The DOI matches its Crossref record; 92 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The greatest magic of Harry Potter: Reducing prejudice
Open accessAbstract
Recent research shows that extended contact via story reading is a powerful strategy to improve out‐group attitudes. We conducted three studies to test whether extended contact through reading the popular best‐selling books of H arry P otter improves attitudes toward stigmatized groups (immigrants, homosexuals, refugees). Results from one experimental intervention with elementary school children and from two cross‐sectional studies with high school and university students (in I taly and U nited K ingdom) supported our main hypothesis. Identification with the main character (i.e., H arry P otter) and disidentification from the negative character (i.e., V oldemort) moderated the effect. Perspective taking emerged as the process allowing attitude improvement. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed in the context of extended intergroup contact and social cognitive theory.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition to connecting with fictional characters, books can also facilitate connections with real life others, for example, by enriching understanding of others and/or developing relationships with those who have shared reading interests and/or experiences (Merga, 2014; Sellers, 2019; Vezzali et al., 2015).”
From How Does Reading Fiction Support Adolescents’ Wellbeing? A Qualitative Study Examining Positive Affect, Connection and Personal Growth (2025) · cites this paper as Vezzali et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition to fiction providing a means of better understanding themselves, adolescents also recognized the potential of fiction reading for developing empathy and helping them to understand others (Djikic et al., 2013; Eekhof et al., 2022; Vezzali et al., 2015).”
From How Does Reading Fiction Support Adolescents’ Wellbeing? A Qualitative Study Examining Positive Affect, Connection and Personal Growth (2025) · cites this paper as Vezzali et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
(1954) · Cited by 15,935
An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199269464.003.0005 · Cited by 12,701
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577
Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170701341316 · Cited by 9,973
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743
Sidanius, J., & Felicia Pratto, B. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139175043 · Cited by 3,632
Bandura, A. (1997) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.8 · Cited by 3,499
When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated.
Müller, D., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.852 · Cited by 3,435
Social dominance: an intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-3413 · Cited by 3,374
(1981) · Cited by 3,038
How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta‐analytic tests of three mediators
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.504 · Cited by 2,558
Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045925 · Cited by 2,008
Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind
Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1239918 · Cited by 1,642
Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105 · Cited by 1,463 · cited 1×
“Research has shown that empathy and perspective taking can be induced by listening to or reading stories of individuals belonging to stigmatized groups, such as ethnic groups, homeless,and older people (e.g.,Batson et al., 1997; Galinsky & Ku, 2004; Galinsky, Ku, & Wang, 2005).”
The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice.
Wright, S. C., Aron, A. P., McLaughlin‐Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.73 · Cited by 1,447
Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research and Practice
Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607 · Cited by 1,376
McLaren, L. M. (2003) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2003.0038 · Cited by 1,021
Colby, K. M. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00000030 · Cited by 966
The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis
Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/0363775052000342544 · Cited by 957
The Role of Empathy in Improving Intergroup Relations
Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. A. (1999) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00144 · Cited by 891
Galinsky, A. D., Ku, G., & Wang, C. S. (2005) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430205051060 · Cited by 889
Sex Differences in Attitudes Toward Homosexual Persons, Behaviors, and Civil Rights A Meta-Analysis
Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167296224002 · Cited by 836
Why It Pays to Get Inside the Head of Your Opponent
Galinsky, A. D., Maddux, W. W., Gilin, D. A., & White, J. B. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02096.x · Cited by 739
Understanding Other Minds: Linking Developmental Psychology and Functional Neuroimaging
Saxe, R., Carey, S., & Kanwisher, N. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142044 · Cited by 726
When Groups Meet: The Dynamics of Intergroup Contact
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2011) · Cited by 709
Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., & Voci, A. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.369 · Cited by 618
Vescio, T. K., Sechrist, G. B., & Callahan, M. P. (2003) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.163 · Cited by 610
Паолини, С., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., & Voci, A. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262848 · Cited by 572
Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Brown, R., & Douch, R. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00929.x · Cited by 539
Refinement of the Hong Psychological Reactance Scale
Hong, S.-M., & Faedda, S. (1996) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164496056001014 · Cited by 520
Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming implementation intentions on healthy eating
Verplanken, B., & Faes, S. (1999) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6 · Cited by 509
Changing beliefs and behavior through experience-taking.
Kaufman, G. F., & Libby, L. K. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027525 · Cited by 483
Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., & Vonofakou, C. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0011434 · Cited by 445
Eyal, K., & RUBIN, A. M. (2003) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4701_5 · Cited by 425
Social Norms and Self-Presentation: Children's Implicit and Explicit Intergroup Attitudes
Rutland, A., Cameron, L., Milne, A. B., & McGeorge, P. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00856.x · Cited by 407
Empathy-induced altruistic motivation.
Batson, C. D. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12061-001 · Cited by 401
Affective mediators of intergroup contact: A three-wave longitudinal study in South Africa.
Swart, H., Hewstone, M., Christ, O., & Voci, A. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024450 · Cited by 400
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY OF MASS COMMUNICATION
Bandura, A. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203877111-12 · Cited by 363
Secondary Transfer Effect of Contact
Pettigrew, T. F. (2009) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335.40.2.55 · Cited by 349
Pehrson, S., Brown, R. J., & Zagefka, H. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466608x288827 · Cited by 343
The Effects of Perspective-Taking on Prejudice: The Moderating Role of Self-Evaluation
Galinsky, A. D., & Ku, G. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203262802 · Cited by 332
Forgive and Forget? Antecedents and Consequences of Intergroup Forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Čehajić‐Clancy, S., Brown, R. J., & Castano, E. (2008) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00634.x · Cited by 325
Extended Contact through Story Reading in School: Reducing Children's Prejudice toward the Disabled
Cameron, L., & Rutland, A. (2006) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00469.x · Cited by 324
Ortiz, M., & Harwood, J. (2007) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838150701626487 · Cited by 310
What Johnny Likes to Read Is Hard to Find in School
Worthy, J., Moorman, M., & Turner, M. (1999) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.1598/rrq.34.1.2 · Cited by 306
Improving intergroup relations with extended and vicarious forms of indirect contact
Vezzali, L., Hewstone, M., Capozza, D., Giovannini, D., & Wölfer, R. (2014) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2014.982948 · Cited by 303
Self-citationPereira, C. R., Vala, J., & Costa‐Lopes, R. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.718 · Cited by 269
Secondary transfer effects of intergroup contact: Alternative accounts and underlying processes.
Tausch, N., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J. B., Psaltis, C., Schmid, K., Popan, J. R., Cairns, E., & Hughes, J. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018553 · Cited by 262
The Role of Emotions in Determining Willingness to Engage in Intergroup Contact
Esses, V. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812006 · Cited by 248
Reducing prejudice via direct and extended cross-group friendship
Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., Voci, A., Паолини, С., & Christ, O. (2007) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280701680297 · Cited by 216
Ethnic Prejudice and Discrimination in Europe
Zick, A., Pettigrew, T. F., & Wagner, U. (2008) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00559.x · Cited by 210
Aberson, C. L., & Haag, S. C. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207074726 · Cited by 187
Cameron, L., Rutland, A., & Brown, R. J. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407081474 · Cited by 172
The role of social norm clarity in the influenced expression of prejudice over time
Zitek, E. M., & Hebl, M. R. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.010 · Cited by 167
When extended contact opens the door to future contact
Gómez, Á., Tropp, L. R., & Fernández, S. (2011) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430210391119 · Cited by 166
When and why does extended contact work?
Cameron, L., Rutland, A., Hossain, R., & Petley, R. (2011) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430210390535 · Cited by 160
Hodson, G., Harry, H., & Mitchell, A. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.558 · Cited by 151
Harwood, J., Паолини, С., Joyce, N., Rubin, M., & Arroyo, A. (2010) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466610x524263 · Cited by 143
Advances in Intergroup Contact
(2012) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203095461 · Cited by 139
Bilali, R., & Vollhardt, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.011 · Cited by 126
Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., & Giovannini, D. (2012) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20621 · Cited by 125
Self-citationJohnson, D. R., Jasper, D. M., Griffin, S., & Huffman, B. L. (2013) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2013.31.5.578 · Cited by 119
Contact between C atholic and P rotestant schoolchildren in N orthern I reland
Turner, R. N., Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Kenworthy, J. B., & Cairns, E. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12018 · Cited by 113
Reducing Competitive Victimhood in Kosovo: The Role of Extended Contact and Common Ingroup Identity
Andrighetto, L., Mari, S., Volpato, C., & Behluli, B. (2012) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00887.x · Cited by 110
Secondary Transfer Effects of Intergroup Contact
Schmid, K., Hewstone, M., Küpper, B., Zick, A., & Wagner, U. (2012) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272511430235 · Cited by 108
Vezzali, L., Giovannini, D., & Capozza, D. (2010) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.1058 · Cited by 101
Self-citationVezzali, L., & Giovannini, D. (2011) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.1103 · Cited by 100
Self-citationYoung Children's Evaluations of the Ingroup and of Outgroups: A Multi‐National Study
Bennett, M., Barrett, M. D., Karakozov, R. R., Kipiani, G., Lyons, E., Pavlenko, V., & Riazanova, T. (2004) · Social Development · doi:10.1046/j.1467-9507.2004.00260.x · Cited by 94
Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter
(2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203892817 · Cited by 88
Extended contact effects as a function of closeness of relationship with ingroup contacts
Tausch, N., Hewstone, M., Schmid, K., Hughes, J., & Cairns, E. (2011) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430210390534 · Cited by 83
Vezzali, L., Giovannini, D., & Capozza, D. (2012) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2011.631298 · Cited by 77
Self-citationChanging Race Boundary Perception by Reading Narrative Fiction
Johnson, D. R., Huffman, B. L., & Jasper, D. M. (2014) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2013.856791 · Cited by 70
Racial Perceptions of Young Children: A Review of Literature Post-1999
Cristol, D. S., & Gimbert, B. (2008) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-008-0251-6 · Cited by 48
Conflict Analysis and Resolution
Fisher, R. J., Kelman, H. C., & Nan, S. A. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.013.0016 · Cited by 43
Influences of Reading and Discussion on the Attitudes of Fifth Graders Toward American Indians
Fisher, F. L. (1968) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1968.10883788 · Cited by 37
Eller, A., Abrams, D., & Zimmermann, A. (2011) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430210391120 · Cited by 35
Generalized effects of intergroup contact: the secondary transfer effect
(2012) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203095461-13 · Cited by 35
Relatively Socially Acceptable Prejudice Within and Between Societies
West, K., & Hewstone, M. (2011) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.1112 · Cited by 34
Meleady, R., Hopthrow, T., & Crisp, R. J. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312456744 · Cited by 32
Vorauer, J. D., & Sasaki, S. J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.11.001 · Cited by 29
The Challenge of Detecting Contemporary Forms of Discrimination
Nier, J. A., & Gaertner, S. L. (2012) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01745.x · Cited by 28
Social and Political Context Effects on Intergroup Contact and Intergroup Attitudes
Wagner, U., Christ, O., Wolf, H., van Dick, R., Stellmacher, J., Schlüter, E., & Zick, A. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444303117.ch13 · Cited by 25
Modifying ethnic attitudes in young children
Johnson, P. J., & Aboud, F. E. (2012) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025412466522 · Cited by 19
Harry Potter and the “Deeper Magic”: Narrating Hope in Children's Literature
Griesinger, E. (2002) · Christianity & Literature · doi:10.1177/014833310205100308 · Cited by 17
Capozza, D., Vezzali, L., Trifiletti, E., Falvo, R., & Favara, I. (2010) · IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) · Cited by 17
Self-citationStasiuk, K., & Bilewicz, M. (2013) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2147 · Cited by 15
In Defense of Harry Potter: An Apologia
Knapp, N. M. (2002) · School Libraries Worldwide · doi:10.29173/slw7114 · Cited by 11
Harry Potter, Benjamin Bloom, and the Sociological Imagination
Fields, J. (2007) · Cited by 8
Fournier, M., & Domenico, S. D. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1122 · Cited by 5
Harry Potter ou les chemins insolites de la résistance
Delzescaux, S. (2009) · Nouvelle revue de psychosociologie · doi:10.3917/nrp.007.0085 · Cited by 5
Cherwinka, J. J. (2007) · Computing & Control Engineering Journal · doi:10.1049/cce:20070600 · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Bandura A., 2002, Media effects: Advances in theory and research, 121
- Beers M. J., 2006, The psychology of Harry Potter, 33
- Franklin N., 2006, The psychology of Harry Potter, 169
- Heilman E. E., 2009, Critical perspectives on Harry Potter
- Kelman H. C., 2003, Political psychology, 315
- Lolliot S., 2013, Advances in intergroup contact, 81
- Mulholland N., 2006, The psychology of Harry Potter
- Patrick C. J., 2006, The psychology of Harry Potter, 221
- Rowling J. K., 1998, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
- Senland A., 2007, Christian perspectives on Harry Potter: Tool of Satan or Christian parable?, Journal of Research in Character Education, 5, 149
- Whitney M. P., 2005, Children's moral reading of Harry Potter: Are children and adults reading the same books?, Journal of Research in Character Education, 3, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fiction: Simulation of Social Worlds
Oatley, K. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.06.002 · Cited by 461
Improving intergroup relations with extended and vicarious forms of indirect contact
Vezzali, L., Hewstone, M., Capozza, D., Giovannini, D., & Wölfer, R. (2014) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2014.982948 · Cited by 303
Self-citationPanero, M. E., Weisberg, D. S., Black, J., Goldstein, T. R., Barnes, J. L., Brownell, H., & Winner, E. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000064 · Cited by 289
Turner, R. N., & Cameron, L. (2016) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12023 · Cited by 238
On the Usefulness of Narratives: An Interdisciplinary Review and Theoretical Model
Shaffer, V. A., Focella, E. S., Hathaway, A., Scherer, L. D., & Zikmund-Fisher, B. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax008 · Cited by 129
Metadata
- Authors
- Vezzali, L., Stathi, S., Giovannini, D., Capozza, D., & Trifiletti, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- University of Greenwich (GB)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Verona (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Vezzali, Loris
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-07-23
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 105-121
- ISSN
- 0021-9029 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-1816
- OpenAlex
- W1658184466
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 49.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Themes in Literature Analysis
- Keywords
- Harry Potter, extended contact, prejudice reduction, outgroup attitudes, stigmatized groups, perspective taking, identification with protagonist, disidentification, social cognitive theory, intergroup contact, immigrants, homosexuals, refugees
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
