The Role of Al in Cross‐Linking of Alkali‐Activated Slag Cements
Open accessAbstract
The structural development of a calcium (sodium) aluminosilicate hydrate (C–(N‐)A–S–H) gel system, obtained through the reaction of sodium metasilicate and ground granulated blast furnace slag, is assessed by high‐resolution 29 Si and 27 Al MAS NMR spectroscopy during the first 2 yr after mixing. The cements formed primarily consist of C–(N‐)A–S–H gels, with hydrotalcite and disordered alkali aluminosilicate gels also identified in the solid product assemblages. Deconvolution of the 27 Al MAS NMR spectra enables the identification of three distinct tetrahedral Al sites, consistent with the 29 Si MAS NMR data, where Q 3 (1Al), Q 4 (3Al), and Q 4 (4Al) silicate sites are identified. These results suggest significant levels of cross‐linking in the C–(N‐)A–S–H gel and the presence of an additional highly polymerized aluminosilicate product. The mean chain length, extent of cross‐linking, and Al/Si ratio of the C–(N‐)A–S–H gel decrease slightly over time. The de‐cross‐linking effect is explained by the key role of Al in mixed cross‐linked/non‐cross‐linked C–(N‐)A–S–H gels, because the cross‐linked components have much lower Al‐binding capacities than the noncross‐linked components. These results show that the aluminosilicate chain lengths and chemical compositions of the fundamental structural components in C–(N‐)A–S–H gels vary in a way that is not immediately evident from the overall bulk chemistry.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The 27Al NMR spectrum of the NaOH-activated slag before carbonation exhibits resonances at 74 and 9.5 ppm, due to the presence of the Al(IV) sites in C-(N-)A-S-H and Al(VI) in LDH.
“The 27 Al NMR spectrum of the NaOH-activated slag before carbonation in Figure 5 exhibits resonances at 74 and 9.5 ppm, due to the presence of the Al(IV) sites in C-(N-)A-S-H and Al(VI) in LDH 31 .”
From Thermodynamic Modeling and Experimental Study of Carbonation of Alkali-Activated Slag Cements (2023) · cites this paper as [31]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Modelling one‐ and two‐dimensional solid‐state NMR spectra
Dominique Massiot, A., Fayon, F., Capron, M., King, I. J., Calvé, S. L., Alonso, B. P. B., Durand, J., Bujoli, B., Gan, Z., & Hoatson, G. L. (2001) · Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry · doi:10.1002/mrc.984 · Cited by 4,284 · see citing works
Supplementary cementitious materials
Lothenbach, B., Scrivener, K., & Hooton, R. D. (2011) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001 · Cited by 3,406 · see citing works
(1997) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1680/cc.25929 · Cited by 3,162 · see citing works
Advances in alternative cementitious binders
Juenger, M. C. G., Winnefeld, F., Provis, J. L., & Ideker, J. H. (2010) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.012 · Cited by 1,863 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-resolution solid-state NMR of silicates and zeolites
Boddenberg, B. (1988) · Applied Catalysis · doi:10.1016/s0166-9834(00)80098-6 · Cited by 1,829 · see citing works
Geopolymers and Related Alkali-Activated Materials
Provis, J. L., & Bernal, S. A. (2014) · Annual Review of Materials Research · doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-070813-113515 · Cited by 1,622 · see citing works
Self-citationRichardson, I. G. (2004) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.034 · Cited by 1,086 · see citing works
Ben Haha, M., Le Saout, G., Winnefeld, F., & Lothenbach, B. (2011) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.016 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Walkley, B., San Nicolas, R., Gehman, J. D., Brice, D. G., Kilcullen, A. R., Duxson, P., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2013) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.06.007 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
Self-citationHydration products of alkali activated slag cement
Wang, S.-D., & Scrivener, K. L. (1995) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(95)00045-e · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Haha, M. B., Lothenbach, B., Saoût, G. L., & Winnefeld, F. (2011) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.05.002 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
A model for the C-A-S-H gel formed in alkali-activated slag cements
Puertas, F., Palacios, M., Manzano, H., Dolado, J. S., Rico, A., & Rodríguez, J. (2011) · Journal of the European Ceramic Society · doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.04.036 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Do Geopolymers Actually Contain Nanocrystalline Zeolites? A Reexamination of Existing Results
Provis, J. L., Lukey, G. C., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2005) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm050230i · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Self-citationTechnical and commercial progress in the adoption of geopolymer cement
Van Deventer, J. S. J., Provis, J. L., & Duxson, P. (2012) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2011.09.009 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution of binder structure in sodium silicate-activated slag-metakaolin blends
Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Rose, V., & de Gutiérrez, R. M. (2010) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.004 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Self-citationSodium silicate-based, alkali-activated slag mortars
Brough, A. R., & Atkinson, A. (2002) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00717-2 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Myers, R. J., Bernal, S. A., San Nicolas, R., & Provis, J. L. (2013) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la4000473 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Self-citationX-ray microtomography shows pore structure and tortuosity in alkali-activated binders
Provis, J. L., Myers, R. J., White, C. E., Rose, V., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2012) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.03.004 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Self-citationDurability of Alkali‐Activated Materials: Progress and Perspectives
Bernal, S. A., & Provis, J. L. (2014) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/jace.12831 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuville, D. R., Cormier, L., & Massiot, D. (2004) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.05.048 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Bernal, S. A., San Nicolas, R., Myers, R. J., Mejía de Gutiérrez, R., Puertas, F., van Deventer, J. S. J., & Provis, J. L. (2014) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.12.003 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Self-citationFernández‐Jiménez, A., Puertas, F., Sobrados, I., & Sanz, J. (2003) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03481.x · Cited by 484 · see citing works
29Si NMR Study of Structural Ordering in Aluminosilicate Geopolymer Gels
Duxson, P., Provis, J. L., Lukey, G. C., Separovic, F., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2005) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la047336x · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Self-citationAlkali sorption by C-S-H and C-A-S-H gels
Hong, S.-Y., & Glasser, F. P. (2002) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(02)00753-6 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
The role of Al in C–S–H: NMR, XRD, and compositional results for precipitated samples
Sun, G., Young, J. F., & Kirkpatrick, R. J. (2005) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.002 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Richardson, I. G., Brough, A. R., Groves, G. W., & Dobson, C. M. (1994) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/0008-8846(94)90002-7 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Andersen, M. D., Jakobsen, H. J., & Skibsted, J. (2006) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.04.010 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Methods for determination of degree of reaction of slag in blended cement pastes
Kocaba, V., Gallucci, E., & Scrivener, K. L. (2012) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.11.010 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Taylor, R., Richardson, I. G., & Brydson, R. (2010) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.012 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
MAS NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei in disordered solids: The Czjzek model
de Lacaillerie, J.-B. D., Frétigny, C., & Dominique Massiot, A. (2008) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1016/j.jmr.2008.03.001 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Improving the structural consistency of C-S-H solid solution thermodynamic models
Kulik, D. A. (2011) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.01.012 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
29Si and 27Al NMR study of alkali-activated slag
Wang, S.-D., & Scrivener, K. L. (2003) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(02)01044-x · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Richardson, I. G., Brough, A. R., Brydson, R., Groves, G. W., & Dobson, C. M. (1993) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb07765.x · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Pardal, X., Brunet, F., Charpentier, T., Pochard, I., & Nonat, A. (2012) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ic202124x · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Nanostructure of Calcium Silicate Hydrates in Cements
Skinner, L. B., Chae, S. R., Benmore, C. J., Wenk, H. R., & Monteiro, P. J. M. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.195502 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Effect of activator mix on the hydration and strength behaviour of alkali-activated slag cements
Fernández‐Jiménez, A., & Puertas, F. (2003) · Advances in Cement Research · doi:10.1680/adcr.2003.15.3.129 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Aluminum Incorporation in Calcium Silicate Hydrates (C−S−H) Depending on Their Ca/Si Ratio
Faucon, P., Delagrave, A., Petit, J.-C., Richet, C., Marchand, J., & Zanni, H. (1999) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp990609q · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Effect of Carbonation on Alkali‐Activated Slag Paste
Palacios, M., & Puertas, F. (2006) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01214.x · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Schneider, J., Cincotto, M. A., & Panepucci, H. C. (2001) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-8846(01)00530-0 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Guillaume Renaudin, A., Russias, J., Leroux, F., Coumes, C. C. D., & Frizon, F. (2009) · Journal of Solid State Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2009.09.024 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Composition and structure of C–S–H in white Portland cement–20% metakaolin pastes hydrated at 25 °C
Love, C. A., Richardson, I. G., & Brough, A. R. (2006) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.11.012 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Skibsted, J., & Andersen, M. D. (2012) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/jace.12024 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Houston, J. R., Maxwell, R. S., & Carroll, S. A. (2009) · Geochemical Transactions · doi:10.1186/1467-4866-10-1 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Hydration Degree of Alkali‐Activated Slags: A 29 Si NMR Study
Saoût, G. L., Haha, M. B., Winnefeld, F., & Lothenbach, B. (2011) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04828.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Qomi, M. J. A., Ulm, F., & Pellenq, R. J. ‐. (2012) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.05058.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Statistical Thermodynamic Model for Si/Al Ordering in Amorphous Aluminosilicates
Provis, J. L., Duxson, P., Lukey, G. C., & van Deventer, J. S. J. (2005) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm050219i · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationAtomic Structure of a Cesium Aluminosilicate Geopolymer: A Pair Distribution Function Study
Bell, J. L., Sarin, P., Provis, J. L., Haggerty, R. P., Driemeyer, P. E., Chupas, P. J., van Deventer, J. S. J., & Kriven, W. M. (2008) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm703369s · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationSideris, P. J., Blanc, F., Gan, Z., et al. (2012) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm300386d · Cited by 119 · see citing works
29Si NMR in Cement: A Theoretical Study on Calcium Silicate Hydrates
Rejmak, P., Dolado, J. S., Stott, M. J., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/jp302218j · Cited by 116 · see citing works
29 Si and 27 Al MAS‐NMR of NaOH‐Activated Blast‐Furnace Slag
Schilling, P. J., Butler, L. G., Roy, A. D., et al. (1994) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04606.x · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Rose, V., & de Gutiérrez, R. M. (2013) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/jace.12247 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of temperature on the hydration products of low pH cements
Bach, T. T. H., Coumes, C. C. D., Pochard, I., et al. (2012) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.03.009 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Aluminum Incorporation to Dreierketten Silicate Chains
Manzano, H., Dolado, J. S., & Ayuela, A. (2009) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/jp804867u · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Bonk, F. A., Schneider, J., Cincotto, M. A., & Panepucci, H. C. (2003) · Journal of the American Ceramic Society · doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03545.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Structural characterisation of aluminium layered double hydroxides by 27Al solid-state NMR
Vyalikh, A., Massiot, D., & Scheler, U. (2009) · Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1016/j.ssnmr.2009.04.002 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Mechanism of aluminium incorporation into C–S–H from ab initio calculations
Pegado, L., Labbez, C., & Churakov, S. V. (2013) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c3ta14597b · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Harris, R. K., Samadi‐Maybodi, A., & Smith, W. (1997) · Zeolites · doi:10.1016/s0144-2449(97)00060-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Engelhardt, G., & Koller, H. (1991) · Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry · doi:10.1002/mrc.1260290914 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ke, X., Bernal, S. A., & Provis, J. L. (2016) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.11.012 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationPhase diagrams for alkali-activated slag binders
Myers, R. J., Bernal, S. A., & Provis, J. L. (2017) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.006 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationThermodynamic modelling of alkali-activated slag cements
Myers, R. J., Lothenbach, B., Bernal, S. A., & Provis, J. L. (2015) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.06.006 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural evolution of an alkali sulfate activated slag cement
Mobasher, N., Bernal, S. A., & Provis, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Nuclear Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.11.016 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent progress in understanding setting and hardening of alkali-activated slag (AAS) materials
Jiang, D., Shi, C., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · Cement and Concrete Composites · doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104795 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Gong, K., & White, C. E. (2016) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.09.003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Ke, X., Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., & Lothenbach, B. (2020) · Cement and Concrete Research · doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106158 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationCriado, M., Walkley, B., Ke, X., Provis, J. L., & Bernal, S. A. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10124709 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThermodynamic Modeling and Experimental Study of Carbonation of Alkali-Activated Slag Cements
Park, S., Lothenbach, B., Jang, J. G., Kim, H.-K., & Lee, N. (2023) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05789 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Myers, R. J., Bernal, S. A., Gehman, J. D., van Deventer, J. S. J., & Provis, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- Corresponding author
- Provis, John L.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Ceramic Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-11-27
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 996-1004
- ISSN
- 0002-7820 (ISSN-L)
- 1551-2916
- OpenAlex
- W2109505594
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 20.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of the American Ceramic Society (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council
- Zeobond Pty Ltd
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre
- University of Sheffield
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Zeolite Catalysis and Synthesis
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Magnesium Oxide Properties and Applications
- Keywords
- alkali-activated slag cement, crosslinking, calcium aluminosilicate hydrate, sodium aluminosilicate hydrate, hydrotalcite, ground granulated blast furnace slag, sodium metasilicate, 29Si MAS NMR, 27Al MAS NMR
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
