Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 677

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 206 of the 206 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with others' Inner States about the World

Echterhoff, Gerald, Higgins, E. Tory, Levine, John M.·2009·Perspectives on Psychological Science
DOI 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Humans have a fundamental need to experience a shared reality with others. We present a new conceptualization of shared reality based on four conditions. We posit (a) that shared reality involves a (subjectively perceived) commonality of individuals' inner states (not just observable behaviors); (b) that shared reality is about some target referent; (c) that for a shared reality to occur, the commonality of inner states must be appropriately motivated; and (d) that shared reality involves the experience of a successful connection to other people's inner states. In reviewing relevant evidence, we emphasize research on the saying-is-believing effect, which illustrates the creation of shared reality in interpersonal communication. We discuss why shared reality provides a better explanation of the findings from saying-is-believing studies than do other formulations. Finally, we examine relations between our conceptualization of shared reality and related constructs (including empathy, perspective taking, theory of mind, common ground, embodied synchrony, and socially distributed knowledge) and indicate how our approach may promote a comprehensive and differentiated understanding of social-sharing phenomena.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x

Cites

206 of 206 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 206 references

Research works printed but not linked: 47

  1. 10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.619 · DOI · Paper page
  2. 1951, Groups, leadership and men, 177
  3. 1952, Social psychology
  4. 10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.869 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.869 · Paper page
  5. 1994, Advanced social psychology, 338
  6. 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 · Paper page
  7. 10.1037/0278-7393.22.1.197 · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.1.197 · Paper page
  8. 1997, Deliberative democracy
  9. 10.1037/0278-7393.22.6.1482 · DOI · Paper page
  10. 1938, Alone
  11. 1998, Social and cognitive approaches to interpersonal communication, 259
  12. 10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481 · Paper page
  13. 1996, Using language
  14. 2007, Handbook of motivation science, 3
  15. 2001, Social influence in social reality: Promoting individual and social change, 53
  16. 1996, Handbook of motivation and cognition: The interpersonal context, 3, 28
  17. 1994, Emotion contagion
  18. 1981, Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures, 119
  19. 1996, Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles, 133
  20. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161564.003.0006 · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161564.003.0006
  21. Grounding sociality: Neurons, minds, and culture
  22. 10.1037/10690-003 · doi:10.1037/10690-003
  23. 2002, Kontexte und Kulturen des Erinnerns [Contexts and cultures of remembering], 37
  24. 2005, Public Library of Science: Biology, 3, 529
  25. 1982, Groupthink
  26. 1958, Person perception and interpersonal behavior, 151
  27. 2008, Stereotype dynamics: Language-based approaches to the formation, maintenance, and transformation of stereotypes, 263
  28. 2001, Social influence in social reality: Promoting individual and social change, 33
  29. 2007, Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles, 759
  30. 1999, Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge, 267
  31. 10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.273 · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.273 · Paper page
  32. 1934, Mind, self, and society
  33. 1999, Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge, 1
  34. 10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.211 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.211 · Paper page
  35. 1961, From a logical point of view
  36. 1974, On message structure: A framework for the study of language and communication
  37. 10.1037/h0046100 · doi:10.1037/h0046100
  38. 10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.645 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.645 · Paper page
  39. 2007, Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles, 630
  40. 1980, Human helplessness, 279
  41. 1996, Explaining culture
  42. 1999, Shared cognition in organizations: The management of knowledge, 49
  43. 1996, The psychology of action: Linking motivation and cognition to behavior, 579
  44. 1996, Understanding group behavior: Consensual action by small groups, 1, 81
  45. 1987, Annual Sociological Review, 52, 15
  46. 1986, Theories of group behavior, 185
  47. 10.1086/266612 · doi:10.1086/266612

Cited by

See all 677

Metadata

Authors
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T., & Levine, J. M.
Venue
Perspectives on Psychological Science
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2009-09
Volume
4
Issue
5
Pages
496-521
ISSN
  • 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-6924
DOI
10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x
OpenAlex
W2109682840
Cited by
677
References
206
FWCI
31.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with others' Inner States about the World. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x
The paper
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T., & Levine, J. M. (2009). Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with others' Inner States about the World. Perspectives on Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.