Cited by 316Schizophrenia research and treatmentHallucinations in medical conditionsMemory Processes and Influences

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Reality monitoring and psychotic hallucinations

Bentall, Richard P., Baker, Guy A., Havers, Sue·1991·British Journal of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00939.x

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Abstract

Hallucinating psychiatric patients, patients with delusions but without a history of hallucinations and normal controls were compared on a reality-monitoring task in which they were first required to generate answers to easy or difficult clues and to listen to low-probability or high-probability paired associates. After an interval of one week, the subjects were presented with a list in which their answers to the clues were mixed with the associates and with words not previously presented, and they were required to identify the source of each item (self-generated, presented by the experimenter or new). The psychiatric patients were generally less accurate in identifying the source of the items in comparison with the normal controls. However, hallucinators more often misattributed high cognitive effort self-generated items (answers to difficult clues) to the experimenter than either the psychiatric or the normal controls. The results are interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis that hallucinations are self-generated events misattributed to an external source.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00939.x

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Kwon, S., Richter, F. R., Siena, M. J., & Simons, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01814 · Cited by 14
“It is possible that in schizophrenia, for example, patients’ memories lack precision, obscuring the self-referential characteristics that distinguish them as personal memories (Bentall et al., 1991; Seal et al., 1997; Waters et al., 2006; Woodward et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResult
The potential link between sense of agency and output monitoring over speech
Sugimori, E., Asai, T., & Tanno, Y. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.010 · Cited by 14
Memory binding in clinical and non-clinical psychotic experiences: How does the continuum model fare?
Chhabra, S., Badcock, J. C., & Maybery, M. T. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.709183 · Cited by 14
“This result contrasts with findings of significant binding difficulties in clinical hallucinators (e.g., Bentall et al., 1991; Brebion et al., 2002), and suggests that the ability to integrate information about voices and words is intact in healthy individuals predisposed to hallucinations.”
BackgroundResult
ASSESSMENT OF ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF SCHIZOTYPY USING NEUROCOGNITIVE MEASURES
Rodrigo, A. M. L., González, J. L. B., Paíno, M., Giráldez, S. L., & Inda, M. (2000) · Psychology in Spain · Cited by 14
Pacientes, síntomas, trastornos, organicidad y psicopatología
Ezama, E., Alonso, Y., & Gómez, Y. F. (2010) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 13
Ambiguity between self and other: Individual differences in action attribution
de Bézenac, C. E., Sluming, V., O’Sullivan, N., & Corcoran, R. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.010 · Cited by 11
Imagery and memory illusions
Robin, F. (2010) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-010-9159-x · Cited by 13
“monitoring as confirmed by Bentall et al. ( Bentall et al. 1991; Johnson 2006; Mitchell and Johnson 2009).”
Method
Externalization Errors of Olfactory Source Monitoring in Healthy Controls—An fMRI Study
Leclerc, M., Kellermann, T., Freiherr, J., Clemens, B., Habel, U., & Regenbogen, C. (2019) · Chemical Senses · doi:10.1093/chemse/bjz055 · Cited by 16
Valoración de los componentes esenciales de la esquizotipia a través de medidas neurocognitivas
Giráldez, S. L., Inda, M., Rodrigo, A. M. L., et al. (1999) · Psicothema · Cited by 13
Functioning of the phonological loop in auditory hallucinations
Haddock, G., Slade, P. D., Prasaad, R., & Bentall, R. P. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(96)00006-2 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Examining the relationships between cognition and auditory hallucinations: A systematic review
Bell, A. P., Toh, W. L., Allen, P., Cella, M., Jardri, R., Larøi, F., Moseley, P., & Rossell, S. L. (2024) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674241235849 · Cited by 20
Phenomenology of Visual Hallucinations and Their Relationship to Cognitive Profile in Parkinson’s Disease Patients
Boubert, L., & Barnes, J. (2015) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244015585827 · Cited by 12
Visual Memory Errors in Parkinson's Disease Patient With Visual Hallucinations
Barnes, J., & Boubert, L. (2010) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207454.2010.539308 · Cited by 13
Neurocognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia: Their Character and Role in Symptom Formation
Goldberg, T. E., David, A. S., & Gold, J. M. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444327298.ch8 · Cited by 12
Developments in Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for Persistent Psychotic Symptoms
Haddock, G., Sellwood, W., Tarrier, N., & Yusupoff, L. (1994) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/s0813483900004472 · Cited by 12
Targeted effects of ketamine on perceptual expectation during mediated learning in rats
Fleming, L. M., Jaynes, F.-J. B., Thompson, S. L., Corlett, P. R., & Taylor, J. R. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06128-2 · Cited by 11
“2011), which underlies propensity towards hallucinations (Bentall et al. 1991; Corlett et al., 2019; Powers et al. 2017).”
Action simulation in hallucination-prone adolescents
Dahoun, T., Eliez, S., Chen, F., Badoud, D., Schneider, M., Larøi, F., & Debbané, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00329 · Cited by 11
“…sources in hallucination-prone adults (Bentall and Slade, 1985; Rankin and O’Carroll, 1995; Larøi et al., 2004, 2005), in adults with schizophrenia (Bentall et al., 1991; Rankin and O’Carroll, 1995; Blakemore et al., 2000; Brebion et al., 2000; Frontiers in Human Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org…”
Background
El análisis de contenido basado en criterios (cbca) en la evaluación de la credibilidad del testimonio
Godoy-Cervera, V., & Higueras, L. (2005) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 11
Un déficit de mémoire de la source spécifique chez les patients schizophrènes comparés à des volontaires sains et des patients présentant un épisode dépressif majeur
Brunelin, J., Poulet, E., Marsella, S., et al. (2007) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2006.05.004 · Cited by 11
Is Cognitive Psychopathology Plausible? Illustrations from Memory Research
Danion, J., Weingartner, H., & Singer, L. (1996) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379604100702 · Cited by 11
“Schizophrenia has also been shown to be associated with a reality-monitoring impairment, that is, an inability to discriminate between previously read and previously selfgenerated items (52,53).”
Background
Paracingulate Sulcus Length and Cortical Thickness in Schizophrenia Patients With and Without a Lifetime History of Auditory Hallucinations
Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., de Vries, A., Renken, R. J., Marsman, J.-B., Garrison, J. R., Hugdahl, K., & Aleman, A. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac072 · Cited by 11
“3,4 With regard to their neural basis, a distributed network has been implied of cortical and subcortical regions.”
Background
The Role of the Medial Prefontal Cortex in Self-Agency in Schizophrenia
Subramaniam, K. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Science · doi:10.20900/jpbs.20210017 · Cited by 12
“With this goal in mind, given that SZ manifest auditory hallucinations, which are thought to result from impaired self-prediction mechanisms of speech monitoring that result in the misattribution of their inner speech as an external voice [3,11,17,18], we integrate prior findings using distinct reality monitoring and…”
Result

Authors: Bentall, R. P., Baker, G. A., & Havers, S.
Affiliations: University of Liverpool (GB)
Corresponding author: Bentall, Richard P.
ORCID: Bentall, Richard P.
Venue: British Journal of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1991-09
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 213-222
ISSN: 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
2044-8260
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00939.x
OpenAlex: W2068781732
Cited by: 312
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 2.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 7254 d)
Locations: British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: reality monitoring, delusions, source monitoring, self-generated information, misattribution, paired associates, cognitive effort
MeSH terms: Adult, Attention, Delusions, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Paired-Associate Learning, Reality Testing, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Speech Perception

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Reality monitoring and psychotic hallucinations

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