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Eye-direction detection: A dissociation between geometric and joint attention skills in autism
Abstract
This study examined differences between children with autism and control children in the ability to follow another person's direction of gaze. In Expt 1, children with autism, Down syndrome and normally developing children were given two tasks. The gaze monitoring task (GMT) measured the child's spontaneous tendency to follow gaze direction in response to another person's change of head and eye movement. The visual perspective taking task (VPT) measured the child's ability to compute and report what the other person was looking at, when instructed to do so. Results showed that the majority of Down syndrome and normal children passed both tasks. In contrast, children with autism failed the GMT. This failure could not have been due to a lack of the relevant geometric skill, as they passed the VPT. This geometric skill was examined further in Expt 2, using a fine discrimination task which tested children's ability to discriminate degrees of change in the orientation of gaze. Children with autism were well within their developmental age level on this task. These results indicate a dissociation between (impaired) spontaneous monitoring and (intact) geometric analysis of gaze‐direction.
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“Leekam, Baron-Cohen, Perrett, Milders, and Brown (1997) found that the ability of children with ASD to discriminate degrees of change in the orientation of the gaze of an adult from carefully prepared and calibrated photographs was well matched to their developmental age level, corresponding to a displacement of the iris as small as 3.5 arcmin”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Leekam et al. (1997)
In the citing paper
“although their ability to spontaneously follow the gaze of an experimenter was well below that of controls.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Leekam et al. (1997)
In the citing paper
“Their task was likely more challenging than that of Leekam et al. (1997) in that the gaze displacements were smaller.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Leekam et al. (1997)
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Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000129 · Cited by 4,882
“They also rarely respond to others’ bids for joint attention (e.g., see Leekam et al. 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze
Emery, N. J. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00025-7 · Cited by 2,037
“[94], joint attention [37], and understanding gaze within a mentalistic framework [11,15,93].”
BackgroundGaze Perception Triggers Reflexive Visuospatial Orienting
Driver, J., Davis, G. J., Ricciardelli, P., Kidd, P., Maxwell, E., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (1999) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/135062899394920 · Cited by 1,740
Self-citationEye contact detection in humans from birth
Farroni, T., Csibra, G., Simion, F., & Johnson, M. H. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.152159999 · Cited by 1,442
Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: evidence from functional MRI
Pierce, K. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.10.2059 · Cited by 898
“the FFA. et al., 1997; Leekam et al., 1997), as well as diminished rates of eye contact (Phillips et al., 1992; Hobson and Lee, 1998) and social interactions with others (Lord and Magill- Evans, 1995; Pierce and Schreibman, 1995).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Leekam, S., Baron‐Cohen, S., Perrett, D., Milders, M., & Brown, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Kent (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Leekam, Susan
- Venue
- British Journal of Developmental Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-95
- ISSN
- 0261-510X (ISSN-L)
- 2044-835X
- OpenAlex
- W2171357760
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, joint attention, visual perspective taking, Down syndrome, social cognition, children
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