The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
LABELING, LIFE CHANCES, AND ADULT CRIME: THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF OFFICIAL INTERVENTION IN ADOLESCENCE ON CRIME IN EARLY ADULTHOOD*
Abstract
Scholars have recently revitalized labeling theory as a developmental theory of structural disadvantage. According to this approach, official intervention increases the probability of involvement in subsequent delinquency and deviance because intervention triggers exclusionary processes that have negative consequences for conventional opportunities. The theory predicts that official intervention in adolescence increases involvement in crime in early adulthood due to the negative effect of intervention on educational attainment and employment. Using panel data on urban males that span early adolescence through early adulthood, we find considerable support for this revised labeling approach. Official intervention in youth has a significant, positive effect on crime in early adulthood, and this effect is partly mediated by life chances such as educational achievement and employment.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models
Sobel, M. E. (1982) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270723 · Cited by 12,810
Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data
Schafer, J. L. (1997) · doi:10.1201/9781439821862 · Cited by 6,012
A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment
Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P. E., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095613 · Cited by 1,935
Schwartz, R. D., & Skolnick, J. H. (1962) · Social Problems · doi:10.1525/sp.1962.10.2.03a00030 · Cited by 305
Labeling, Deterrence, and Recidivism: A Study of Police Dispositions of Juvenile Offenders
Klein, M. W. (1974) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/799765 · Cited by 48
Cited by
Juvenile incarceration, human capital, and future crime: Evidence from randomly assigned judges
Aizer, A., & Doyle, J. J. (2015) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjv003 · Cited by 541
The High/Scope Perry Preschool Program: Cost–Benefit Analysis Using Data from the Age-40 Followup
Belfield, C. R., Nores, M., Barnett, S., & Schweinhart, L. (2006) · Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.xli.1.162 · Cited by 482
Prisons Do Not Reduce Recidivism: The High Cost of Ignoring Science
Cullen, F. T., Jonson, C. L., & Nagin, D. S. (2011) · The Prison Journal · doi:10.1177/0032885511415224 · Cited by 407
Iatrogenic effect of juvenile justice
Gatti, U., Tremblay, R. E., & Vitaro, F. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02057.x · Cited by 318
THE LABELING OF CONVICTED FELONS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR RECIDIVISM*
CHIRICOS, T., BARRICK, K., BALES, W., & BONTRAGER, S. (2007) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00089.x · Cited by 288
Metadata
- Authors
- BERNBURG, J. G., & KROHN, M. D.
- Venue
- Criminology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1287-1318
- ISSN
- 0011-1384 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-9125
- OpenAlex
- W2169667421
- Cited by
- 529
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 19.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: LABELING, LIFE CHANCES, AND ADULT CRIME: THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF OFFICIAL INTERVENTION IN ADOLESCENCE ON CRIME IN EARLY ADULTHOOD*. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01020.x
- The paper
- BERNBURG, J. G., & KROHN, M. D. (2003). LABELING, LIFE CHANCES, AND ADULT CRIME: THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF OFFICIAL INTERVENTION IN ADOLESCENCE ON CRIME IN EARLY ADULTHOOD*. Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb01020.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
