Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 181

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

HOMEBOYS, DOPE FIENDS, LEGITS, AND NEW JACKS*

HAGEDORN, JOHN M.·1994·Criminology

Abstract

Milwaukee research finds that most young male adult gang members cannot be described accurately as “committed long‐term participants” in the drug economy. Rather, most adult gang members are involved sporadically with drug sales, moving in and out of conventional labor markets at irregular intervals. Four types of male adult gang members are described; only one type has rejected conventional values. Despite relatively high average earnings from drug sales, most gang members would accept full‐time jobs with modest wages. This suggests that severe and mandatory penalties for cocaine use and sales should be ended.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1994.tb01152.x

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Cited by

See all 181

Metadata

Authors
HAGEDORN, J. M.
Venue
Criminology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1994-05
Volume
32
Issue
2
Pages
197-219
ISSN
  • 0011-1384 (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-9125
OpenAlex
W2032899204
Cited by
181
References
2
FWCI
23.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: HOMEBOYS, DOPE FIENDS, LEGITS, AND NEW JACKS*. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1994.tb01152.x
The paper
HAGEDORN, J. M. (1994). HOMEBOYS, DOPE FIENDS, LEGITS, AND NEW JACKS*. Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1994.tb01152.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.