Steroid hormone transforming aldo–keto reductases and cancer
Open accessAbstract
Prostate and breast cancer are hormone-dependent malignancies of the aging male and female and require the local production of androgens and estrogens to stimulate cell proliferation. Aldo-keto reductases (AKR) play key roles in this process. In the prostate, AKR1C3 (type 5 17beta-HSD) reduces Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione to yield testosterone while AKR1C2 (type 3 3alpha-HSD) eliminates 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), and AKR1C1 forms 3beta-androstanediol (a ligand for ERbeta). In the breast, AKR1C3 forms testosterone, which is converted to 17beta-estradiol by aromatase or reduces estrone to 17beta-estradiol directly. AKR1C3 also acts as a prostaglandin (PG) F synthase and forms PGF(2alpha) and 11beta-PGF(2alpha), which stimulate the FP receptor and prevent the activation of PPARgamma by PGJ(2) ligands. This proproliferative signaling may stimulate the growth of hormone-dependent and -independent prostate and breast cancer.
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AKR1 enzymes preferentially act as reductases in vivo because they have nanomolar NADPH Kd values, a high cellular NADPH/NADP+ ratio, and NADPH inhibits NAD+-dependent oxidation at low micromolar concentrations.
“These enzymes preferably act as reductases in vivo since they have Kd values for NADPH in the nanomolar range, there is a high NADPH/NADP+ ratio within cells and NADPH inhibits the NAD+ dependent oxidation reactions at low μM concentrations”
From Role of aldo-keto reductase family 1 (AKR1) enzymes in human steroid metabolism (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Penning, T. M., & Byrns, M. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Penning, Trevor M.
- ORCID
- Penning, Trevor M.
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 1155
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-42
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- PMC
- PMC3038333
- OpenAlex
- W2150662398
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA090744)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES013508)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Aldose Reductase and Taurine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- aldose reductase, AKR1C3, AKR1C2, AKR1C1, prostate cancer, breast cancer, hormone-dependent tumors, androgen production, estrogen synthesis, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, aromatase, prostaglandin F synthase, prostaglandin F2alpha, FP receptor, PPARγ, estrogen receptor beta, tumor cell proliferation
- MeSH terms
- Aldo-Keto Reductases, Alcohol Oxidoreductases, Aldehyde Reductase, Androgens, Breast, Breast Neoplasms, Chromosome Mapping, Enzyme Inhibitors, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases, Isoenzymes, Male, Prostate, Prostatic Neoplasms
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