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Components of person perception: An investigation with autistic, non-autistic retarded and typically developing children and adolescents
Abstract
This study is an attempt to analyse whether there may be separable components to the human ability to perceive people as people who engage in actions and who have attitudes. We adopted the approach of developmental psychopathology. Matched groups of typically developing, autistic and non‐autistic retarded (MR) children and adolescents were tested for the ability to recognize videotaped representations of ‘a person’, a person's actions and a person's emotion‐related attitudes and allied subjective states as manifest in moving point‐light images of people. Autistic and non‐autistic MR participants did not differ in the ability to recognize that a person was represented in very brief exposures of a walking point‐light display; autistic, MR and typically developing participants were equally able to recognize a person's actions. Non‐autistic MR and typically developing participants were also similar in their propensity to notice a person's attitudes vis‐à‐vis the person's actions, and in their abilities to recognize actions and attitudes when specifically asked to do so. By comparison, however, autistic participants were specifically impaired in attending to and discriminating people's attitudes and states. The results are discussed in relation to current debates on the nature of basic person‐perceptual abilities that may underpin typically developing children's understanding of persons with minds ('theory of mind'). We also consider their relevance for controversies over the primary deficits in autism.
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“there was no formal attempt to match the speed or complexity of the local motion content of the stimuli.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Moore et al. (1997)
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“It is a perceptual experience of an embodied comportment (Bertenthal et al. 1984; Moore et al. 1997).”
Autism and the pervasive developmental disorders
Volkmar, F. R., & Klin, A. (2012) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0214 · Cited by 931
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Simmons, D. R., Robertson, A. E., McKay, L. S., Toal, E., McAleer, P., & Pollick, F. E. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.005 · Cited by 827
“The Blake et al. (2003) ASD sample was younger than that of Moore et al. (1997), being between 8 and 10 years old, rather than averaging 14 years, and were diagnosed more robustly.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRecognition of Emotions in Autism: A Formal Meta-Analysis
Uljarevic, M., & Hamilton, A. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1695-5 · Cited by 824
Vagaries of Visual Perception in Autism
Dakin, S. C., & Frith, U. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.018 · Cited by 804
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Stump, E. (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277421.001.0001 · Cited by 622
Visual recognition of biological motion is impaired in children with autism
Blake, R., Turner, L. M., Smoski, M. J., Pozdol, S. L., & Stone, W. L. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.01434 · Cited by 571
2. Understanding others through primary interaction and narrative practice
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Biological Motion Processing as a Hallmark of Social Cognition
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“Autistic adolescents with impaired high-level symbolic processing can reliably differentiate point-light human actions from similar moving configurations of inanimate objects (Moore et al. 1997).”
BackgroundGuastella, A. J., Gray, K. M., Rinehart, N. J., Alvares, G. A., Tonge, B. J., Hickie, I. B., Keating, C. M., Cacciotti‐Saija, C., & Einfeld, S. L. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12305 · Cited by 299
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“In the Moore et al. (1997) and he Hubert et al. (2007) studies, individuals had to name the ction or the emotion, whereas in the Blake et al. (2003) study, ndividuals simply had to choose between having seen a peron or no person.”
BackgroundHubert, B., Wicker, B., Moore, D. G., Monfardini, E., Duverger, H., Fonséca, D. D., & Deruelle, C. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0275-y · Cited by 219
“At the developmental level, our study adds crucial information on the stability of these deficits by showing that the findings of Moore et al. (1997) may be extended to adults and adolescents.”
InfluentialSelf-citationAction and Emotion Recognition from Point Light Displays: An Investigation of Gender Differences
Alaerts, K., Nackaerts, E., Meyns, P., Swinnen, S. P., & Wenderoth, N. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020989 · Cited by 207
“Impairments in PLD biological motion perception have been reported in ASD [66–69] and males are known to be more commonly affected by the disorder than females with a ratio of about 4:1 [70].”
BackgroundThe psychophysics of visual motion and global form processing in autism
Koldewyn, K., Whitney, D. C., & Rivera, S. M. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp272 · Cited by 190
“People with autism are not blind to biological motion and can usually identify simple point of light displays of biological motion (Moore et al., 1997).”
BackgroundImpaired sadness recognition is linked to social interaction deficit in autism
Boraston, Z., Blakemore, S., Chilvers, R., & Skuse, D. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.11.010 · Cited by 186
Atkinson, A. P. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.05.019 · Cited by 174
“point-light displays is not compromised in ASD (Hubert et al., 2007; Moore et al., 1997),”
BackgroundBasic and complex emotion recognition in children with autism: cross-cultural findings
Fridenson-Hayo, S., Berggren, S., Lassalle, A., Tal, S., Pigat, D., Bölte, S., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Golan, O. (2016) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-016-0113-9 · Cited by 197
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“These findings are consistent with previous studies reporting ASD-related deficits on biological motion recognition tasks in ASD-children [13] and ASDadolescents [26].”
Underconnectivity of the superior temporal sulcus predicts emotion recognition deficits in autism
Alaerts, K., Woolley, D. G., Steyaert, J., Di Martino, A., Swinnen, S. P., & Wenderoth, N. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst156 · Cited by 149
“This is in line with previous work showing behavioral deficits in children (Moore et al., 1997; Blake et al., 2003; Parron et al., 2008) and adults (Hubert et al.”
ResultIntranasal oxytocin, social cognition and neurodevelopmental disorders: A meta-analysis
Keech, B., Crowe, S., & Hocking, D. R. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.022 · Cited by 145
“…1989), Biological Motion (assesses ability to identify actions, emotions, subjective states, or objects from video clips of dynamic point light displays) (Moore et al., 1997), Movie Stills (Einfeld et al., 2014) and the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT; Mayer et al., 2003).”
BackgroundRedrawing the Map and Resetting the Time: Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences
Gallagher, S., & Varela, F. J. (2003) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume · doi:10.1080/00455091.2003.10717596 · Cited by 163
“Moore, Hobson, and Lee (1997) have demonstrated the emotional nature of human movement using point-lights attached to various body joints.”
BackgroundGaigg, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00113 · Cited by 168
Young children with autism spectrum disorder do not preferentially attend to biological motion
Annaz, D., Campbell, R., Coleman, M., Milne, E., & Swettenham, J. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1256-3 · Cited by 146
“…in the context of discrimination of biological motion from scrambled motion (Blake et al. 2003), perception of emotion from point-light displays (Moore et al. 1997), a lack of the usual perceptual advantage for point-light displays of biological motion over object motion (Kaiser et al. 2010a),…”
BackgroundInfluentialDevelopment of motion processing in children with autism
Annaz, D., Remington, A., Milne, E., Coleman, M., Campbell, R., Thomas, M. S. C., & Swettenham, J. (2009) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00939.x · Cited by 147
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“Consistent with these neuroscientific data, several behavioral studies have reported that individuals with ASD showed impaired perception of dynamic human actions [76-80].”
ResultWilliams, J. H. G. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.15 · Cited by 148
Recognition of biological motion in children with autistic spectrum disorders
Parron, C., Fonséca, D. D., Santos, A., Moore, D. G., Monfardini, E., & Deruelle, C. (2008) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361307089520 · Cited by 139
Self-citationNo evidence for impaired perception of biological motion in adults with autistic spectrum disorders
Murphy, P., Brady, N. P., Fitzgerald, M., & Troje, N. F. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.026 · Cited by 134
Characterizing the Musical Phenotype in Individuals With Williams Syndrome
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Neural correlates of coherent and biological motion perception in autism
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Hodapp, R. M., & Dykens, E. M. (2001) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2001)106 · Cited by 121
Self-citationExpressing and interpreting emotional movements in social games with robots
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“Yet, when observers were asked to label emotions and actions in a forced choice recognition task, emotion recognition was impaired in an ASD group (Atkinson, in press), supporting the results of earlier verbal response studies (Hubert et al., 2007; Moore et al., 1997; Parron et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultAnomalous Perception of Biological Motion in Autism: A Conceptual Review and Meta-Analysis
Federici, A., Parma, V., Vicovaro, M., Radassao, L., Casartelli, L., & Ronconi, L. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61252-3 · Cited by 128
“Following the first report of BM impairment in ASD (Moore et al., 1997), the number of studies investigating this question has constantly increased over the years (see Figure 1).”
Saygın, A. P., Cook, J. L., & Blakemore, S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013491 · Cited by 127
“It is possible that adults with ASC struggle with biological motion tasks which require ‘higher level’ processing of the stimuli such as the attribution of emotion [14–17] or judgement of whether the stimulus moves in a ‘natural’ way or moves ‘like a person’ [18,19,23].”
How to think about the Modularity of Mind-Reading
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Recognition of Facial Emotions in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
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Interpersonal predictive coding, not action perception, is impaired in autism
von der Lühe, T., Manera, V., Barišic, I., Becchio, C., Vogeley, K. T., & Schilbach, L. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0373 · Cited by 105
Pavlova, M. A. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg117 · Cited by 105
“Patients with impairments in high-level symbolic processing need only very brief exposure to recognize point-light figures (Moore et al., 1997; cf. Blake et al., 2003).”
BackgroundIQ Predicts Biological Motion Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Rutherford, M. D., & Troje, N. F. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1267-0 · Cited by 114
“Although others have found evidence of impairments with respect to emotion perception (Hubert et al. 2006; Atkinson 2009; Parron et al. 2008; Moore et al. 1997) those who have asked those with ASD to detect biological motion in non-emotional displays have often found no group differences (Murphy et…”
BackgroundImpaired vitality form recognition in autism
Rochat, M. J., Veroni, V., Bruschweiler‐Stern, N., Pieraccini, C., Bonnet‐Brilhault, F., Barthélémy, C., Malvy, J., Sinigaglia, C., Stern, D. N., & Rizzolatti, G. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.002 · Cited by 99
Social Understanding in Autism: Eye Gaze as a Measure of Core Insights
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Jones, C. R. G., Swettenham, J., Charman, T., Marsden, A. J. S., Tregay, J., Baird, G., Simonoff, E. A., & Happe, F. G. E. (2011) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.209 · Cited by 93
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Comparison of visual sensitivity to human and object motion in autism spectrum disorder
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“Consistent with past studies, the current results indicate that observers with ASD can detect coherent human movement [e.g., Atkinson, 2009; Blake et al., 2003; Moore et al., 1997].”
ResultBolis, D., & Schilbach, L. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.01.009 · Cited by 94
“Interestingly, several studies have documented that when asked to verbally describe point-light displays of biological motion, children and adults with ASD exhibit impairments in emotion perception, but intact action perception (Hubert et al., 2007; Moore et al., 1997; Parron et al., 2008).”
Do the Eyes Have It? Inferring Mental States From Animated Faces in Autism
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The Perception of Animacy in Young Children with Autism
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“Moore, Hobson, and Lee (1997) found that 14- year-old individuals with autism have deficits in perceiving emotion-related attitudes and subjective states (though not detecting biological motion), given the motion cues of a point-light-walker display (Moore et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMcKay, L. S., Simmons, D. R., McAleer, P., Marjoram, D. K. S., Piggot, J., & Pollick, F. E. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.033 · Cited by 91
“The earliest studies suggested that people with ASDs were impaired at categorising emotions from human actions, but were comparable to Typically Developed (TD) controls in the categorisation of actions Moore et al. (1997)).”
Gender Affects Body Language Reading
Sokolov, A. A., Krüger, S., Enck, P., Krägeloh‐Mann, I., & Pavlova, M. A. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00016 · Cited by 82
“Although there is some behavioral evidence that individuals with ASD have difficulties in revealing information about emotions from point-light body movements (Moore et al., 1997; Hubert et al., 2007; Parron et al., 2008), it is unclear whether females and males with ASD differ in body language reading.”
BackgroundPerceptual-motor deficits in children with Down syndrome: Implications for intervention
Virji‐Babul, N., Kerns, K. A., Zhou, E. S., Kapur, A., & Shiffrar, M. (2006) · Down Syndrome Research and Practice · doi:10.3104/reports.308 · Cited by 80
“Furthermore, individuals with autism appear to be significantly impaired in their ability to discriminate between point-light depictions of different emotional states while non-autistic, mentally retarded children are not impaired (Moore et al., 1997).”
BackgroundIn Search of the Uniquely Human
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05540123 · Cited by 89
Atypical Integration of Motion Signals in Autism Spectrum Conditions
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“Biological motion deficits have been widely reported in autism [25,61–64].”
BackgroundCentelles, L., Assaiante, C., Etchegoyhen, K., Bouvard, M. P., & Schmitz, C. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1655-0 · Cited by 73
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Milne, E., Swettenham, J., & Campbell, R. (2005) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 62
Biological Motion Displays Elicit Social Behavior in 12-Month-Olds
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“…et al., 1996; Chouchourelou et al., 2006; Roether et al., 2009; Manera et al., 2010; O’Toole et al., 2011), it was initially found that perception was not impaired in ASD, but that people with ASD were less likely than controls to describe the emotional contents of a stimulus (Moore et al., 1997).”
BackgroundNarrative Role-Taking in Autism
García-Pérez, R. M., Hobson, R. P., & Lee, A. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0379-z · Cited by 59
“One might begin with free descriptions of abstracted presentations of people depicted as moving point-light displays on videotape, where Moore et al. (1997) reported how children with autism contrasted with matched control participants in tending to offer spontaneous comments upon the people’s…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLinkenauger, S. A., Lerner, M. D., Ramenzoni, V. C., & Proffitt, D. R. (2012) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1248 · Cited by 55
“…with ASDs are impaired in determining the difference biological motion versus scrambled motion in comparison with aged-matched TD children (Blake, Turner, Smoski, Pozdol, & Stone, 2003); however, see Moore, Hobson, and Lee (1997) for opposing conclusions from a different experimental design.”
ResultMatheson, E., & Jahoda, A. J. (2004) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2005)110 · Cited by 53
Face Processing and Facial Emotion Recognition in Adults With Down Syndrome
Barisnikov, K., Hippolyte, L., & der Linden, M. V. (2008) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2008)113[292:fpafer]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 56
Drawing self and others: How do children with autism differ from those with learning difficulties?
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Self-citationAlaerts, K., Swinnen, S. P., & Wenderoth, N. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05786-z · Cited by 54
Prior Knowledge about Display Inversion in Biological Motion Perception
Pavlova, M. A., & Sokolov, A. N. (2003) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3428 · Cited by 50
Hobson, R. P. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118911389.hautc14 · Cited by 60
Self-citationNeural Simulation and Social Cognition
Gallagher, S. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-479-7_16 · Cited by 49
Moral agency, self-consciousness, and practical wisdom
Gallagher, S. (2007) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 47
Movement perception and movement production in Asperger's Syndrome
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Children with autism spectrum disorder are skilled at reading emotion body language
Peterson, C. C., Slaughter, V. P., & Brownell, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.04.012 · Cited by 57
Actis-Grosso, R., Bossi, F., & Ricciardelli, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01570 · Cited by 50
“This result confirms the results by both Moore et al. (1997) and Hubert et al. (2009), who reported that participants with autism were perfectly capable of integrating the individual points of the PLD into a whole, and with several other studies showing that global processing of hierarchical…”
BackgroundResultInfants perceive human point-light displays as solid forms
Moore, D. G., Goodwin, J. E., George, R., Axelsson, E. L., & Braddick, F. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.07.007 · Cited by 42
“Moore et al. / Cognition xxx (2006) xxx–xxx COGNIT 1564 No.”
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Lorey, B., Kaletsch, M., Pilgramm, S., Bischoff, M., Kindermann, S., Sauerbier, I., Stark, R. M., Zentgraf, K., & Munzert, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042169 · Cited by 37
“Support for this speculation is that patients with other neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, which are also characterized by social cognition problems, prove to have impairments in biological motion perception when observing PLDs [41–43].”
BackgroundHudry, K., & Slaughter, V. P. (2008) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.04.004 · Cited by 39
Individual differences in high-level biological motion tasks correlate with autistic traits
van Boxtel, J. J. A., Peng, Y., Su, J., & Lu, H. (2016) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2016.11.005 · Cited by 41
Attachment and emotional responsiveness in children with autism
Dissanayake, C., & Sigman, M. (2000) · International review of research in mental retardation · doi:10.1016/s0074-7750(00)80013-0 · Cited by 38
The application of biological motion research: biometrics, sport, and the military
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“Recent interest has developed in the biological motion detection abilities of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (Atkinson, 2009; Moore et al., 1997).”
BackgroundNegative emotion does not enhance recall skills in adults with autistic spectrum disorders
Deruelle, C., Hubert, B., Santos, A., & Wicker, B. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.13 · Cited by 40
Sotoodeh, M. S., Taheri, H., Sohrabi, M., & Ghoshuni, M. (2018) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12565 · Cited by 38
Gaigg, S., & Bowler, D. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0710-y · Cited by 35
“…various aspects of affectively patterned communication (e.g., Corona, Dissanayake, Arbelle, Wellington & Sigman, 1998; Hobson, Ouston & Lee, 1988, Joseph & Tager-Flusberg, 1997; Kasari, Sigman, Mundy & Yirmiya, 1990; Loveland, 2003; Moore, Hobson & Lee, 1997; Sigman, Kasari, Kwon & Yirmiya, 1993).”
Emotion recognition in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Kerns, K. A., Siklos, S., Baker, L., & Müller, U. (2015) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.993310 · Cited by 36
Swettenham, J., Remington, A., Laing, K., Fletcher, R., Coleman, M., & Gómez, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1699-1 · Cited by 35
Newen, A., & Schlicht, T. (2009) · Grazer Philosophische Studien · doi:10.1163/18756735-90000865 · Cited by 31
“Hobson and colleagues (Moore et al 1997, Hobson 2002) showed that exactly this ability to perceive a biological movemnt as displaying a certain emotion (like anger or happiness) is impaired in autistic children.”
BackgroundImpaired Perception of Facial Motion in Autism Spectrum Disorder
O'Brien, J. M. D., Spencer, J. V., Girges, C., Johnston, A., & Hill, H. C. H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102173 · Cited by 30
Kinematic dataset of actors expressing emotions
Zhang, M., Yu, L., Zhang, K., Du, B., Zhan, B., Chen, S., Jiang, X., Guo, S., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-020-00635-7 · Cited by 28
Mazzoni, N., Landi, I., Ricciardelli, P., Actis-Grosso, R., & Venuti, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00478 · Cited by 32
Sotoodeh, M. S., Taheri, H., Hadjikhani, N. K., & Lassalle, A. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13740 · Cited by 27
Knight, E. J., Krakowski, A. I., Freedman, E. G., Butler, J. S., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2022) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-022-00512-7 · Cited by 25
Atkinson, A. P. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511843716.012 · Cited by 25
Wang, L.-H., Chien, S. H., Hu, S., Chen, T.-Y., & Chen, H.-S. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.12.004 · Cited by 25
D, V. G. M., & Rochat, M. J. (2018) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351690.2018.1405672 · Cited by 25
“They are even more impaired when asked to report the emotions depicted in the observed actions (Moore et al., 1997; Hubert et al., 2007; Atkinson, 2009; Congiu et al., 2010) or expressed on a face (Teunisse and de Gelder, 2001; Ashwin et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMazzoni, N., Ricciardelli, P., Actis-Grosso, R., & Venuti, P. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05015-7 · Cited by 27
Metadata
- Authors
- Moore, D. G., Hobson, R. P., & Lee, A.
- Affiliations
- The Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Moore, Derek G.
- Hobson, R. Peter
- ORCID
- Hobson, R. Peter
- Venue
- British Journal of Developmental Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-11
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 401-423
- ISSN
- 0261-510X (ISSN-L)
- 2044-835X
- OpenAlex
- W1987821529
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- person perception, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, theory of mind, point-light displays, facial expression recognition, emotion recognition, human action recognition, social cognition, developmental psychopathology, children and adolescents
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