17
Mobile Work Continuance of Knowledge Workers: An Empirical Study
Chen, L. (2016) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2016.1211927 · Cited by 17
Adding ‘things’ to the internet: exploring the spillover effect of technology acceptance
Lu, Y., Papagiannidis, S., & Alamanos, E. (2021) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2021.1886156 · Cited by 17
Li, S., Jia, R., & Sun, R. (2021) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-03-2021-0046 · Cited by 17
Introduction: The Socioeconomic Impacts of COVID-19
Raphael, S. P., & Schneider, D. (2023) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2023.9.3.01 · Cited by 17
A systematic review of employee voice literature in hospitality
Huang, Y., Sharma, A., & Yu, H. C. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.08.012 · Cited by 20
Helpful-stressful cycle? Psychological links between type of mobile phone user and stress
Lee, Y., Chang, C., Cheng, Z., & Lin, Y. (2015) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2015.1055800 · Cited by 22
The Effects of Multisiting on Productivity and Quality
Diwas Singh, K. C., & Tushe, S. (2020) · Manufacturing & Service Operations Management · doi:10.1287/msom.2020.0879 · Cited by 20
Polk, D. M. (2008) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/s1833367200003138 · Cited by 17
From Third to Surveilled Place
Su, N. M., & Wang, L. (2015) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2702123.2702574 · Cited by 17
Badawy, P. J., & Schieman, S. (2019) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x19888769 · Cited by 17
Carlson, D. S., Ferguson, M. J., & Kacmar, K. M. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management · doi:10.21818/001c.1158 · Cited by 15
Smartdevice use in a COVID‐19 world: Exploring work–family conflict and turnover intentions
Wilkinson, S., & Haar, J. M. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1111/1744-7941.12370 · Cited by 18
Negative influences of working life on sustainable consumption
Muster, V. (2012) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.01086.x · Cited by 15
The Work–Family Interface and Sleep Quality
Magee, C., Robinson, L. D., & McGregor, A. (2017) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1266487 · Cited by 16
Integrating Professional Work and Life: Conditions, Outcomes and Resources
Reindl, C. U., Kaiser, S., & Stolz, M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16199-5_1 · Cited by 15
Developmentally-appropriate Technology and Interactive Media in Early Childhood Education
Saracho, O. N. (2014) · Educating the young child · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9184-7_11 · Cited by 15
Collins, E. I. M., Cox, A. L., & Wootton, R. (2015) · International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction · doi:10.4018/ijmhci.2015070105 · Cited by 15
Logan, A. C., & Selhub, E. M. (2013) · Cited by 59
Bayramoğlu, G. (2018) · Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17755/esosder.433355 · Cited by 15
Narisada, A. (2020) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272519874294 · Cited by 17
Haben digitale Technologien bei der Arbeit Einfluss auf die psychische Gesundheit?
Dragano, N., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Lunau, T. (2021) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-021-01192-z · Cited by 15
Digitalization, Job Quality, and Subjective Well-being
Martin, L., & Hauret, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_388-1 · Cited by 16
Kuzminykh, A., & Lank, E. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3328923 · Cited by 15
Aman‐Ullah, A., Aziz, A., Ariza‐Montes, A., & Han, H. (2023) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-07-2023-0539 · Cited by 17
“I'm Not a Gadget”: A Grounded Theory on Unplugging
Morris, N., & Cravens, J. D. (2017) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187.2017.1365665 · Cited by 13
Alexander, B., & Dijst, M. (2012) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-012-9400-2 · Cited by 13
The impact of home-based telework on work-family conflict in the childcare stage
Sakamoto, Y., & Spinks, W. A. (2008) · Cited by 11
The Liminal Researcher: Being Not Quite the Center of Attention
Kreiner, G. E., & Joshi, A. (2019) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2018.0086 · Cited by 12
Exploring types of interference between work and non-work: using a diary study approach
Montgomery, A., Panagopoulou, E. P., Peeters, M. C. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668800903192101 · Cited by 12
Work and Family in Copreneurial Family Businesses Extending and Integrating Communication Research
Helmle, J. R., Seibold, D. R., & Afifi, T. D. (2011) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2011.11679112 · Cited by 12
Durao, M., Etchezahar, E. D., Ungaretti, J., & Calligaro, C. (2021) · Actualidades en Psicología · doi:10.15517/ap.v35i130.41963 · Cited by 11
Edgell, P., Ammons, S. K., & Dahlin, E. C. (2011) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x11424261 · Cited by 11
Reviewing Gaps in Work-Life Research and Prospecting Conceptual Advancement
Akanji, B. O., Mordi, C., & Ojo, S. I. (2015) · Cited by 11
Dutta, D. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01088-y · Cited by 11
Hoey, B. A. (2015) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2015.1036103 · Cited by 11
Communication in clinical research: Uncertainty, stress, and emotional labor
Williams, J., & Kolb, H. R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2021.873 · Cited by 10
Role of integration-segmentation on work-family interface of insurance sector employees in India
Padhi, M., & Pattnaik, S. (2017) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/ijm-02-2014-0051 · Cited by 10
Suen, H.-Y. (2018) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-10-2017-0453 · Cited by 10
Technology Intense Workplaces, Boundary Preferences and Work–Life Conflict: Evidence from Sri Lanka
Alwis, S. D., & Hernwall, P. (2020) · South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management · doi:10.1177/2322093720965326 · Cited by 10
When everything is urgent! Mail use and employee well-being
Lanctot, A., & Duxbury, L. E. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100152 · Cited by 13
Sinha, E., & Laghate, K. (2023) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100451 · Cited by 10
Bryant, L., & Livholts, M. B. (2013) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940691301200120 · Cited by 10
ICT to Promote Well-Being within Families
Trilar, J., Kos, A., Jazbinšek, S., Jensterle, L., & Duh, E. S. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18092760 · Cited by 13
de Fockert, J. W., Rees, G. E., Frith, C., & Lavie, N. (2007) · Cited by 10
Time Pressure: Innovation, Acceleration and the Speeding-Up of Everyday Life
Southerton, D. (2020) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-60117-2_4 · Cited by 11
COVID-19 PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE TEKNOSTRES VE İŞ-AİLE ÇATIŞMASI
Yalçın, R. C., & Beğenirbaş, M. (2021) · Cankiri Karatekin Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi · doi:10.18074/ckuiibfd.869266 · Cited by 9
Abdeen, T. H. I., & Khalil, M. R. M. (2023) · Open Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.4236/ojbm.2023.116193 · Cited by 18
The digital shift in parental strategies for heritage language maintenance
Torsh, H. I. (2025) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2025.2491607 · Cited by 12
(Population Division, N. P. A. F. D. B., & Rafiq, M. A. (2013) · IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science · doi:10.9790/0837-1747885 · Cited by 9
The dark side of AR usage on customers’ online purchase
Zheng, S., & Li, D. (2022) · Nankai Business Review International · doi:10.1108/nbri-03-2022-0023 · Cited by 14
Drouin, M., & McDaniel, B. T. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407521991925 · Cited by 8
Cesareo, M., Tagliabue, M., Oppo, A., & Moderato, P. (2021) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2021.1880304 · Cited by 12
Liu, Y., Wang, W., & Liu, J. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103947 · Cited by 18
Technology and Work-Life Conflict of Academics in a South African Higher Education Institution
Kotecha, K., Ukpere, W. I., & Geldenhuys, M. (2014) · Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n2p629 · Cited by 9
Twist, M. L. C., Belous, C. K., Maier, C. A., & Bergdall, M. K. (2017) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2017.1397945 · Cited by 9
Moqbel, M. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.745 · Cited by 12
Gender and the Telephone: Voice and Emotions Shaping and Gendering Space
Livholts, M. B., & Bryant, L. (2013) · Human Technology · doi:10.17011/ht/urn.201312042738 · Cited by 9
Ignatow, G. (2017) · The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization · doi:10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog299.pub2 · Cited by 9
Technoference as Technology Interference in The Communication Process: A Study on Married Couples
ÇAKIR, C., & KÖSELİÖREN, M. (2022) · Erciyes İletişim Dergisi · doi:10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1091267 · Cited by 8
Influence of professional mobile device usage on Work/Family Border Theory
Storch, S. L., & Juarez-Paz, A. V. O. (2022) · Mobile Media & Communication · doi:10.1177/20501579221083753 · Cited by 8
The Impact of the Blackberry on Couple Relationships
Czechowsky, J. D. (2008) · Scholars Commons (Wilfrid Laurier University) · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Chesley, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chesley, Noelle
- ORCID
- Chesley, Noelle
- Venue
- Journal of Marriage and Family
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-11-21
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1237-1248
- ISSN
- 0022-2445 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3737
- OpenAlex
- W1993275348
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 29.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marriage and the Family (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Technostress in Professional Settings
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- information technology use, work-family spillover, mobile phone use, computer use, family satisfaction, working couples, longitudinal change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review