The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Modelling the innovation process: An empirical comparison of approaches
Abstract
Research into the innovation process requires models of the process which accurately describe, and can reliably be applied to, real examples of innovation in organizations. In this paper two models are compared empirically in terms of reliability and accuracy. The first (Zaltman, Duncan & Holbek, 1973) follows the traditional approach of depicting the process in a series of discrete stages. The second (Schroeder, Van de Ven, Scudder & Polley, 1989) shows the process to be more fluid, without a fixed sequence of stages. The models are applied to case histories of seven innovations observed in a longitudinal study of a hospital ward. Inter‐rater reliability is higher for Schroeder's model, while overall support across raters tends to be stronger for the individual stages of Zaltman's model. However, there are problems with the sequence of stages in the latter model. Future research should aim to develop empirically‐grounded models based on a wide range of different innovations.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“There is indeed some empirical support for this suggestion with several studies showing that the innovation process as it unfolds over time is messy, reiterative, and often involves two steps forwards for one step backwards plus several side-steps (King, 1992; Van de Ven, Angle, & Poole, 1989).”
From Innovation and Creativity in Organizations: A State-of-the-Science Review, Prospective Commentary, and Guiding Framework (2014) · cites this paper as King, 1992
Citations
Cites
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471445428 · Cited by 18,646
Morgan, G. (1986) · Cited by 5,650
Organizational Innovation and Performance: The Problem of "Organizational Lag"
Damanpour, F., & Evan, W. M. (1984) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393031 · Cited by 1,794
A Dual-Core Model of Organizational Innovation
Daft, R. L. (1978) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/255754 · Cited by 1,349
(1990) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 686
Social Change in Complex Organizations.
Lundberg, C. C., Hage, J. T., & Aiken, M. (1971) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2391914 · Cited by 631
(1990) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 472
Field Research on Complex Decision-Making Processes – The Phase Theorem
Witte, E. (1972) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.1080/00208825.1972.11656117 · Cited by 288
Innovation at Work: The Research Literature
KING, N. M. (1990) · University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) · Cited by 173
Self-citationKING, N. M., & Anderson, N. R. (1990) · University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) · Cited by 121
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Multi‐Dimensional Framework of Organizational Innovation: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Crossan, M. M., & Apaydın, M. (2009) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00880.x · Cited by 3,667
Anderson, N., Potočnik, K., & Zhou, J. (2014) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314527128 · Cited by 3,103
Innovation management measurement: A review
Adams, R. J., Bessant, J., & Phelps, R. (2006) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2006.00119.x · Cited by 1,473
Explaining the heterogeneity of the leadership-innovation relationship: Ambidextrous leadership
Rosing, K., Frese, M., & Bausch, A. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.014 · Cited by 1,173
Anderson, N., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2004) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.236 · Cited by 1,035
Innovation Speed: A Conceptual Model of Context, Antecedents, and Outcomes
Kessler, E. H., & Chakrabarti, A. (1996) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9704071866 · Cited by 851
A review of innovation research in economics, sociology and technology management
Gopalakrishnan, S., & Damanpour, F. (1997) · Omega · doi:10.1016/s0305-0483(96)00043-6 · Cited by 817
A Meta-analysis of Innovation and Organizational Size
Camisón‐Zornoza, C., Alcamí, R. L., Segarra‐Ciprés, M., & Boronat-Navarro, M. (2004) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840604040039 · Cited by 607
A Dialectic Perspective on Innovation: Conflicting Demands, Multiple Pathways, and Ambidexterity
Bledow, R., Fresé, M., Anderson, N. R., Erez, M., & Farr, J. L. (2009) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2009.01154.x · Cited by 591
HRM as a predictor of innovation
Shipton, H. J., West, M. A., Dawson, J., Birdi, K. S., & Patterson, M. G. (2006) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1748-8583.2006.00002.x · Cited by 522
Innovation speed: Transferring university technology to market
Markman, G. D., Gianiodis, P. T., Phan, P., & Balkin, D. B. (2005) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.05.007 · Cited by 482
Perspectives on Innovation in Organizations
Slappendel, C. (1996) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/017084069601700105 · Cited by 411
Transformational leadership, organizational culture, and innovativeness in nonprofit organizations
Jaskyte, K. (2004) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.59 · Cited by 384
Fuel of the self-starter: How mood relates to proactive goal regulation.
Bindl, U. K., Parker, S. K., Totterdell, P., & Hagger‐Johnson, G. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024368 · Cited by 352
Zheng, W. (2008) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00247.x · Cited by 324
Individual, Climate, and Group Interaction Processes as Predictors of Work Team Innovation
Burningham, C., & West, M. A. (1995) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496495261006 · Cited by 235
A reexamination of product and process innovations using a knowledge-based view
Gopalakrishnan, S., Bierly, P. E., & Kessler, E. H. (1999) · The Journal of High Technology Management Research · doi:10.1016/s1047-8310(99)80007-8 · Cited by 231
Gopalakrishnan, S., & Damanpour, F. (1994) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/0923-4748(94)90001-9 · Cited by 213
Organizational Culture and Innovation in Nonprofit Human Service Organizations
Jaskyte, K., & Dressler, W. W. (2005) · Administration in Social Work · doi:10.1300/j147v29n02_03 · Cited by 206
Zhang, M. J., Zhang, Y., & Law, K. S. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2017.1265 · Cited by 204
Predictors of Administrative and Technological Innovations in Nonprofit Organizations
Jaskyte, K. (2011) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02308.x · Cited by 194
Analyzing innovation adoption using a knowledge-based approach
Gopalakrishnan, S., & Bierly, P. E. (2001) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/s0923-4748(01)00031-5 · Cited by 186
Transitioning Towards Creativity and Innovation Measurement in SMEs
McAdam, R., & Keogh, W. (2004) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.0963-1690.2004.00300.x · Cited by 136
Teamwork and Organizational Innovation: The Moderating Role of the HRM Context
Fay, D., Shipton, H. J., West, M. A., & Patterson, M. G. (2014) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.12100 · Cited by 151
Organizational climate and creative performance in the public sector
Mutonyi, B. R., Slåtten, T., & Lien, G. (2020) · European Business Review · doi:10.1108/ebr-02-2019-0021 · Cited by 109
Impact of Organizational Change on Organizational Culture
Austin, M. J., & Ciaassen, J. (2008) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1300/j394v05n01_12 · Cited by 99
Szczepańska‐Woszczyna, K. (2015) · Procedia Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01646-9 · Cited by 117
Exploring the dynamics of water innovation: Foundations for water innovation studies
Wehn, U., & Montalvo, C. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.118 · Cited by 109
Fostering Creativity: A Diagnostic Approach for Higher Education and Organizations
Cropley, A. J., & Cropley, D. H. (2009) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 96
Mishra, P., Bhatnagar, J., Gupta, R. K., & Wadsworth, S. M. (2017) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2017.23 · Cited by 105
Reflection as a facilitator of teachers' innovative work behaviour
Messmann, G., & Mulder, R. H. (2015) · International Journal of Training and Development · doi:10.1111/ijtd.12052 · Cited by 74
Messmann, G., & Mulder, R. H. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12035 · Cited by 85
How to Promote Innovative Behavior at Work? The Role of Justice and Support Within Organizations
Young, L. D. (2012) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.15 · Cited by 71
Montani, F., Battistelli, A., & Odoardi, C. (2015) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.89 · Cited by 79
Boards of directors and innovation in nonprofit organizations
Jaskyte, K. (2012) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.21039 · Cited by 63
The temporal pattern of creativity and implementation in teams
Rosing, K., Bledow, R., Fresé, M., Baytalskaya, N., Lascano, J. J., & Farr, J. L. (2018) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12226 · Cited by 66
FACILITATING PUBLIC SECTOR CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROCESS: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL
Kearney, C., Hisrich, R. D., & Roche, F. (2007) · Journal of Enterprising Culture · doi:10.1142/s0218495807000150 · Cited by 57
Selecting for creativity and innovation potential: implications for practice in healthcare education
Patterson, F., & Zibarras, L. (2017) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-016-9731-4 · Cited by 64
Tang, M., & Werner, C. H. (2017) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2017.04.001 · Cited by 59
Implementing innovation management in manufacturing SMEs: a longitudinal study
McAdam, R., Keogh, W., Reid, R. S., & Mitchell, N. (2007) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/14626000710773501 · Cited by 56
Fostering Creativity in Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Teams: The VICTORY Model
Tang, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02020 · Cited by 72
Ongkittikul, S., & Geerlings, H. (2006) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.12.003 · Cited by 52
Role Expectations as Constraints to Innovation: The Case of Female Managers
Millward, L. J., & Freeman, H. (2002) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1401_8 · Cited by 49
Creativity and dysfunction in strategic processes: The case of scenario planning
MacKay, B., & McKiernan, P. (2009) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2009.11.013 · Cited by 47
Creative and innovative leadership: measurement development and validation
Khalili, A. (2017) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-09-2016-0213 · Cited by 52
Innovation at work: The relative advantage of using consumer IT in the workplace
Junglas, I. A., Goel, L., Ives, B., & Harris, J. G. (2018) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1111/isj.12198 · Cited by 43
Friedrich, T. L., Mumford, M. D., Vessey, B., Beeler, C., & Eubanks, D. L. (2010) · International Studies of Management and Organization · doi:10.2753/imo0020-8825400201 · Cited by 36
Creativity and Innovation: Basic Concepts and Approaches
Tang, M. (2017) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789813141889_0001 · Cited by 35
Evidence on the Management of Public Services Innovation
Walker, R. M. (2003) · Public Money & Management · doi:10.1080/09540962.2003.10874830 · Cited by 34
Studying radical organizational innovation through grounded theory
Carrero, V., Silla, J. M. P., & Salanova, M. (2000) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320050203102 · Cited by 37
A TAXONOMY OF INNOVATION: CONFIGURATIONS OF ATTRIBUTES IN HEALTHCARE INNOVATIONS
Adams, R. J., Tranfield, D., & Denyer, D. (2011) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919611003192 · Cited by 53
Getting the Picture Too Late: Handoffs and the Effectiveness of Idea Implementation in Creative Work
Berg, J. M., & Yu, A. (2021) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2019.1330 · Cited by 23
Benchmarking Innovation: A Short Report
Radnor, Z., & Robinson, J. (2000) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8691.00153 · Cited by 27
Celermajer, D. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108556583 · Cited by 25
Team learning behaviours as predictors of innovative work behaviour – a longitudinal study
Widmann, A., Mulder, R. H., & König, C. (2018) · Innovation · doi:10.1080/14479338.2018.1530567 · Cited by 25
Reconciling construction innovation and standardisation on major projects
Edum‐Fotwe, F. T., Gibb, A., & Benford‐Miller, M. (2004) · Engineering Construction & Architectural Management · doi:10.1108/09699980410558566 · Cited by 24
Corporate Governance and FinTech Innovation: Evidence from Saudi Banks
Almubarak, A., & Aljughaiman, A. A. (2024) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm17020048 · Cited by 22
INNOVATION IN A REGULATED SERVICE: The case of English housing associations
Walker, R. M., & Jeanes, E. (2001) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14616670110070596 · Cited by 21
REDEFINING CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IN ORGANISATIONS: SUGGESTIONS FOR REDIRECTING RESEARCH
Castañer, X. (2016) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919616400016 · Cited by 20
Costa, G. G., Bortoluzzi, G., & Černe, M. (2022) · Management Research Review · doi:10.1108/mrr-03-2022-0204 · Cited by 22
AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF INNOVATION EMERGING FROM A REGIONAL FESTIVAL
Mackellar, J. (2006) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 19
Innovation Types: Configurations of Attributes as a Basis for Innovation ClassificationPreprint
Adams, R. J., Tranfield, D., & Denyer, D. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1309554 · Cited by 19
Extending the Use of Market Orientation: Transforming a Charity into a Business
Chad, P. (2012) · Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ) · doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2012.08.003 · Cited by 16
Psychology of innovation in organizations
(2016) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.194301 · Cited by 16
Innovative leadership in organizations: Dimensions, measurement, and validation
Zhu, W., Yang, H., Yang, B., & Sosik, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114445 · Cited by 31
Building an International Financial Services Firm
Venzin, M. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535200.001.0001 · Cited by 15
Barker, E., & McCracken, L. M. (2014) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/2049463713498865 · Cited by 14
The communicative constitution of IT innovation
Constantinides, P. (2013) · Information and Organization · doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2013.07.002 · Cited by 14
Innovation processes in an accident and emergency department
Fernández, A. M. (2001) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/14601060110408071 · Cited by 14
Knowledge‐based perspectives of innovation and performance improvement in health care
Lerro, A. (2012) · Measuring Business Excellence · doi:10.1108/13683041211276401 · Cited by 14
Gil-López, Á., Arzubiaga, U., Román, E. S., & Massis, A. D. (2020) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-020-00700-y · Cited by 13
The creating force of minority dissent: A motivated information processing perspective
Dreu, C. K. W. D., Nijstad, B. A., Baas, M., & Bechtoldt, M. N. (2008) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510802341157 · Cited by 13
Innovation Adoption and Implementation in Organizations: A Review and Critique
Taylor, J. W., & McAdam, R. (2004) · Journal of General Management · doi:10.1177/030630700403000101a · Cited by 14
Insights on Account Planning: A View from the Indian Ad Industry
Patwardhan, P., Patwardhan, H., & Vasavada-Oza, F. (2009) · Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising · doi:10.1080/10641734.2009.10505269 · Cited by 12
Alas, R., Übius, Ü., & Vanhala, S. (2011) · Cited by 10
When Thinking inside the Box Is Good: The Nuanced Relationship between Conformity and Creativity
Magni, F., & Manzoni, B. (2020) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.12414 · Cited by 10
Process antecedents of challenging, under‐cover and readily‐adopted innovations
Adams, R. J., Tranfield, D., & Denyer, D. (2013) · Journal of Health Organization and Management · doi:10.1108/14777261311311799 · Cited by 8
Workforce sleep and corporate innovation
Bruyn, G. D., & Freed, P. G. (2025) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2025.105191 · Cited by 7
The local agenda 21 in Andalusia, Spain: A model for sustainable innovation
Sánchez, R. L. (2011) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT · doi:10.5897/ajbm11.2381 · Cited by 7
Abdullah, M., Hamid, M. R. A., Mustafa, Z., Idris, F., & Suradi, N. R. M. (2013) · Jurnal Teknologi · doi:10.11113/jt.v63.1921 · Cited by 13
Jaskyte, K., & Kisieliene, A. (2006) · European Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/13691450500480581 · Cited by 7
Minai, M. H., Singh, S., & Varma, A. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56561-7_3 · Cited by 6
Sánchez, R. L., Muñoz-Fernández, Á., Tarifa, G. M., & Senés-García, B. (2010) · EURE (Santiago) · doi:10.4067/s0250-71612010000300003 · Cited by 6
Personal Initiative and Innovation
Patterson, F. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-657410-3/00754-6 · Cited by 6
Preventing Torture in Nepal: A Public Health and Human Rights Intervention
Celermajer, D., & Saul, J. (2016) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-016-9712-6 · Cited by 5
The Japanese Know-Who Based Model of Innovation Management — Reducing Risk at High Speed
Harryson, S. J. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-31248-x_5 · Cited by 5
Tang, M., & Werner, C. H. (2017) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789813141889_0004 · Cited by 5
Big Data and Innovation in the Delivery of Public Services: The Case of Predictive Policing in Kent
Asquer, A. (2014) · Advances in electronic government, digital divide, and regional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-7266-6.ch002 · Cited by 3
", 이학연, Butler, J. S., & Jeong, J. (2023) · Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.24193/tras.68e.3 · Cited by 5
The Use of Diary Methods to Study New Questions in Employee Innovation.
Unsworth, K. L., & Clegg, C. (2004) · Cited by 4
De ABC-paradox nader beschouwd
Schoute, M. (2003) · Maandblad Voor Accountancy en Bedrijfseconomie · doi:10.5117/mab.77.20786 · Cited by 4
Investigating the impact of innovation competence instruction in higher engineering education
Ovbiagbonhia, A. R., Kollöffel, B., & Brok, P. J. D. (2023) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2023.2219216 · Cited by 8
She, J. (2020) · Journal of Service Science and Management · doi:10.4236/jssm.2020.131004 · Cited by 3
Manfrini, C., & Bäckström, I. (2024) · European Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1108/ejim-01-2024-0026 · Cited by 3
The relationship between leadership, organisational climate and workplace innovation
von Treuer, K. M. (2006) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26285641 · Cited by 3
Malevolent Creativity: A Cross-Cultural Study
Wang, M. Z. (2018) · Wellesley College Digital RepositoryWellesley (Wellesley College) · Cited by 3
Tang, M., & Schmidt, J. T. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819993-0.00004-7 · Cited by 3
The determinants of organizational innovation management effectiveness in the Thai banking industry
Limmanont, P. (2010) · NRCT Data Center · doi:10.14457/nida.the.2010.76 · Cited by 3
Song, L., Inmor, S., & Cuijten, N. (2024) · WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS · doi:10.37394/23207.2024.21.182 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- King, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- King, Nigel
- ORCID
- King, Nigel
- Venue
- Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1992-06
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 89-100
- ISSN
- 0963-1798 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8325
- OpenAlex
- W2103415105
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (publishedVersion)
- University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Innovation Diffusion and Forecasting
- Keywords
- innovation process, innovation process model, inter-rater reliability, model accuracy, organizational innovation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review