Characteristics of patients with autistic disorder (AD) presenting for dental treatment: A survey and chart review
Abstract
A group of 43 patients with AD (mean age, 13.5; SD, 5.9 yrs) was identified from the University Hospital School Pediatric Dentistry Clinic. We reviewed the patients' charts to obtain demographic data, dental findings, and the management techniques used for treatment. The patients were divided into groups according to Frankl's categories of behavior, ranging from definitely negative to positive. Descriptive data are provided for each group. Commonly used communications and pharmacological management techniques, as well as physical restraints, enabled us to treat all the patients in the traditional dental setting, when simple procedures were planned. Treatment under general anesthesia in the operating room was necessary in 37% of all patients when comprehensive care was required or difficult procedures were carried out. A questionnaire was also sent out to the caregivers to gather data on patients' nutrition and eating/chewing habits. In the sample surveyed, two-thirds of the individuals reportedly exhibited a normal eating pattern, while 14% pouched food. Soft, sweet, or sticky foods were preferred by 41% of the patients.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Factors that increased the ability of children with autism to participate in dental care include ensuring parent presence, partial immobilisation, procedural preparation, giving breaks and providing premedication with sedative drugs.
“They identified factors that increased the ability of children with autism to participate in dental care, such as ensuring parent presence, partial immobilisation, procedural preparation, giving breaks and providing premedication with sedative drugs (Klein & Nowak, 1999).”
From A meta‐synthesis of how parents of children with autism describe their experience of accessing and using routine healthcare services for their children (2021) · cites this paper as Klein & Nowak, 1999
Food selectivity is determined by texture (69%), appearance (58%), taste (45%), smell (36%), temperature (22%), reluctance to try new foods (69%), and a small repertoire of accepted foods (60%).
“studies have indicated that food selectivity is being determined by the following factors: texture (69%), appearance (58%), taste (45%), smell (36%), and temperature (22%), as well as reluctance to try new foods (69%) and a small repertoire of accepted foods (60%) (Figure 1) [52,53,54,55].”
From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Food selectivity and sensory sensitivity in children with autism spectrum disorders
Cermak, S. A., Curtin, C., & Bandini, L. G. (2010) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.10.032 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
“Klein U, Nowak AJ.”
InfluentialAutism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions
Ristori, M. V., Quagliariello, A., Reddel, S., Ianiro, G., Vicari, S., Gasbarrini, A., & Putignani, L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112812 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The Caries Experience and Behavior of Dental Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Loo, C. Y., Graham, R. M., & Hughes, C. V. (2008) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0078 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Kral, T. V. E., Eriksen, W. T., Souders, M. C., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2013.01.008 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Clinical differences in children with autism spectrum disorder with and without food selectivity
Postorino, V., Sanges, V., Giovagnoli, G., Fatta, L. M., De Peppo, L., Armando, M., Vicari, S., & Mazzone, L. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.016 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“…et al., 2001; Bandini et al., 2010; Collins et al., 2003; Cornish, 1998; Dominick et al., 2007; Field, Garland, & Williams, 2003; Kalyva, 2009; Klein & Nowak, 1999; Nadon et al., 2011; Schmitt et al., 2008; Schreck & Williams, 2006; Schreck et al., 2004; Suarez, Nelson, & Curtis, 2013;…”
InfluentialBehaviour guidance in dental treatment of patients with autism spectrum disorder
LOO, C. Y., GRAHAM, R. M., & HUGHES, C. V. (2009) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1111/j.1365-263x.2009.01011.x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Isong, I. A., Rao, S. R., Holifield, C., Iannuzzi, D., Hanson, E., Ware, J., & Nelson, L. P. (2014) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922813517169 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Orellana, L. M., Martínez-Sanchis, S., & Silvestre, F. J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1930-8 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The neuropathology, medical management and dental implications of autism
Friedlander, A. H., Yagiela, J. A., Paterno, V. I., & Mahler, M. E. (2006) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0086 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Cooperation predictors for dental patients with autism.
Marshall, J. T., Sheller, B. L., Williams, B. J., Mancl, L., & Cowan, C. A. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Oral care experiences and challenges in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Duker, L. I. S., Polido, J. C., Najera, S. O. L., & Cermak, S. A. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Du, R. Y., Yiu, C. K. Y., & KING, N. M. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3708-5 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Update on Oral Health Management
Gandhi, R., & Klein, U. (2014) · Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.03.002 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationDo autistic children have higher levels of caries? A cross-sectional study in Turkish children
Namal, N., Vehit, H. E., & Köksal, S. (2007) · Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry · doi:10.4103/0970-4388.33457 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Nutritional status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs): A case—Control study
Marí-Bauset, S., Llopis-González, A., Zazpe-García, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., & Morales-Suárez-Varela, M. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2205-8 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…problems at mealtimes, with many studies over the years backing these parental concerns (Raiten and Massaro 1986; Clark et al. 1993; Cornish 1998; Klein and Nowak 1999; Whiteley et al. 2000; Ahearn et al. 2001; Ahearn 2003; Najdowsky et al. 2003; Buckley et al. 2005; Luiselli et al. 2005;…”
BackgroundChild Eating Behaviors and Caregiver Feeding Practices in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kral, T. V. E., Souders, M. C., Tompkins, V. H., Remiker, A. M., Eriksen, W. T., & Pinto‐Martin, J. A. (2015) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12146 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Oral manifestations in a group of adults with autism spectrum disorder
Mirtala-Orellana, L., Donat, F. J. S., Martínez‐Sanchis, S., et al. (2011) · Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal · doi:10.4317/medoral.17573 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Most of the patients with ASD required assistance in tooth brushin�� in coincidence with the obser�ations of other authors (9,17,18).”
BackgroundPopple, B., Wall, C. A., Flink, L., Powell, K. K., Discepolo, K. E., Keck, D. B., Mademtzi, M., Volkmar, F. R., & Shic, F. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2795-4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…for developing caries (i.e., tooth decay or cavities) due to their classification as having special needs; in addition, those with ASD may have further risk factors specific to their disorder (American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry 2013; Jaber 2011; Klein and Nowak 1999; Marshall et al. 2010).”
BackgroundEating as an autistic adult: an exploratory qualitative study
Kinnaird, E., Norton, C., Pimblett, C., Stewart, C., & Tchanturia, K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221937 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“The preference for routine, and behavioural inflexibility, 64 associated with autism may also cause problems with eating, making children reluctant to try 65 new foods or leading to the development of specific mealtime routines [4, 9, 11].”
BackgroundSaliva flow rate, buffer capacity, and pH of autistic individuals
Bassoukou, I. H., Nicolau, J. C., & Santos, M. T. B. R. (2008) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-008-0209-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“In regard to the low dental caries experience reported in autistic individuals, the etiopatology investigation in to the role of salivary components in this illness is fundamental [ 20 ].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRicha, R., Yashoda, R., & Puranik, M. P. (2014) · Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry · doi:10.4103/0970-4388.130967 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Nelson, T., Sheller, B. L., Friedman, C. S., & Bernier, R. (2014) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/scd.12101 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Nelson, T., Chim, A., Sheller, B. L., McKinney, C. M., & Scott, J. M. (2017) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2017.03.015 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Autism Disorder (AD): An Updated Review for Paediatric Dentists
Jaganathan, U. (2014) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2014/7938.4080 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Moreover, the risk for dental caries can be expected to be higher in these patients due to difficulties in brushing and flossing, though the oral hygiene of these subjects is known to be deficient [34].”
BackgroundThe Oral health status of children with autism Spectrum disorder in KwaZulu-Nata, South Africa
Naidoo, M., & Singh, S. (2018) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-018-0632-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Oral assessment of children with autism spectrum disorder in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Suhaib, F., Saeed, A., Gul, H., & Kaleem, M. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317730299 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“In addition, failure to maintain oral hygiene without assistance can further complicate matters, as the dexterity required for brushing can be lessened due to weakened oral musculature (Klein and Nowak, 1999).”
BackgroundTreating patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder—SCDA members’ attitudes and behavior
Weil, T. N., Er, B., & Inglehart, M. R. (2010) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/j.1754-4505.2010.00173.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zachor, D. A., & Ben‐Itzchak, E. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00410 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Barriers and Facilitators of Healthcare Access for Autistic Children in the UK: a Systematic Review
Babalola, T. T., Sanguedolce, G., Dipper, L. T., & Botting, N. (2024) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00420-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“One autism-related factor affecting healthcare access is the atypical nature of the social or communication skills of individuals with autism, which is always unique to each person (Eades et al., 2019; Klein et al. 1999).”
InfluentialKotha, S. B., AlFaraj, N. S. M., Ramdan, T. H., Alsalam, M. A., Ameer, M. J. A., & Almuzin, Z. M. (2018) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2018.245 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Restricted diet for these children by making them eat limited types of food or in specific the physician recommended diet like the gluten/caseinfree or partially g-tube fed or low acid diet [7] [8] [9] [10].”
BackgroundDiet, oral hygiene practices and dental health in autistic children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Murshid, E. Z. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Leiva‐García, B., Planells, E., del Pozo, P. P., & Molina‐López, J. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04211-w · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Pathophysiology, Medical Management, and Dental Implications of Autism
Friedlander, A. H., Yagiela, J. A., Paterno, V. I., & Mahler, M. E. (2003) · Journal of the California Dental Association · doi:10.1080/19424396.2003.12224215 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Moderate sedation for MRI in young children with autism
Ross, A. K., Hazlett, H. C., Garrett, N. T., et al. (2005) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00247-005-1499-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Although some of these children might be managed in the dental office for straightforward dental work, up to 37% of autistic children require a general anesthetic in an operating room for comprehensive dental care or difficult procedures [12].”
BackgroundPosse, J. L., Novoa, P. C., Pazos, M. T. A., & Barbosa, I. R. (2014) · Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal · doi:10.4317/medoral.19566 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Oral Health for US Children with Special Health Care Needs
Chi, D. L. (2018) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2018.05.007 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Boshoff, K., Bowen‐Salter, H., Gibbs, D., Phillips, R. L., Porter, L., & Wiles, L. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13369 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stuesser, H. A., & Roscoe, E. M. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.685 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Interdisciplinary approach to oral health for persons with developmental disabilities
Seirawan, H., Schneiderman, J. U., Greene, V., & Mulligan, R. (2008) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/j.1754-4505.2008.00010.x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Graudins, M. M., Rehfeldt, R. A., DeMattei, R. R., Baker, J. C., & Scaglia, F. (2012) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.12.010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dental health — a challenging problem for a patient with autism spectrum disorder
Lu, Y., Wei, I., & Huang, C. (2012) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dental Survey of Institutionalized Children with Autistic Disorder
Chadha, G. M., Kakodkar, P., Chaugule, V. B., & Nimbalkar, V. (2012) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1130 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Marí-Bauset, S., Zazpe, I., Marí-Sanchis, A., González, A. L., & Morales‐Suárez‐Varela, M. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.08.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Diab, H. M. (2016) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/23373.8692 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Uliana, J. C., Agnese, C. C. D., Antoniazzi, R. P., & Kantorski, K. Z. (2024) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-024-05500-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The conditions inherent to autism can often hinder behaviors aimed at achieving OH adequate, thus contributing to irregular brushing due to limitations in manual dexterity [53].”
Association between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Caregiver-Reported Dental Caries in Children
Burgette, J. M., & Rezaie, A. (2019) · JDR Clinical & Translational Research · doi:10.1177/2380084419875441 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…dental caries in children with ASD was mediated through daily oral hygiene practices, xerostomia-causing medications, and a high cariogenic diet (Klein and Nowak 1998, 1999; Cermak et al. 2010; Marshall et al. 2010; Jaber 2011; Rai et al. 2012; L.I. Stein et al. 2012; Kral et al. 2013; Gandhi…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEvaluation of the Efficacy of a Dental Plaque Control Program in Autistic Patients
Dias, G. G., Prado, E. D. F. G. B., Vadasz, E., et al. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0918-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This control is very important since although these patients are considered resistant to dental caries (Fahlvik-Planefeldt and Herrstro ¨m 2001; Klein and Nowak 1999; Shapira et al. 1989; Lowe and Lindemann 1985; Kamen and Skier 1985) when they do present dental or periodontal disease, the service required is not alwa…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOral health for people with intellectual disability and high support needs: positive outcomes
Grant, E. E., Carlson, G., & Cullen‐Erickson, M. (2004) · Special Care in Dentistry · doi:10.1111/j.1754-4505.2004.tb01682.x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Food neophobia and its association with diet quality and weight status in children
Kral, T. V. E. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-101931-3.00014-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Developmental Disabilities: Epilepsy, Cerebral Palsy, and Autism
Surabian, S. R. (2001) · Journal of the California Dental Association · doi:10.1080/19424396.2001.12223191 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
da Motta, T. P., Owens, J., Abreu, L. G., Debossan, S. A. T., Vargas‐Ferreira, F., & Vettore, M. V. (2022) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02366-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Strategies for oral health care for people with disabilities in Taiwan
Jeng, W.-L., Wang, T., Cher, T.-L., et al. (2009) · Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1991-7902(09)60022-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Oral hygiene education of special needs children. Part 1: children with autism spectrum disorder
Doichinova, L., Gateva, N., & Hristov, K. M. (2019) · Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment · doi:10.1080/13102818.2019.1615846 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Prynda, M., Pawlik, A. A., Niemczyk, W., & Wiench, R. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13237144 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Patients with ASD do not exhibit any distinctive dental characteristics in the soft or hard intraoral or perioral tissues [11–13].”
Cirio, S., Salerno, C., Mbanefo, S., Oberti, L., Paniura, L., Campus, G., & Cagetti, M. G. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9050729 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Esposito, M. (2019) · International Journal of Autism & Related Disabilities · doi:10.29011/2642-3227.000020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Challenges of Autism Spectrum Disorders Families Towards Oral Health Care in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
AlHammad, K. A. S., Aldhalaan, H., Zakria, M., Alghazi, M., Jobeir, A., Aldhalaan, R., Almuhanna, A., Ganji, K. K., & Mosadomi, H. A. (2020) · Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada · doi:10.1590/pboci.2020.046 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Impaired interpretation of stimulus intake may cause unusual responses to visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, and gustatory signals [10,11].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCollins, M. S. R., Laverty, A. M., Roberts, S., et al. (2004) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1469004704047504 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Parents’ Dental Knowledge and Oral Hygiene Habits in Saudi Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Murshid, E. Z. (2014) · Journal of medical research/The journal of medical research · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The use and prevention of procedural restraint in children – A scoping review
Østberg, M. K., Hougaard, P. F., Kynø, N. M., & Svendsen, E. J. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2024.10.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Decoding reward–curiosity conflict in decision-making from irrational behaviors
Konaka, Y., & Naoki, H. (2023) · Nature Computational Science · doi:10.1038/s43588-023-00439-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dental management of patients with autism spectrum disorders
Iosif-Grigorios, M., Fotopoulos, I., & Zouloumis, L. (2015) · Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine · doi:10.1515/bjdm-2015-0046 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Utilization of dental general anaesthesia for children.
Karim, Z. A., Musa, N., & Noor, S. N. F. M. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Functional analysis and generalized treatment of disruptive behavior during dental exams
McConnell, K., Sassi, J., Carr, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.747 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tsang, R. W. C., Solow, H. L., Ananthanarayan, C., et al. (2001) · Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1053/clon.2001.9304 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The literature identified suggested an excellent safety record for the use of daily anaesthesia for short medical or dental procedures [2–8,10].”
BackgroundA Dental Communication Board as an Oral Care Tool for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Naidoo, M., & Singh, S. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04436-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Myhren, L. E., Pawlowski, A., Schwob, A., & Bull, V. H. (2023) · European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1007/s40368-023-00799-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This scale has been extensively used to measure compliance in children with ASD during dental examinations and treatments (Klein and Nowak 1999; Loo et al.”
MethodImportance of Desensitization for Autistic Children in Dental Practice
Pérez, E. M. M., Velasco, A. A., Clemente, V. G., et al. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10050796 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“It has been detailed by certain authors that some stimuli can affect the behavior of autis c children during new experi nces, uch as noise or smells [12,17,18,27,28].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHashim, N. A., Yusof, Z. Y. M., & Saub, R. (2018) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12417 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
McLay, L., van Deurs, J. R., Gibbs, R. M., & Whitcombe‐Dobbs, S. (2021) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66441-1_3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Autism and Obesity: Prevalence, Molecular Basis and Potential Therapies
Kaur, Sharma, J. R., Arieff, Z., Sagar, S., & Kaur (2012) · Autism Insights · doi:10.4137/aui.s9138 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Posse, J. L., García, E. V., Henríquez, J. M., et al. (2003) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Oral health knowledge, attitude, and performance of the parents of 3–12-year-old autistic children
Ahmadi, M., Hajiahmadi, M., Nilchian, F., Tabrizi, A., & Gosha, H. (2022) · Dental Research Journal · doi:10.4103/1735-3327.340109 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorder: Review of literature and dental management
Czornobay, L. F. M., Munhoz, E. A., Lisboa, M. L., Rath, I. B. D. S., & de Camargo, A. R. (2018) · World Journal of Stomatology · doi:10.5321/wjs.v6.i2.11 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Octavia, A., Sitthisettapong, T., Kettaratad-Pruksapong, M., & Dewanto, I. (2025) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2024.12.015 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“24,25 The scale was partitioned into the following 4 categories 26,27 : Definitely negative (score 1).”
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Techniques for dental radiographic examinations.
Dailey, J. C., & Brooks, J. K. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An Update on Dental Outlook for Autism
Patil, A., & Tamgond, S. (2016) · Autism - Open Access · doi:10.4172/2165-7890.1000176 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Impaired interpretation of stimulus intake may cause unusual responses to visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, and gustatory signals [61,62].”
BackgroundPediatric dentistry complications and challenges
Slayton, R. L., & Palmer, E. A. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118988053.ch8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oral Aspects and Dental Management of Special Needs Patient
Karataban, P. K. (2022) · Dentistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.101067 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mohamed, H. A., & Abdalla, E. M. (2022) · Acta Scientific Dental Scienecs · doi:10.31080/asds.2022.06.1474 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Desensitization and Therapeutic Behavioral Approaches to Dental Care
Nelson, T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-10483-2_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Briere, M. L., Janetzke, S., Fleck, C. R., et al. (2025) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.70000 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Uliana, J. C., Barcellos, V. M., Tatsch, K. F., Kloeckner, F. L., Moreira, C. H. C., & Kantorski, K. Z. (2024) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-024-05981-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…of support and dental caries included (i) difficulties in dental plaque self-performed control due to oral sensory problems [12 ], motor deficits [ 11], struggle of parents/caregivers to perform an adequate and daily oral hygiene; (ii) difficulties in accepting dental treatment due to deficits in…”
СТАН СТОМАТОЛОГІЧНОЇ ЗАХВОРЮВАНОСТІ В ДІТЕЙ ІЗ РОЗЛАДОМ АУТИСТИЧНОГО СПЕКТРА
Hevkaliuk, N. O., Пында, М. Я., Pudiak, V. Y., et al. (2019) · Актуальні питання педіатрії акушерства та гінекології · doi:10.11603/24116-4944.2019.1.10174 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ways solution dental problems of children with disasters of authistic spectrum
", P. H. E. I., Yakubova, I. I., K., Tsypan, S., & Zhdanova, T. (2019) · SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA · doi:10.33295/1992-576x-2019-3-56 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Elbardissy, A. (2019) · Egyptian Dental Journal /Egyptian Dental Journal · doi:10.21608/edj.2015.71248 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Siddiqi, S., & Urooj, A. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101885 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Manejo del paciente con síndrome de espectro autista en clínica odontológica
Acosta, M. C. H., & Larrea, J. F. P. (2022) · Revista Científica Especialidades Odontológicas UG · doi:10.53591/eoug.v5i2.9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Oral Surgery Management in Asperger Syndrome: A Case Report
Gunardi, O. J., Prasetio, O., & Kamadjaja, D. B. (2019) · Acta Medica Philippina · doi:10.47895/amp.v53i6.685 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Peker, İ., Bağcı, N., Akdağ, F., et al. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202808 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dental Treatment in Asperger Syndrome
Onat, H., Tosun, G., & Ṣener, Y. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences · doi:10.9790/0853-13428082 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Different dental treatment options can range from argumentative communication, visual pedagogy, premedication, to general anaesthesia [8].”
BackgroundHoldeman, N. L. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amaral, L. D., de Carvalho, T. F., & Bezerra, A. C. B. (2015) · Revista latinoamericana de bioética · doi:10.18359/rlbi.1465 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Behavior Management of Children with Autism
Al-Rawi, B. A. O. (2019) · AL-Kindy College Medical Journal · doi:10.47723/kcmj.v13i1.119 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders
Perry, M. M., & Dougherty, N. J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119121039.ch15
Pediatric Dentists’ Behaviour Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Zaretsky, E. (2011) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Oral Health Challenges Facing the Autistic Child in Dubai: A Survey
Mansoor, D. (2016)
- Authors
- Klein, U., & Nowak, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Venue
- Special Care in Dentistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-09
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 200-207
- ISSN
- 0275-1879 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-4505
- OpenAlex
- W2095441120
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Special Care in Dentistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Anxiety and Anesthesia Techniques
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autistic disorder, pediatric dentistry, patient behavior, communication techniques, pharmacological management, physical restraint, general anesthesia, dietary habits, food preferences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anesthesia, Dental, Anticonvulsants, Antidepressive Agents, Autistic Disorder, Behavior Therapy, Child, Child, Preschool, Dental Care for Persons with Disabilities, Dental Care for Disabled, Dental Caries, Female, Gingivitis, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Patient Satisfaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
