The DOI matches its Crossref record; 79 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Autism: The Empathizing–Systemizing (E‐S) Theory
Abstract
The mind‐blindness theory of autism spectrum conditions has been successful in explaining the social and communication difficulties that characterize these conditions but cannot explain the nonsocial features (the narrow interests, need for sameness, and attention to detail). A new theory, the empathizing–systemizing (E‐S) theory, is summarized, which argues two factors are needed to explain the social and nonsocial features of the condition. This is related to other cognitive theories such as the weak central coherence theory and the executive dysfunction theory. The E‐S theory is also extended to the extreme male brain theory as a way of understanding the biased sex ratio in autism. Etiological predictions are discussed, as are the clinical applications arising from the E‐S theory.
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“These communication difficulties have been linked to difficulties with ‘theory of mind’, also known as mentalising [25, 26], which is very important for effective communication.”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
Citations
Cites
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599 · cited 2×
“Most children with autism or Asperger syndrome are delayed in passing this test (Baron-Cohen et al. 1985).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBaron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005653411471 · Cited by 6,450
Self-citationWimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00715 · Cited by 4,555 · cited 1×
“The clearest way of seeing this “normal” distribution of autistic traits is by looking at the results from the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) (BaronCohen, Hoekstra, Knickmeyer, et al. 2006; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner, et al. 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBaron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 4,313
Self-citationMindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2412 · Cited by 3,670
Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.041 · Cited by 3,561
Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4635.001.0001 · Cited by 3,428
Self-citationPretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind."
Leslie, A. M. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.4.412 · Cited by 3,379
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Baron‐Cohen S., 2004, Mindreading : The Interactive Guide to Emotions
- Baron‐Cohen S., 2001, Are intuitive physics and intuitive psychology independent?, J. Dev. Learning Dis., 5, 47
- Happe F., 1996, Autism
- 10.1111/1469-7610.00376 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction
Uddin, L. Q. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3857 · Cited by 2,083
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S. P., Motyl, M. S., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4 · Cited by 1,966
The Extreme Male-Brain Theory of Autism
Baron‐Cohen, S. (1999) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4945.003.0023 · Cited by 1,415
Self-citationShamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858410379268 · Cited by 1,059
Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism
Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., White, S., Frith, U., & Singer, T. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq060 · Cited by 655
Metadata
- Authors
- Baron‐Cohen, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Baron‐Cohen, Simon
- ORCID
- Baron‐Cohen, Simon
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 1156
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 68-80
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2028758511
- Cited by
- 830
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation
- Research Councils UK
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, empathizing-systemizing theory, social cognition, weak central coherence, executive dysfunction, extreme male brain theory, sex ratio bias, autism etiology, clinical application
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Empathy, Humans, Models, Biological, Models, Theoretical, Psychological Tests
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