The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 53 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard
Open accessAbstract
Abstract— We report a comprehensive imaging study including confocal microRaman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and 3‐D extended focal imaging light microscopy of carbonate globules throughout a depth profile of the Martian meteorite Allan Hills (ALH) 84001 and similar objects in mantle peridotite xenoliths from the Bockfjorden volcanic complex (BVC), Svalbard. Carbonate and iron oxide zoning in ALH 84001 is similar to that seen in BVC globules. Hematite appears to be present in all ALH 84001 carbonate‐bearing assemblages except within a magnesite outer rim found in some globules. Macromolecular carbon (MMC) was found in intimate association with magnetite in both ALH 84001 and BVC carbonates. The MMC synthesis mechanism appears similar to established reactions within the Fe‐C‐O system. By inference to a terrestrial analogue of mantle origin (BVC), these results appear to represent the first measurements of the products of an abiotic MMC synthesis mechanism in Martian samples. Furthermore, the ubiquitous but heterogeneous distribution of hematite throughout carbonate globules in ALH 84001 may be partly responsible for some of the wide range in measured oxygen isotopes reported in previous studies. Using BVC carbonates as a suitable analogue, we postulate that a low temperature hydrothermal model of ALH 84001 globule formation is most likely, although alteration (decarbonation) of a subset of globules possibly occurred during a later impact event.
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Claims the paper makes
52 Own interpretation · 50 Own result · 13 No full text of the sources · 10 Own method · 9 Sources not found · 8 Not checked yet · 8 No basis given · 2 Supported · 1 Not supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“a thin film of carbonate was layered over the glass, revealing that carbonate deposition post-dates glass formation”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Analysis of Carbonates
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Corrigan and Harvey (2004) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Feldspathic Glass section (p. 10) says feldspathic glass was the last phase to enter the fractures and that the carbonates beside it were mechanically entrained, not precipitated after glass intrusion. It also says the stratigraphy is inconsistent with glass formation preceding the carbonate MSM sequences. The paper therefore does not interpret carbonate on the glass as evidence of later deposition. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“to have formed from a single event during the time of the eruption of Sverrefjell volcano about 1 Myr ago.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Analysis of Carbonates
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Corrigan and Harvey (2004) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) discusses ancient carbonates in the martian meteorite ALH 84001, not BVC carbonate globules. Searches for BVC, Sverrefjell, and a formation event about 1 Myr ago found no passage addressing the attributed claim; the paper's account of different carbonates does not contradict it. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“which adds weight to the argument that the globules in ALH 84001 also formed from a single event.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Analysis of Carbonates
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Corrigan and Harvey (2004) source
The Proposed Sequence of Events (p. 8) describes one carbonate growth stage in which the rosettes (globules) formed. The Nucleation section (p. 8) also says rosettes and slab carbonates formed during the same growth event. The paper describes later alteration and carbonate precipitation, but distinguishes those from the initial growth of the rosettes. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In comparison, the BVC xenolith carbonates were predominately white throughout with darkened centers and rims.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Optical Microscopy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hematite appears to be present in all ALH 84001 carbonate-bearing assemblages except within a magnesite outer rim found in some globules.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mapping the peak center shift of both the ~300 cm -1 and ~1090 cm -1 peaks did, however, reveal chemical zoning of the globules carbonates”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The composition of carbonate from zone 1 of BVC carbonates closely matches that of zone D in the ALH 84001 carbonates.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparing the trends of the standards and the ALH 84001 and BVC carbonates reveals a progressive trend from a more calcite-and siderite-rich carbonate (probably ankerite) near the center to siderite/ magnesite-rich carbonate at the outer rim”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rings of magnetite without associated carbonate were observed throughout all allocations of ALH 84001.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Optical Microscopy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Macromolecular carbon (MMC) was found in intimate association with magnetite in both ALH 84001 and BVC carbonates.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 28
- It may state two separate claims as one. 38
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This possibly explains the observations of Corrigan and Harvey (2004) that high-temperature interactions between carbonate and glass were not apparent in the samples they studied, as opposed to other studies (e.g., Barber and Scott 2003).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Corrigan and Harvey (2004) source
The Conclusions (p. 12) state that feldspathic glass was emplaced with little or no thermal effect on the carbonates, citing the lack of thermal decomposition or compositional changes at the glass contact. The Feldspathic Glass section (p. 10) likewise reports no systematic evidence of decarbonation in the interstitial carbonates examined. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From Raman spectra of the carbonate standards, the peak center distribution of both the ~300 and ~1090 cm -1 bands of ALH 84001 and BVC carbonates indicates four distinct zones in ALH 84001 (labeled a-d in Figs.3b and 3d).There are only two zones measured in the BVC carbonates (labeled 1 and 2 in Figs.3b and 3d).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zone 2 of the BVC samples is almost pure magnesite and appears marginally less iron-rich than the magnesium carbonates from the outer rims of ALH 84001 (ALH 84001-D).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The carbon spectra were indicative of mainly amorphous macromolecular material (Fig. 5) that was found spatially associated with rings of magnetite at both the center and periphery of the globule.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Whereas some globules contained a white magnesite zone between two outer rims of magnetite-as identified from previous observations (McKay et al. 1996) and during Raman mapping-most had only a single magnetite rim”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Optical Microscopy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McKay et al. 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abrading the surface of globules from ALH 84001 with a cleaned stainless steel needle showed a transition from the orange carbonate at the surface to a white carbonate beneath.This white carbonate contained small veins and concentrations of a reddish material”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Optical Microscopy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The vast majority of MMC found in ALH 84001 is relatively amorphous, with crystalline graphite occurring in two localities among the matrix magnetite assemblages analyzed.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Macromolecular Carbon (MMC) and Magnetite
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Laser heating visibly damaged freshly revealed surfaces only after the laser power was increased above 10 mW”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The zoning pattern in BVC globules, however, is spatially much finer than in ALH 84001, and oscillates between these two end members before magnetite deposition begins at the outer rim.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Analysis of Carbonates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas hematite and pyrrhotite were distributed heterogeneously throughout the globules, magnetite was concentrated mostly within the rims and as discrete 0.5-5 μm patches within the carbonate globules.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Complex zonation is also seen in these”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Analysis of Carbonates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However the characteristic ~180 cm -1 peak of calcite was not detected in this study, suggesting that the calcium is present within a sideritic carbonate, possibly as ankerite.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Analysis of Carbonates
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, they appear alongside intact carbonate globules (Fig. 1a), indicating that the spatial distribution of any heating event was heterogeneous on the scale of tens of microns.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An outer”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our observations are consistent throughout the entire depth profile of ALH 84001.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The peak center shift of the carbonate 330 cm -1 peak showing four distinct zones, marked by the letters a-d.”
- Also stated in: § IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK · plain
“ALH 84001 is shown in red and exhibits four distinct peaks indicative of the zones seen in (b); BVC is in blue and shows two distinct peaks correlating to the areas marked in (d).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Raman spot spectra were collected for a number of known compounds to assist in assignment of the Raman bands observed in ALH 84001 and BVC carbonates.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy of Standard Materials
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experiment was also conducted on the siderite reference material to ensure that laser heating was not responsible for the observations of hematite in the ALH 84001 carbonates.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Heating Study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A cosmic ray reduction routine was used to reduce the effects of stray radiation on Raman images, as was image thresholding to reject isolated bright pixels.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a range of carbonate globules in BVC xenoliths occur both as trapped inclusions within mantle minerals and in pockets between mineral grains, and are interpreted to have been deposited by primary mantle fluids (Amundsen 1987).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amundsen 1987 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although alteration (decarbonation) of a subset of globules possibly occurred during a later impact event.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The BVC eruptive centers have a range of different carbonate deposits (Amundsen 1987), including magnesite globules similar to those found in ALH 84001.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amundsen 1987 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fluorescence effects were inhibited by the use of specific peak fitting in place of spectral area sums and by the confocal optics used in this instrument.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, to ensure that the laser power used was not affecting the samples, a study to incrementally increase the laser power during analysis was conducted.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Heating Study
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hot CO 2 -containing aqueous fluids cooled rapidly, during which time the oxygen fugacity fell, thus promoting the formation of reduced-carbon phases alongside magnetite.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Macromolecular Carbon (MMC) and Magnetite
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The system was buffered by hematite and magnetite as temperature decreased.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coupling this observation with the presence of a second order carbon peak appears to confirm that the MMC in ALH 84001-1 is more graphitic in nature than that in ALH 84001-2, thus illustrating there is a range of MMC in ALH 84001 tending from very amorphous to more graphitic.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the ALH 84001 and BVC globules appear to be slightly recessed into the host mineral (seen in Fig. 1c).This suggests that some interaction between the host rock and the globules took place during their formation.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Light Microscopy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Graphite has been previously detected by Raman spectroscopy in the Martian meteorite NWA 1068 (Hochleitner 2004).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Macromolecular Carbon (MMC) and Magnetite
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hochleitner 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Becker et al. (1999) demonstrated the presence of MMC in the matrix of ALH 84001.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Macromolecular Carbon (MMC) and Magnetite
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Becker et al. 1999 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We are, therefore, left with the observation that the siderite originally contained in these magnetite rings was removed by either dissolution or vaporization.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Light Microscopy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, the BVC globule samples are known to have formed from a single event during the time of the eruption of Sverrefjell volcano about 1 Myr ago.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Analysis of Carbonates
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During this process, the conditions in BVC samples evidently entered the magnetite/graphite stability field twice, as MMC carbon with magnetite is detected in both the center and the outer rims of the carbonate globules.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Macromolecular Carbon (MMC) and Magnetite
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The system was buffered by hematite and magnetite as temperature decreased.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thermodynamic calculations and experimental data on the thermal breakdown of siderite show that PAHs, graphite, and MMC are produced”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Macromolecular Carbon (MMC) and Magnetite
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Flynn et al. (1999 and2000) showed the presence of C-C, C=C, and possibly C-H bonds in both carbonate and rim material (Becker et al. 1999;Flynn et al. 1998;Flynn et al. 1997).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Macromolecular Carbon (MMC) and Magnetite
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Flynn et al. 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Flynn et al. 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No visible damage to any surface or change in Raman spectra was observed using 0.3-1 mW and 5 s integration times.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Any secondary heating event above 40-80 °C (Weiss et al. 2000) should have destroyed the magnetic properties of primary deposited magnetites and pyrrhotites in all globule types, unless the magnetite and pyrrhotite in the outer rim of type 2 globules and the magnetite within the matrix were formed in this event.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Weiss et al. 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The MMC associated with these globules was deposited at the same time a CO 2and Fe-rich mantle-derived fluid deposited magnetite, hematite, and carbonate as a single event without the influence of biology.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > The Case for Biology
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data are consistent with the arguments that carbonate globules in ALH 84001 formed from rapidly cooling hydrothermal Fe-and CO 2 -rich fluids, principally due to their chemical and textural similarity to BVC carbonates.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Temperature of Formation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Concomitant to the shock event, Brearley (2003) proposed that during this heating event, the meteorite was experiencing considerable thermal heterogeneity, a factor expanded upon by Treiman (2003).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Brearley (2003) speculated that fracturing of the magnetite rim matrix boundary is evidence of a volume decrease associated with magnetite formation from siderite during a shock event.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brearley 2003 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Evidence from remnant magnetism in the magnetite and pyrrhotite of the globules, combined with petrographic studies of plagioclase grains, however, indicates that this meteorite has not been exposed to a temperature above 40 °C or a change in bulk rock temperature of more than 120 °C (Fritz et al. 2005;Weiss et al. 2000;Weiss et al. 2002).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that carbonate globules may form from fluids that vary greatly in their initial temperatures, though they may not vary much in the temperature at which deposition of the carbonate occurs.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Temperature of Formation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has also been suggested that the outer rim of dual rim globules was formed by thermal decomposition of siderite during a shock event to leave magnesite and magnetite”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barber and Scott 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Barber et al. 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Scott et al. 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore the observed petrography may only reflect the last impact event, as previous impact event textures would be reset (Fritz 2006, personal communication).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fritz 2006, personal communication
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The sulfur-containing mineral pyrrhotite found in the rims of globules (Figs.6c and 7e) has also been suggested to form from decomposition of pyrite during a thermal event after primary precipitation, and thus both type 1 and 2 globules may have experienced some transient heating event (Golden et al. 2004a).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Golden et al. 2004a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hydrogen would be present in this system from dissociation of water and perhaps linked to dissolution of the host mineral matrix (Fig. 1c).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Macromolecular Carbon (MMC) and Magnetite
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore neither investigation detected the strong Raman peak of hematite at ~1310 cm -1 peak or the ordered-disordered carbon bands of MMC (~1350 and ~1600 cm -1 ).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Hematite in Carbonate
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is currently no satisfactory explanation for this variation.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Temperature of Formation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar interaction between CO 2 and FeO have also been proposed as being responsible for MMC reservoirs in meteorites and IDPs”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Macromolecular Carbon (MMC) and Magnetite
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Allamandola et al. 1988
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Anders 1991 source
- Not matchedcites Nakamura et al. 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“One event, known as the I3 shock event, would have produced a heat pulse between 200 and 450 °C with pressures of up to 50 GPa, which should decompose siderite to magnetite and CO 2 , as well as produce the observed PAHs (Treiman 2003).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Treiman 2003 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Before analysis, our experimental null hypothesis stated that all the features seen in AHL 84001 have an abiogenic origin.Based on our current research, this hypothesis could not be falsified.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > The Case for Biology
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both, however, probably formed from rapid cooling of fluids, although mantle-derived fluids would probably have a much higher initial temperature than those formed from meteoric fluids.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Temperature of Formation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two types of carbonate globules (Fig. 1) have previously been described in ALH 84001: dark brown globules containing a single magnetite rim, and lighter orange-colored globules with a second magnetite outer rim bounded by an area of magnesite (e.g., Figs.1a and 1d) (McKay et al. 1996;Treiman et al. 2003).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > To Heat or Not to Heat?
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McKay et al. 1996 source
- Not matchedcites Treiman et al. 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we cannot constrain the temperatures at which this occurred”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study shows unequivocally, and for the first time, the existence of an abiotic MMC synthesis mechanism that is indigenous to Mars”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both depositional and impact-induced conditions in ALH 84001 could have formed MMC”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We cannot rule out an impact shock formation mechanism for the hematite from siderite”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We tentatively suggest that evidence of globule decarbonation and the presence of magnetite and MMC phases in the matrix of the rock may be linked.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The outer orange layers of the carbonate may incorporate changes due to terrestrial alteration and be the repository for the organic contamination known to exist in this meteorite.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the similarity of the BVC and ALH 84001 globules, we hypothesize that the ALH 84001 globules formed in a similar manner, i.e., by cooling of hydrothermal fluids.”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Rests on an assumption: The BVC carbonate globules formed by cooling of hydrothermal fluids.
The paper relies on this without support.
The MMC measured in ALH 84001 is indigenous to the meteorite and not terrestrial contamination.
“Macromolecular carbon (MMC) was found in intimate association with magnetite in both ALH 84001 and BVC carbonates.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The system was buffered by hematite and magnetite as temperature decreased.
“This is not an unreasonable assumption given the presence of both hematite and magnetite in BVC and ALH 84001 (Koziol 2004).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The BVC carbonate globules formed by cooling of hydrothermal fluids.
“we hypothesize that the ALH 84001 globules formed in a similar manner, i.e., by cooling of hydrothermal fluids.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
“A trio of globule assemblages on a fracture surface of ALH 84001-357 was mapped to determine the distribution of characteristic spectral peaks (Fig. 6a).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
“Fig. 6. a) Light microscopy Z stack montage of a trio of carbonate globules from ALH 84001-380.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > Raman Spectroscopy
“The carbonate intensity map at ~1090 cm -1 for globules from ALH 84001 and BVC did not reveal any information on the zoning of the globules in either sample's carbonates (Figs.3a and 3d).”
§ Comprehensive imaging and Raman spectroscopy of carbonate globules from Martian meteorite ALH 84001 and a terrestrial analogue from Svalbard > IMPLICATIONS OF THIS WORK
“a) The carbonate distribution (~330 cm -1 carbonate peak) across an area of three carbonate globules contained in ALH 84001-357.”
Citations
Cites
Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001
McKay, D. S., Gibson, E. K., Thomas-Keprta, K. L., Vali, H., Romanek, C. S., Clemett, S. J., Chillier, X. D. F., Maechling, C. R., & Zare, R. N. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5277.924 · Cited by 1,883
ALH84001, a cumulate orthopyroxenite member of the martian meteorite clan
Mittlefehldt, D. (1994) · Meteoritics · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb00673.x · Cited by 385
SIMS analysis of oxygen isotopes: matrix effects in complex minerals and glasses
Eiler, J. M., Graham, C. M., & Valley, J. W. (1997) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00015-6 · Cited by 263
Raman spectroscopy of Fe-Ti-Cr-oxides, case study: Martian meteorite EETA79001
Wang, A., Kuebler, K. E., Jolliff, B. L., et al. (2004) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am-2004-5-601 · Cited by 238
Ejection of Martian meteorites
Fritz, J., Artemieva, N., & Greshake, A. (2005) · Meteoritics & Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00409.x · Cited by 233
A Low Temperature Transfer of ALH84001 from Mars to Earth
Weiss, B. P., Kirschvink, J. L., Baudenbacher, F. J., Vali, H., Peters, N. T., Macdonald, F. A., & Wikswo, J. P. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5492.791 · Cited by 218
Pasteris, J. D., & Wopenka, B. (2003) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/153110703322736051 · Cited by 206
A possible high-temperature origin for the carbonates in the martian meteorite ALH84001
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The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite
Mahaffy, P. R., Webster, C. R., Cabane, M., Conrad, P. G., Coll, P., Atreya, S. K., Arvey, R., Barciniak, M., Benna, M., Bleacher, L. V., et al. (2012) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-012-9879-z · Cited by 596
“…organic chemistry could come from hydrothermal Fischer-Tropsch type processes by CO2 reduction associated with carbonate deposition, serpentinization reactions, UV catalysis, or hydrothermal breakdown of siderite (Anpo and Chiba 1992; Zolotov and Shock 2000; McCollom 2003; Steele et al. 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVolatile, isotope, and organic analysis of Martian fines with the Mars Curiosity Rover
Leshin, L. A., Mahaffy, P. R., Webster, C. R., Cabane, M., Coll, P., Conrad, P. G., Archer, P. D., Atreya, S. K., Brunner, A. E., Buch, A., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1238937 · Cited by 458
Self-citationIdentification of Carbonate-Rich Outcrops on Mars by the Spirit Rover
Morris, R. V., Ruff, S. W., Gellert, R., Ming, D. W., Arvidson, R. E., Clark, B. C., Golden, D. C., Siebach, K., Klingelhöfer, G., Schröder, C., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1189667 · Cited by 447
Unique Meteorite from Early Amazonian Mars: Water-Rich Basaltic Breccia Northwest Africa 7034
Agee, C. B., Wilson, N. V., Mccubbin, F. M., Ziegler, K., Polyak, V. J., Sharp, Z. D., Asmerom, Y., Nunn, M. H., Shaheen, R., Thiemens, M. H., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1228858 · Cited by 426
Self-citationSummons, R. E., Amend, J. P., Bish, D. L., Buick, R., Cody, G. D., Marais, D. J. D., Dromart, G., Eigenbrode, J. L., Knoll, A. H., & Sumner, D. Y. (2011) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2010.0506 · Cited by 345
Biosignatures on Mars: What, Where, and How? Implications for the Search for Martian Life
Westall, F., Foucher, F., Bost, N., Bertrand, M., Loizeau, D., Vago, J. L., Kminek, G., Gaboyer, F., Campbell, K. A., Bréhéret, J., et al. (2015) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1374 · Cited by 337
“On Mars, it seems that, for most reactions with available electron donors, the acceptors are limited, while for reactions with plentiful acceptors (such as iron and sulfate reduction), the donors (organics and hydrogen) may have been limited.”
BackgroundNeveu, M. F., Hays, L. E., Voytek, M. A., New, M. H., & Schulte, M. D. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1773 · Cited by 299
“In Section 4, we focus on the crux of life detection: the belief that life must be the hypothesis of last resort (Sagan et al., 1993; Anders et al., 1996; Brasier et al., 2002; Cady et al., 2003; Steele et al., 2007; Cady and Noffke, 2009; Martel et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSutter, B., McAdam, A. C., Mahaffy, P. R., Ming, D. W., Edgett, K. S., Rampe, E. B., Eigenbrode, J. L., Franz, H. B., Freissinet, C., Grotzinger, J. P., et al. (2017) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets · doi:10.1002/2016je005225 · Cited by 252
“Magmatic carbon has been detected in several Martian meteorites through pyrolysis and combustion analyses above 600°C and by Raman imaging [Leshin et al., 1996; Grady et al., 2004; Steele et al., 2007, 2012, 2016; Agee et al., 2013].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationA Reduced Organic Carbon Component in Martian Basalts
Steele, A., Mccubbin, F. M., Fries, M. D., Kater, L., Boctor, N. Z., Fogel, M. L., Conrad, P. G., Glamoclija, M., Spencer, M. K., Morrow, A. L., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1220715 · Cited by 251
Self-citationClassification of Meteorites and Their Genetic Relationships
Krot, A. N., Keil, K., SCOTT, E. R. D., Goodrich, C. A., & WEISBERG, M. K. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00102-9 · Cited by 271
Niles, P. B., Catling, D. C., Berger, G., Chassefière, E., Ehlmann, B. L., Michalski, J. R., Morris, R., Ruff, S. W., & Sutter, B. (2013) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-012-9940-y · Cited by 184
“Steele et al. (2007) argued that the carbonates in ALH 84001 formed under similar high temperature, low fO2 conditions resulting in the simultaneous formation of carbonates and macromolecular carbon.”
BackgroundPlanetary habitability: lessons learned from terrestrial analogues
Preston, L. J., & Dartnell, L. R. (2014) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550413000396 · Cited by 166
Mccubbin, F. M., Steele, A., Nekvasil, H., et al. (2010) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am.2010.3448 · Cited by 143
Self-citationThe provenance, formation, and implications of reduced carbon phases in Martian meteorites
Steele, A., Mccubbin, F. M., & Fries, M. D. (2016) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.12670 · Cited by 123
“…that heating event has affected the carbonate globules (Romanek et al. 1994; Treiman 1995, 2003; McKay et al. 1996; Zolotov and Shock 2000a; Bridges et al. 2001; Barber and Scott 2003; Brearley 2003; Koziol 2004; Niles et al. 2005; Steele et al. 2007; Halevy et al. 2011; Treiman and Essene 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMccubbin, F. M., Tosca, N. J., Smirnov, A., Nekvasil, H., Steele, A., Fries, M. D., & LINDSLEY, D. H. (2009) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.031 · Cited by 116
“A detailed description of this technique has been published previously by Steele et al. (2007).”
MethodSelf-citationOrganic synthesis on Mars by electrochemical reduction of CO 2
Steele, A., Benning, L. G., Wirth, R., Siljeström, S. M., Fries, M. D., Hauri, E. H., Conrad, P. G., Rogers, K. L., Eigenbrode, J. L., Schreiber, A., et al. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat5118 · Cited by 115
Self-citationOrganic synthesis associated with serpentinization and carbonation on early Mars
Steele, A., Benning, L. G., Wirth, R., Schreiber, A., Araki, T., McCubbin, F. M., Fries, M. D., Nittler, L. R., Wang, J., Hallis, L. J., et al. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg7905 · Cited by 98
Self-citationOrganic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals
Chan, Q. H. S., ZOLENSKY, M. E., Kebukawa, Y., Fries, M. D., Ito, M., Steele, A., Rahman, Z., Nakato, A., Kilcoyne, A. L. D., Suga, H., et al. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aao3521 · Cited by 92
“0)]; solvent B (methanol); gradient, time inminutes (%B): 0 (0), 35 (55), 45 (100).”
Self-citationMcLennan, S. M., Sephton, M. A., Allen, C. C., Allwood, A. C., Barbieri, R., Beaty, D. W., Boston, P. J., CARR, M., Grady, M., Grant, J., et al. (2012) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2011.0805 · Cited by 84
“As of this writing, the debate continues (for recent references, see Steele et al., 2007; Niles et al., 2009; Thomas-Keprta et al., 2009; and Treiman and Essene, 2011).”
BackgroundGraphite in the martian meteorite Allan Hills 84001
Steele, A., McCubbin, F., Fries, M., Golden, D., Ming, D., & Benning, L. (2012) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am.2012.4148 · Cited by 80
Self-citationRedox-driven mineral and organic associations in Jezero Crater, Mars
Hurowitz, J., Tice, M., Allwood, A., Cable, M., Hand, K., Murphy, A., Uckert, K., Bell, J., Bosak, T., Broz, A., et al. (2025) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09413-0 · Cited by 85
“Organic matter was detected in the Bright Angel area mudstone targets Cheyava Falls, Walhalla Glades and Apollo Temple by the SHERLOC instrument based on the presence of an approximately 1,600-cm −1 G band in the Raman spectra 9–12 (Fig.”
Self-citationPaleointensity of the ancient Martian magnetic field
Weiss, B. P., Fong, L. E., Vali, H., Lima, E. A., & Baudenbacher, F. J. (2008) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2008gl035585 · Cited by 79
Application of laser Raman micro-analyses to Earth and planetary materials
Chou, I., & Wang, A. (2017) · Journal of Asian Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.06.032 · Cited by 77
“There are studies using the Raman molecular probe capability to reveal the full-blow mineralogy of a Martian meteorite (Cooney et al., 1999; Wang et al., 1999, 2004b; Beck et al., 2006; Steele et al., 2007; Walton et al., 2014).”
Shearer, C. K., Sharp, Z. D., BURGER, P. V., Mccubbin, F. M., Provencio, P. P., BREARLEY, A. J., & Steele, A. (2014) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2014.04.029 · Cited by 74
Self-citationFornaro, T., Steele, A., & Brucato, J. R. (2018) · Life · doi:10.3390/life8040056 · Cited by 71
“However, the provenance of organics in Martian meteorites shows definitive evidence for organic synthesis in these rocks that reveals a similar organic distribution to that seen by Curiosity [30,111,112].”
ResultInfluentialSelf-citationPapineau, D., Gregorio, B. T. D., Cody, G. D., Fries, M. D., Mojzsis, S. J., Steele, A., Stroud, R. M., & Fogel, M. L. (2010) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.05.025 · Cited by 68
“…images of specific mineral phases were produced by mapping the peak intensity of parabolic peak fits from spectral datasets and these images can be assembled to include information on chemical composition and latent crystal strain (Steele et al., 2007; Fries and Steele, 2008; Bernard et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationPapineau, D., Gregorio, B. T. D., Stroud, R. M., Steele, A., Ernesto Pecoits, A., Konhauser, K. O., Wang, J., & Fogel, M. L. (2010) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.002 · Cited by 61
“Carbonaceous material associated with magnetite and carbonate from terrestrial and martian mantle rocks has been attributed to the decarbonation of siderite or other abiogenic precursor phases formed from CO2-rich mantle fluids (Steele et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTarnas, J., Stack, K. M., Parente, M. C., Koeppel, A., Mustard, J. F., Moore, K. R., Horgan, B. H. N., Seelos, F. P., Cloutis, E. A., Kelemen, P. B., et al. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2021je006898 · Cited by 63
“, 2010) and carbonates in martian meteorites (Steele et al., 2007), implying that these carbonates may form through similar water-rock alteration processes.”
BackgroundInfluentialSpencer, M., Hammond, M., & Zare, R. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0801860105 · Cited by 57
“This was perhaps the most controversial observation made using L2MS, because interpretation of how these PAHs were generated is a matter of continuing debate and has stimulated a significant amount of work (17, 18).”
BackgroundA review of volatiles in the Martian interior
Filiberto, J. R., Baratoux, D., Beaty, D., Breuer, D., Farcy, B., Grott, M., JONES, J. H., Kiefer, W. S., Mane, P., Mccubbin, F. M., et al. (2016) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.12680 · Cited by 63
“…in a number of Martian meteorites, both as inclusions within igneous mineral phases (Steele et al. 2012a; Agee et al. 2013), as well as macromolecular carbon and graphitic carbon associated with hydrothermally precipitated carbonate globules in Allan Hills 84001 (Steele et al. 2007, 2012b, 2016).”
BackgroundRaman Spectroscopy and Confocal Raman Imaging in Mineralogy and Petrography
Fries, M. D., & Steele, A. (2010) · Springer series in optical sciences/SPringer series in optical sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12522-5_6 · Cited by 59
Self-citationRaman imaging of extraterrestrial materials
Wang, A., Korotev, R. L., Jolliff, B. L., et al. (2014) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2014.10.005 · Cited by 59
“…(or peak area) to generate the abundance distribution and the map of the degree of structural ordering of reduced carbon in martian meteorites (Steele et al., 2007, 2010, 2012a, 2012b) or carbonaceous chondrites (Fries and Steele, 2008); (3) use the shift of a Raman peak central position to…”
BackgroundComparative analysis of wucai Chinese porcelains using mobile and fixed Raman microspectrometers
Colomban, P., Ambrosi, F., Ngo, A., et al. (2017) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.07.172 · Cited by 59
“Traces of pyrochlore (150, 288 and 520 cm -1 ) and of a carbonate phase (1090 cm -1 narrow peak assigned to siderite FeCO3 [59]) are also detected.”
BackgroundBridges, J. C., Hicks, L. J., & Treiman, A. H. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804191-8.00005-2 · Cited by 73
Science Priorities for Mars Sample Return
The MEPAG Next Decade Science Analysis Group (2008) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2008.0759 · Cited by 56
“Controlling the amount of contamination of the samples by both inorganic and organic species would be essential for realizing the potential scientific value of MSR. MSR would need to have specific contamination requirements in at least 3 areas: (1) Earth-sourced organic molecules, (2) Earth-sourced inorganic substance…”
InfluentialAqueous Alteration in Martian Meteorites
Velbel, M. A. (2012) · SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) eBooks · doi:10.2110/pec.12.102.0097 · Cited by 54
Planetary Mass Spectrometry for Agnostic Life Detection in the Solar System
Chou, L., Mahaffy, P. R., Trainer, M. G., Eigenbrode, J. L., Arévalo, R., Brinckerhoff, W. B., Getty, S., Grefenstette, N. M., Poian, V. D., Fricke, G. M., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2021.755100 · Cited by 55
Shkolyar, S., Eshelman, E. J., Farmer, J. D., Hamilton, D., Daly, M. G., & Youngbull, C. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1716 · Cited by 44
“Furthermore, all of these lithotypes have been identified in martian meteorites (Bridges and Grady, 2000; Bridges et al ., 2001; Steele et al ., 2007, 2012a, 2012b).”
In-situ preservation of nitrogen-bearing organics in Noachian Martian carbonates
Koike, M., Nakada, R., Kajitani, I., Usui, T., Tamenori, Y., Sugahara, H., & Kobayashi, A. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15931-4 · Cited by 60
Bost, N., Westall, F., Ramboz, C., Foucher, F., Pullan, D., Meunier, A., Petit, S., Fleischer, I., Klingelhöfer, G., & Vago, J. L. (2013) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2013.04.006 · Cited by 45
“These zoned carbonates were deposited by hydrothermal exhalation or possibly by aqueous alteration during eruption under an ice cap (Steele et al., 2007; Amundsen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundScience Priorities for Mars Sample Return
BORG, L. E., Marais, D. D., & Beaty, D. (2008) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · doi:10.2172/926426 · Cited by 40
Ansari, A. H. (2023) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2023.1075052 · Cited by 42
“The presence of organics in meteorites apparently ejected from Mars has been investigated in several studies (McSween Jr, 1994; McKay et al., 1996; Sephton et al., 2002; Steele et al., 2007; Steele et al., 2012; Steele et al., 2016; Eigenbrode et al., 2018).”
BackgroundApplication of Raman-based images in the Earth sciences
Nasdala, L., Beyssac, O., Schopf, J. W., & Bleisteiner, B. (2012) · Springer series in optical sciences/SPringer series in optical sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28252-2_5 · Cited by 38
Exploring Mars with Returned Samples
Grady, M. M. (2020) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00676-9 · Cited by 36
Acosta-Maeda, T. E., SCOTT, E. R. D., Sharma, S. K., et al. (2013) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am.2013.4300 · Cited by 35
“…of the studied rocks and allowing for constraints on the crystallization histories (Fries et al. 2011; Frosch et al. 2007; Miyahara et al. 2008; Steele et al. 2007). saMplE Taiban is a very strongly shocked, shock stage S6 ordinary L6 chondrite found in De Baca County, New Mexico, in 1975…”
BackgroundDaswani, M. M., Schwenzer, S. P., Reed, M. H., Wright, I. P., & Grady, M. M. (2016) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.12713 · Cited by 37
“Hematite grains are ubiquitous in the carbonates of ALH 84001, but goethite has not been detected in the meteorite (Steele et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialShkolyar, S., Lalla, E. A., Konstantindis, M., Cote, K., Daly, M. G., & Steele, A. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114093 · Cited by 31
Self-citationNiles, P. B., Zolotov, M. Y., & Leshin, L. A. (2009) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.039 · Cited by 32
“While the other hypothesis suggests that the carbonates formed in a rapidly cooling environment which is initially higher temperature (N150 °C) and cools to ~30 °C (Romanek et al., 1994; Eiler et al., 2002; Steele et al., 2007).”
BackgroundA carbon-rich region in Miller Range 091004 and implications for ureilite petrogenesis
Day, J. M. D., Corder, C. A., Cartigny, P., et al. (2016) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.11.026 · Cited by 26
Self-citationCalibration of Raman wavenumber in large Raman images using a mercury‐argon lamp
Jakubek, R. S., & Fries, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Raman Spectroscopy · doi:10.1002/jrs.5887 · Cited by 25
Self-citationThe Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite
Mahaffy, P. R., Webster, C. R., Cabane, M., Conrad, P. G., Coll, P., Atreya, S. K., Arvey, R., Barciniak, M., Benna, M., Bleacher, L. V., et al. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6339-9_13 · Cited by 36
Self-citationMccubbin, F. M., Sverjensky, D. A., Steele, A., et al. (2014) · American Mineralogist · doi:10.2138/am-2014-4947 · Cited by 23
“Some of these IROCs include graphite, macromolecular carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and insoluble amorphous carbon (Eck et al. 1966; Steele et al. 2007, 2012a, compounds are stable at temperatures greater than 2500 °C (Stein product of the organic compound used as a C-O-H fluid…”
BackgroundSelf-citationUninhabitable and Potentially Habitable Environments on Mars: Evidence from Meteorite ALH 84001
Treiman, A. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2020.2306 · Cited by 19
“Macromolecular carbon and some graphite were produced along with magnetite (Steele et al., 2007, 2012a, 2012b, 2016).”
The Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C): A Potential Rover Mission for 2018
Pratt, L., Allen, C., Allwood, A., Anbar, A., Atreya, S., Carr, M., Marais, D. J. D., Grant, J., Glavin, D., Hamilton, V., et al. (2010) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2010.0462 · Cited by 22
“Mineral sensitivity is extraordinary and ranges from clay minerals to opaque minerals, to the full range of carbonaceous species (Schopf et al., 2002; Steele et al., 2007; Fries et al., 2009; Papineau et al., 2009) from diamond to organic compounds, and to every known silicate mineral.”
Fu, Q., Socki, R. A., & Niles, P. B. (2015) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.01.027 · Cited by 21
“Altogether, the combination of the observation of organic compounds and the record of fluid–rock interaction preserved in the depths of Mars and in martian meteorites indicates that formation of abiotic organic compounds via FTT synthesis accompanying serpentinization reactions may have been common on Mars (Zolotov an…”
BackgroundNiles, P. B., Catling, D. C., Berger, G., Chassefière, É., Ehlmann, B. L., Michalski, J. R., Morris, R. V., Ruff, S. W., & Sutter, B. (2012) · Space sciences series of ISSI · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7774-7_10 · Cited by 24
Comparison of Prototype and Laboratory Experiments on MOMA GCMS: Results from the AMASE11 Campaign
Siljeström, S. M., Freissinet, C., Goesmann, F., Steininger, H., Goetz, W., Steele, A., Amundsen, H. E. F., & the AMASE11 Team (2014) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1197 · Cited by 20
“…of which numerous sources have been proposed including contamination (Jull et al. , 1998; Stephan et al. , 2003), chondritic meteoritic input (Benner et al. , 2000), biology (McKay et al. , 1996), and various abiotic processes (Zolo-tov and Shock, 2000; Treiman, 2004; Steele et al. , 2007, 2012b).”
Self-citationWopenka, B. (2011) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2011.01317.x · Cited by 19
Analytical database of Martian minerals (ADaMM): Project synopsis and Raman data overview
Veneranda, M., Sanz‐Arranz, A., Manrique, J. A., Sáiz, J., Garcia‐Prieto, C., Pascual‐Sánchez, E., Medina, J., Konstantinidis, M., Lalla, E. A., Moral, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Raman Spectroscopy · doi:10.1002/jrs.6215 · Cited by 20
Ohmoto, H., Runnegar, B. N., Kump, L. R., Fogel, M. L., Kamber, B. S., Anbar, A. D., Knauth, P., Lowe, D. R., Sumner, D. Y., & Watanabe, Y. (2008) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2008.0257 · Cited by 20
Self-citationMoyano-Cambero, C. E., Trigo-Rodríguez, J. M., Benito, M. I., Alonso‐Azcárate, J., Lee, M., Mestres, N., Martínez-Jiménez, M., Martín‐Torres, F. J., & Fraxedas, J. (2017) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.12851 · Cited by 19
“4 several minor peaks (~230, 250, 300, 415, and 1320 cm (1)) can be related to hematite, which is consistent with previous studies suggesting the presence of microcrystalline grains of this mineral within the carbonates (Steele et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultExperimental investigation of the bonding of sulfur in highly reduced silicate glasses and melts
Pommier, A., Tauber, M. J., Pirotte, H., et al. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.10.027 · Cited by 17
Self-citationPavlov, A. A., Pavlov, A., Ostryakov, V., Vasilyev, G., Mahaffy, P., & Steele, A. (2014) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2014je004615 · Cited by 15
“Martian organic compounds have been reported in Martian meteorites [Becker et al., 1999; Steele et al., 2007, 2012a, 2012b] and in the Martian atmosphere [Krasnopolsky et al., 2004; Formisano et al., 2004; Mumma et al., 2009].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTreiman, A., & Essene, E. (2011) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.06.038 · Cited by 19
Stern, J. C., McAdam, A. C., ten Kate, I. L., Bish, D. L., Blake, D. F., Morris, R. V., Bowden, R., Fogel, M. L., Glamoclija, M., Mahaffy, P. R., et al. (2012) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.07.010 · Cited by 15
“These carbonates have been found in globules very similar to carbonate globules in martian meteorite ALH84001, also formed by aqueous processes (Halevy et al., 2011; Niles et al., 2009; Steele et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRaman Spectroscopy and Confocal Raman Imaging in Mineralogy and Petrography
Fries, M. D., & Steele, A. (2018) · Springer series in surface sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75380-5_10 · Cited by 13
Self-citationThe Search for Biosignatures in Martian Meteorite Allan Hills 84001
McSWEEN, H. Y., Jr. (2018) · Advances in astrobiology and biogeophysics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96175-0_8 · Cited by 12
Caporali, S., Cecchi, V. M., Muniz‐Miranda, M., Pagliai, M., Pratesi, G., & Schettino, V. (2012) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2012.01361.x · Cited by 11
“…spectroscopy has also been proposed as a tool to detect organic materials of interest in astrobiology (El Amri et al. 2005; Busemann et al. 2007; Steele et al. 2007) and for the investigation of the origin of primitive life in extraterrestrial environments (Edwards et al. 2005; Marshall et al.…”
MethodConference Summary: Life Detection in Extraterrestrial Samples
Allwood, A., Beaty, D., Bass, D., Conley, C., Kminek, G., Race, M., Vance, S., & Westall, F. (2013) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0931 · Cited by 13
“Later studies have shown that the sample was contaminated by terrestrial bacteria (Steele et al., 2000), although a reduced macromolecular carbon phase along with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the carbonate globules was possibly martian in origin (Steele et al., 2007).”
Carbon-bearing phases in shock-induced melt zones of the Elga meteorite
Khisina, N. R., Teplyakova, S. N., Wirth, R., et al. (2017) · Geochemistry International · doi:10.1134/s0016702917040036 · Cited by 10
Cheng, G., Lin, H., Chaichi, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0004687 · Cited by 9
Calibration of Raman bandwidth in large Raman images using a mercury–argon lamp
Jakubek, R. S., & Fries, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Raman Spectroscopy · doi:10.1002/jrs.6045 · Cited by 9
Self-citationChen, H., Chen, H., Bykov, M., et al. (2024) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202400536 · Cited by 9
Self-citationRoyle, S. H., Tan, J., Watson, J. S., & Sephton, M. A. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2020.2226 · Cited by 9
“These iron species have been detected in martian meteorites (Steele et al. , 2007; Muttik et al. , 2014) by infrared spectroscopy (Evans and Adams, 1980; Bell et al. , 1993); by the Mo¨ssbauer spectrometers on both of the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) (Klingelho¨fer et al. , 2005; Morris et al. ,…”
The influence of ALH 84001 on our understanding of the origin and evolution of Mars
Righter, K. (2024) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.14289 · Cited by 9
“Insights into the compositional variation and textural features of the carbonates have been gained by studying terrestrial analogs such as those from Svalbard (Steele et al., 2007).”
Applications of Raman spectroscopy technology in deep space exploration: A review
Liu, P., Qi, X., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Liu, C., Xin, Y., Xiao, A., Zhang, J., & Ling, Z. (2023) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/tb-2023-0421 · Cited by 8
The heterogeneous response of Martian meteorite Allan Hills 84001 to planar shock
North, T., Collins, G., Davison, T., Muxworthy, A., Steele, S. C., & Fu, R. (2022) · Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962) · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115322 · Cited by 9
Kajitani, I., Koike, M., Nakada, R., Tanabe, G., Usui, T., Matsu’ura, F., Fukushi, K., & Yokoyama, T. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118345 · Cited by 10
Siljeström, S., Neubeck, A., & Steele, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269568 · Cited by 7
“Raman spectra and images were collected using a Witec α -scanning near-field optical microscope that has been customized to incorporate confocal Raman spectroscopic imaging [23, 24].”
InfluentialSelf-citationVolatile Detections in Gale Crater Sediment and Sedimentary Rock
Sutter, B., McAdam, A. C., & Mahaffy, P. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804191-8.00012-x · Cited by 6
Combining Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy Mapping: A Stony Meteorite Study
Musa, M., Rossini, R., Martino, D. D., et al. (2021) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma14247585 · Cited by 6
Raman instrument calibration for astromaterials and analysis of Mars return samples
Jakubek, R. S., & Fries, M. D. (2022) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.13940 · Cited by 6
“…Chou & Wang, 2017; Fries & Steele, 2010; Kagi, Takahashi, Shimizu, et al., 1990; Kagi, Takahashi, & Masud, 1990; Miyamoto, 1998; Popp et al., 2002; Steele et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2004, 2015; Wopenka, 1988), some of which feature a range of measurement values on par with typical calibration…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRoyle, S. H., Watson, J. S., & Sephton, M. A. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2020.2428 · Cited by 6
“These inorganic species have been detected both in martian meteorites (Steele et al. , 2007; Muttik et al. , 2014) and in situ at Mars (Evans and Adams, 1980; Bell et al. , 1993; Klingelho¨fer et al. , 2005; Morris et al. , 2006a, 2006b; Bish et al. , 2013; Blake et al. , 2013; Treiman et al. ,…”
Ferrón, C. C., Villar, S. E. J., Soto, F. J. M., Navarrete, J., & Hernández, V. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17570-35 · Cited by 5
Keresztúri, Á., Aszalós, J. M., Heiling, Z., Ignéczi, Á., Kapui, Z., Cs., K., Leél‐Őssy, S., Szalai, Z., Nemerkényi, Z., Pál, B. D., et al. (2022) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.114941 · Cited by 6
Mapping the composition of chondritic meteorite Northwest Africa 3118 with micro-Raman spectroscopy
Dall’Asén, A. G., Dimas, S., Tyler, S. M., Johnston, J. F., Anderton, T., Ivans, I. I., Gerton, J. M., Bromley, B. C., & Kenyon, S. J. (2017) · Spectroscopy Letters · doi:10.1080/00387010.2017.1346689 · Cited by 6
Teece, B. L., Beaty, D. W., Graham, H. V., McDonnell, G., Lollar, B. S., Siljeström, S. M., Steele, A., SSAP Tiger Team, & Mackelprang, R. (2025) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1177/15311074251382156 · Cited by 4
“Hence, the diversity and distribution of life ’ s signatures can be recognized when they are found in concentrations and patterns that are different from the abiotic, or nonlife, background ( e.g. , Buckner et al., 2024; Dorn et al., 2011; NASEM, 2007; Steele, 2016; Steele et al., 2007).”
Self-citationJakubek, R. S., & Fries, M. D. (2021) · Journal of Raman Spectroscopy · doi:10.1002/jrs.6259 · Cited by 4
Self-citationRaman and Nuclear Resonant Spectroscopy in Geosciences
Lin, J.-F., Alp, E., & Goncharov, A. (2014) · Treatise on Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.01414-5 · Cited by 3
“performed a detailed Raman tomography study of a carbonate globule from a Martian meteorite (Steele et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialNakada, R., Tanabe, G., Kajitani, I., Usui, T., Shidare, M., & Yokoyama, T. (2021) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min11020176 · Cited by 6
“The discussion on the origin of magnetite is also applicable to hematite in the carbonate, as previous studies also suggested that the origin of hematite is the thermal dehydration of goethite or impact denaturation of siderite [51].”
BackgroundResultAdvances in the In-Field Detection of Microorganisms in Ice
Barnett, M. J., Pearce, D. A., & Cullen, D. C. (2012) · Advances in applied microbiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394382-8.00004-6 · Cited by 5
“All are the focus of current interest because they help us to understand the potential effects of climate change, contribute to global microbial biodiversity, define the limits for life in extreme conditions, may tell us more about the conditions in which life arose on the early Earth, and provide insight into the pot…”
BackgroundInfluentialCorpolongo, A., Czaja, A. D., Jakubek, R. S., Fries, M. D., & George, A. M. (2025) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1177/15311074251392897 · Cited by 3
“It is important to note that kerogen is spectrally indistinguishable from MMC of abiotic origin, including that which occurs in interplanetary dust particles and martian meteorites (e.g., Hochleitner et al., 2004; Steele et al., 2007).”
Self-citationFormation and interior evolution of Mars
Kruijer, T. S., BORG, L. E., Udry, A., & Filiberto, J. R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99762-1.00113-3 · Cited by 6
Shehaj, X., Pratesi, G., Caporali, S., et al. (2025) · Earth Planets and Space · doi:10.1186/s40623-025-02245-2 · Cited by 2
“To mitigate similar phenomena, micro-Raman analyses must be conducted at a reduced power setting (generally ≤ 1 mW, e.g., Davidson et al. 2012; Steele et al. 2007; Chan et al. 2019) and only after completing the XPS and SEM investigations to ensure minimal perturbation to the sample surface.”
Beltzer, C. (2013) · Journal of Bone Marrow Research · doi:10.4172/2329-8820.1000133 · Cited by 2
“Up to now it has been used particularly for geological examinations [17-19].”
BackgroundSynchrotron-Based FTIR Micro-spectroscopy of Martian Meteorites
Yeşiltaş, M. (2018) · Journal of Polytechnic · doi:10.2339/politeknik.385460 · Cited by 2
“For instance, Raman spectroscopy was used by [5] in order to investigate carbonate globules in ALH 84001.”
MethodPierozzi, A., Faulkner, N., Szucs, A. M., Terribili, L., Maddin, M., Meloni, F., Devkota, K., Zubovic, K. P., Guyett, P. C., & Rodriguez-Blanco, J. D. (2025) · Carbon Capture Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100510 · Cited by 1
Murphy, A., Uckert, K., Hand, K. P., Bhartia, R., Bykov, S. V., Hickman‐Lewis, K., Jakubek, R. S., Lee, C., Mccubbin, F. M., Minitti, M. E., et al. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adx0047 · Cited by 2
“Evidence for such aqueous alteration has been previously observed in igneous martian meteorites ( 8 , 15 , 41 ), widely across the surface of Mars ( 42 ), and locally in Jezero crater ( 19 , 43 ).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe Abiotic Background: Challenges and Opportunities in the Search for Evidence of Life Beyond Earth
Dávila, A. F., Hoehler, T. M., Shkolyar, S., Nuevo, M., Rogers, K. L., Barge, L. M., Bouquet, A., Buffo, J., Burton, A. S., Cable, M., et al. (2026) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1177/15311074261484864 · Cited by 1
Self-citationQiu, M., Xue, H., & Hu, S. (2024) · Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences · doi:10.3799/dqkx.2024.067 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Steele, A., Fries, M. D., Amundsen, H. E. F., Mysen, B. O., Fogel, M. L., Schweizer, M., & Boctor, N. Z.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Steele, A.
- Venue
- Meteoritics & Planetary Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1549-1566
- ISSN
- 1086-9379 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-5100
- OpenAlex
- W2095154141
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Meteoritics and Planetary Science (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- University of Oxford
- Universitetet i Oslo
- Norsk Polarinstitutt
- NASA Astrobiology Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- ALH84001, Martian meteorites, carbonate globules, hematite, magnetite, magnesite, oxygen isotopes, hydrothermal alteration, mantle peridotite xenoliths, terrestrial analogs, globule formation
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