The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Blurring boundaries? Linking technology use, spillover, individual distress and family satisfaction
Abstract
Information technology is entrenched in everyday life; yet, scholars have not firmly established whether this use blesses or vexes individuals and their families. This study analyzes longitudinal data (N =1,367) from the Cornell Couples and Careers Study to assess whether increases in spillover explain changes in distress and family satisfaction associated with technology use. Structural equation models indicate that cell phone use over time (but not computer use) is associated with increases in negative forms of spillover (positive spillover is not significant) and is linked to increased distress and lower family satisfaction. Overall, the evidence suggests that technology use may be blurring work/family boundaries with negative consequences for working people.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Therefore, we propose that anxiety created by OEEM should have significant damaging implications for the health and relationship satisfaction of both partners rather than simply the focal employee (Chesley, 2005).”
From Killing Me Softly: Organizational E-mail Monitoring Expectations’ Impact on Employee and Significant Other Well-Being (2021) · cites this paper as Chesley, 2005
In the citing paper
“Harm, repeated physical, mental, social, work, or familial interruptions, preferring the cell phone to personal contact (52–54); frequent and constant consultations in brief periods (3) with insomnia and sleep disturbances (55, 56).”
From Cell-phone addiction: a review (2016) · cites this paper as [52]
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
(1998) · Cited by 36,049
Missing data: our view of the state of the art
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.2.147 · Cited by 11,638
Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335
Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?
Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.9.1017 · Cited by 4,793
Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.64 · Cited by 4,734
All in a Day's Work: Boundaries and Micro Role Transitions
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259305 · Cited by 3,039
Kraut, R. E., Kiesler, S. B., Boneva, B. S., Cummings, J. N., Helgeson, V. S., & Crawford, A. M. (2002) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00248 · Cited by 2,367
Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.111 · Cited by 2,124
Frone, M. R. (2003) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10474-007 · Cited by 1,799
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Arbuckle J. L., 1999, AMOS 4.0 users guide
- Begun B, 2001, The click clique, Newsweek, 138, 64
- Chesley N, Families in a high tech age: Technology usage patterns, work and family correlates, and gender, Journal of Family Issues
- Galinsky E., 2001, Feeling overworked: When work becomes too much
- Grzywacz J. G. (2002 November).Toward a theory of work‐family facilitation. Paper presented at the 34th Annual Theory Construction and Research Methodology Workshop Houston TX.
- 10.1037/1076-8998.4.4.382 · DOI
- Sproull L. S. (2000).Computers in U.S. households since 1977. InA. D.Chandler Jr. &J. W.Cortada(Eds.) A nation transformed by information(pp.257–280). London:Oxford University Press.
- Ventura M, 1995, The age of interruption, Family Therapy Networker, 19, 19
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N. K. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022170 · Cited by 1,654
Understanding Technology Adoption: Theory and Future Directions for Informal Learning
Straub, E. T. (2009) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654308325896 · Cited by 1,286
The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress
Lee, Y., Chang, C., Lin, Y., & Cheng, Z. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047 · Cited by 1,115
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058 · Cited by 999
Cell-phone addiction: a review
De-Sola Gutiérrez, J., Rodríguez de Fonseca, F., & Rubio, G. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00175 · Cited by 722
McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000065 · Cited by 643
E-mail as a source and symbol of stress
Barley, S. R., Meyerson, D. E., & Grodal, S. (2011) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0573 · Cited by 637
Work-Life Balance: an Integrative Review
Sirgy, M. J., & Lee, D. (2017) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-017-9509-8 · Cited by 657
Changing Workplaces to Reduce Work-Family Conflict
Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., & Tranby, E. P. (2011) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122411400056 · Cited by 591
Changing Work and Work-Family Conflict
Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., Oakes, J. M., Fan, W., Okechukwu, C. A., Davis, K. D., Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., King, R. B., Hanson, G. C., et al. (2014) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122414531435 · Cited by 520
Derks, D., van Duin, D., Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2014) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12083 · Cited by 470
Smartphone Use, Work–Home Interference, and Burnout: A Diary Study on the Role of Recovery
Derks, D., & Bakker, A. B. (2012) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00530.x · Cited by 466
Reconsidering Work—Family Interactions and Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis
Shockley, K. M., & Singla, N. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310394864 · Cited by 446
Digital Wellbeing as a Dynamic Construct
Vanden Abeele, M. M. P. (2021) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtaa024 · Cited by 516
Bulger, C. A., Matthews, R. A., & Hoffman, M. E. (2007) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.12.4.365 · Cited by 439
Park, Y., Fritz, C., & Jex, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023594 · Cited by 435
Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2011) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444810393903 · Cited by 397
Internet use and well-being: A survey and a theoretical framework
Castellacci, F., & Tveito, V. (2017) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2017.11.007 · Cited by 424
Derks, D., Bakker, A. B., Peters, P., & van Wingerden, P. (2016) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726715601890 · Cited by 443
Three generations of Telework: New ICT s and the (R)evolution from Home Office to Virtual Office
Messenger, J. C., & Gschwind, L. (2016) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12073 · Cited by 380
Life in the fast lane? Towards a sociology of technology and time
Wajcman, J. (2008) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00182.x · Cited by 373
Butts, M. M., Becker, W. J., & Boswell, W. R. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0170 · Cited by 353
Shattering the Myth of Separate Worlds: Negotiating Nonwork Identities at Work
Ramarajan, L., & Reid, E. M. (2013) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2011.0314 · Cited by 332
The role of stress and motivation in problematic smartphone use among college students
Wang, J.-L., Wang, H.-Z., Gaskin, J., & Wang, L.-H. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.005 · Cited by 317
Impact of parents mobile device use on parent-child interaction: A literature review
Kildare, C. A., & Middlemiss, W. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.003 · Cited by 386
Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory.
Navarro, J. L., & Tudge, J. R. H. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02738-3 · Cited by 325
“In a qualitative study with African American and Latinx youth living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, Stephens and colleagues (2017) explored the myriad ways in which interactions and activities in virtual microsystems, like Facebook, can be both positive and negative.”
BackgroundInformation and communication technology use, work intensification and employee strain and distress
Chesley, N. (2014) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017013500112 · Cited by 339
Self-citationKim, J.-H., Seo, M., & David, P. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.030 · Cited by 336
Families without Borders: Mobile Phones, Connectedness and Work-Home Divisions
Wajcman, J., Bittman, M., & Brown, J. E. (2008) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038508091620 · Cited by 287
The Internet, mobile phone and space-time constraints
Schwanen, T., & Kwan, M. (2008) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.11.005 · Cited by 296
McDaniel, B. T., & Radesky, J. S. (2018) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-018-0052-6 · Cited by 268
Technostress at work and mental health: concepts and research results
Dragano, N., & Lunau, T. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000613 · Cited by 274
Becker, W. J., Belkin, L. Y., Tuskey, S., & Conroy, S. A. (2022) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.22102 · Cited by 338
Avoiding the Trap of Constant Connectivity: When Congruent Frames Allow for Heterogeneous Practices
Mazmanian, M. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0787 · Cited by 269
Is mobile email functional or dysfunctional? Two perspectives on mobile email usage
Middleton, C. A., & Cukier, W. (2006) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000614 · Cited by 240
Dumas, T. L., & Sanchez‐Burks, J. (2015) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2015.1028810 · Cited by 236
Work–Family Role Blurring and Work–Family Conflict
Glavin, P., & Schieman, S. (2011) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888411406295 · Cited by 274
Digital Dwelling: Technology in Couple and Family Relationships
Hertlein, K. M. (2012) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00702.x · Cited by 242
McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2016.04.010 · Cited by 225
The Prism of Everyday Life: Towards a New Research Agenda for Time Geography
Neutens, T., Schwanen, T., & Witlox, F. (2010) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2010.484153 · Cited by 216
Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.021 · Cited by 205
New Telework, Time Pressure, and Time Use Control in Everyday Life
Thulin, E., Vilhelmson, B., & Johansson, M. W. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11113067 · Cited by 191
Texting's consequences for romantic relationships: A cross-lagged analysis highlights its risks
Halpern, D. M., & Katz, J. E. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.051 · Cited by 186
Sthapit, E., Coudounaris, D. N., & Björk, P. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism · doi:10.1080/15022250.2019.1689530 · Cited by 213
Schieman, S., & Young, M. C. (2013) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2013.817090 · Cited by 205
'Connected presence' in distributed family life
Christensen, T. H. (2009) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444808101620 · Cited by 177
Boundary-Spanning Work Demands and Their Consequences for Guilt and Psychological Distress
Glavin, P., Schieman, S., & Reid, S. (2011) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510395023 · Cited by 174
Time Work by Overworked Professionals
Moen, P., Lam, J., Ammons, S. K., & Kelly, E. L. (2013) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888413481482 · Cited by 168
Gökçearslan, Ş., Uluyol, Ç., & Şahin, S. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.036 · Cited by 193
A longitudinal examination of the work–nonwork boundary strength construct
Hecht, T. D., & Allen, N. J. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.579 · Cited by 168
Chan, M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.027 · Cited by 171
The mobile phone, perpetual contact and time pressure
Bittman, M., Brown, J. E., & Wajcman, J. (2009) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017009344910 · Cited by 163
Trouble at the Border?: Gender, Flexibility at Work, and the Work-Home Interface
Schieman, S., & Glavin, P. (2008) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.2008.55.4.590 · Cited by 163
McDaniel, B. T., Galovan, A. M., Cravens, J. D., & Drouin, M. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.019 · Cited by 162
Information technology in everyday and vacation contexts
MacKay, K. J., & Vogt, C. A. (2012) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2012.02.001 · Cited by 157
Papp, L. M., Danielewicz, J., & Cayemberg, C. (2011) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0291 · Cited by 172
Involuntary vs. voluntary flexible work: insights for scholars and stakeholders
Kaduk, A., Genadek, K. R., Kelly, E. L., & Moen, P. (2019) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2019.1616532 · Cited by 170
The stress potential of social media in the workplace
Bucher, E. L., Fieseler, C., & Suphan, A. (2012) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.710245 · Cited by 163
Offer, S. (2014) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.12126 · Cited by 151
Technology Use and Work-Life Balance
Nam, T. (2013) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-013-9283-1 · Cited by 145
Park, Y., Liu, Y., & Headrick, L. (2020) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2461 · Cited by 165
Extended work availability and its relation with start-of-day mood and cortisol.
Dettmers, J., Vahle‐Hinz, T., Bamberg, E., Friedrich, N., & Keller, M. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039602 · Cited by 157
Illusions of Balance and Control in an Always-on Environment: a Case Study of BlackBerry Users
Middleton, C. A. (2007) · Continuum · doi:10.1080/10304310701268695 · Cited by 136
Mobile Technology and Boundary Permeability
Duxbury, L. E., Higgins, C., Smart, R., & Stevenson, M. (2013) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12027 · Cited by 148
Xie, J., Ma, H., Zhou, Z. E., & Tang, H. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.023 · Cited by 131
Control over Time: Employers, Workers, and Families Shaping Work Schedules
Gerstel, N. R., & Clawson, D. (2018) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041400 · Cited by 127
Self-concept, self-esteem, gender, race and information technology use
Jackson, L. A., von Eye, A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Zhao, Y., & Witt, E. A. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.001 · Cited by 126
Work-Related Smartphone Use and Well-Being in the Evening
Ohly, S., & Latour, A. (2014) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000114 · Cited by 141
Bowen, P. A., Govender, R., Edwards, P., & Cattell, K. (2017) · Construction Management and Economics · doi:10.1080/01446193.2017.1341638 · Cited by 132
TECHNOLOGY USE AND EMPLOYEE ASSESSMENTS OF WORK EFFECTIVENESS, WORKLOAD, AND PACE OF LIFE
Chesley, N. (2010) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/13691180903473806 · Cited by 113
Self-citationGraham, C. L., & Nikolova, M. (2013) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.025 · Cited by 118
Chan, M. (2014) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/jcc4.12089 · Cited by 125
De-Sola, J., Flores, H. T., de Fonseca, F. R., & Rubio, G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181184 · Cited by 118
The impact of communication technologies on life and relationship satisfaction
Goodman-Deane, J., Mieczakowski, A., Johnson, D. M., Goldhaber, T. S., & Clarkson, P. J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.053 · Cited by 133
Büchler, N., ter Hoeven, C. L., & van Zoonen, W. (2020) · Information and Organization · doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100302 · Cited by 143
Lanigan, J. D. (2009) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494920903224194 · Cited by 110
Braukmann, J. M., Schmitt, A., Ďuranová, L., & Ohly, S. (2017) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-017-9508-7 · Cited by 123
Mullan, K., & Wajcman, J. (2017) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017017730529 · Cited by 111
Stanko, T. L., & Beckman, C. M. (2014) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2012.0911 · Cited by 104
Gender and mobile phones in cross-national context
Baron, N. S., & Campbell, E. M. (2011) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2011.06.018 · Cited by 102
Social media’s dark side: inducing boundary conflicts
van Zoonen, W., Verhoeven, J. W. M., & Vliegenthart, R. (2016) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-10-2015-0388 · Cited by 114
Mobile phones during work and non-work time: A case study of mobile, non-managerial workers
Hislop, D. W., & Axtell, C. M. (2011) · Information and Organization · doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2011.01.001 · Cited by 102
(2019) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781789903751 · Cited by 100
Flexible friends? Flexible working time arrangements, blurred work-life boundaries and friendship
Pedersen, V. B., & Lewis, S. (2012) · Work Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017012438571 · Cited by 96
Lee, K., Lee, K. Y., & Sheehan, L. (2020) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-019-09975-1 · Cited by 95
Olson, R., Crain, T. L., Bodner, T., King, R. B., Hammer, L. B., Klein, L. C., Erickson, L., Moen, P., Berkman, L. F., & Buxton, O. M. (2015) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.11.003 · Cited by 94
Fan, W., & Moen, P. (2021) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/07308884211047208 · Cited by 100
Characteristics of extended availability for work: The role of demands and resources.
Dettmers, J., Bamberg, E., & Seffzek, K. (2016) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000014 · Cited by 89
Relational Consequences of Compulsive Internet Use: A Longitudinal Study Among Newlyweds
Kerkhof, P., Finkenauer, C., & Muusses, L. D. (2011) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01397.x · Cited by 95
Exploring Mobile-only Internet Use: Results of a Training Study in Urban South Africa
Donner, J., Gitau, S., & Marsden, G. (2011) · International journal of communication · Cited by 87
Enacting virtual connections between work and home
Wajcman, J., Rose, E., Brown, J. E., & Bittman, M. (2010) · Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1177/1440783310365583 · Cited by 86
Park, C. S. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.022 · Cited by 85
Feldman, E. R., Reid, E. M., & Mazmanian, M. (2019) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2018.0148 · Cited by 87
Health effects of supplemental work from home in the European Union
Arlinghaus, A., & Nachreiner, F. (2014) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2014.957297 · Cited by 88
Krannitz, M. A., Grandey, A. A., Liu, S., & Almeida, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038763 · Cited by 81
Berkowsky, R. W. (2013) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2013.772650 · Cited by 81
Paradoxical implications of personal social media use for work
van Zoonen, W., & Rice, R. E. (2017) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12098 · Cited by 82
Mobile communication and social capital: an analysis of geographically differentiated usage patterns
Campbell, S. W., & Kwak, N. (2010) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444809343307 · Cited by 79
The Pressure-Status Nexus and Blurred Work–Family Boundaries
Schieman, S., & Glavin, P. (2015) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888415596051 · Cited by 83
The supportive spouse at work: Does being work-linked help?
Ferguson, M. J., Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0039538 · Cited by 83
Metadata
- Authors
- Chesley, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chesley, Noelle
- ORCID
- Chesley, Noelle
- Venue
- Journal of Marriage and Family
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-11-21
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1237-1248
- ISSN
- 0022-2445 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-3737
- OpenAlex
- W1993275348
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 29.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marriage and the Family (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Technostress in Professional Settings
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Keywords
- information technology use, work-family spillover, mobile phone use, computer use, family satisfaction, working couples, longitudinal change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review