The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ESG did not immunize stocks during the COVID‐19 crisis, but investments in intangible assets did
Open accessAbstract
Environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) scores have been widely touted as indicators of share price resilience during the COVID‐19 crisis. Contrary to this conventional wisdom, we present robust evidence that once industry affiliation, market‐based measures of risk and accounting‐based measures of performance, financial position and intangibles investments have been controlled for, ESG offers no such positive explanatory power for returns during the COVID crisis. Specifically, ESG is insignificant in fully specified returns regressions for each of the Q1 2020 COVID market crisis period and for the full COVID year of 2020. By contrast, a measure of the firm's stock of investments in internally generated intangible assets is an economically and statistically significant positive determinant of returns during each of the Q1 market implosion and full 2020 COVID year periods. Our results are robust to alternative measures of returns, as well as for using Refinitiv, Refinitiv II and MSCI data to capture ESG performance. We conclude that ESG did not immunize stocks during the COVID‐19 crisis, but those investments in intangible assets did.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Agency Costs, Net Worth, And Business Fluctuations
Bernanke, B., Gertler, M., Bernanke, B., & Gertler, M. (1988) · Unknown · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.292693 · Cited by 4,386
LINS, K. V., SERVAES, H., & TAMAYO, A. (2017) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.12505 · Cited by 3,794
Aggregate Confusion: The Divergence of ESG Ratings
Berg, F., Kölbel, J. F., & Rigobon, R. (2022) · Review of Finance · doi:10.1093/rof/rfac033 · Cited by 3,444
The Influence of Institutional Investors on Myopic R&D Investment BehaviorPreprint
Bushee, B. J. (1998) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 3,198
Godfrey, P. C., Merrill, C. B., & Hansen, J. M. (2009) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.750 · Cited by 3,137
Detecting long-run abnormal stock returns: The empirical power and specification of test statistics
Barber, B. M., & Lyon, J. D. (1997) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-405x(96)00890-2 · Cited by 2,689
The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D
Lev, B., & Sougiannis, T. (1996) · Journal of Accounting and Economics · doi:10.1016/0165-4101(95)00410-6 · Cited by 1,943
Self-citationWhy and How Investors Use ESG Information: Evidence from a Global Survey
Amel-Zadeh, A., & Serafeim, G. (2018) · Financial Analysts Journal · doi:10.2469/faj.v74.n3.2 · Cited by 1,721
Institutional Investors and Equity Prices
Gompers, P. A., & Metrick, A. (2001) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355301556392 · Cited by 1,632
The Unprecedented Stock Market Reaction to COVID-19
Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., Kost, K., Sammon, M., & Viratyosin, T. (2020) · The Review of Asset Pricing Studies · doi:10.1093/rapstu/raaa008 · Cited by 1,496
Cited by
Investor rewards to environmental responsibility: Evidence from the COVID-19 crisis
Garel, A., & Petit-Romec, A. (2021) · Journal of Corporate Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101948 · Cited by 330
Does sustainability generate better financial performance? review, meta-analysis, and propositions
Atz, U., Van Holt, T., Liu, Z. Z., & Bruno, C. C. (2023) · Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment · doi:10.1080/20430795.2022.2106934 · Cited by 254
Metadata
- Authors
- Demers, E., Hendrikse, J., Joos, P., & Lev, B.
- Venue
- Journal of Business Finance & Accounting
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-03
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 433-462
- ISSN
- 0306-686X (ISSN-L)
- 1468-5957
- OpenAlex
- W3139245849
- Cited by
- 441
- References
- 36
- FWCI
- 63.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: ESG did not immunize stocks during the COVID‐19 crisis, but investments in intangible assets did. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/jbfa.12523
- The paper
- Demers, E., Hendrikse, J., Joos, P., & Lev, B. (2021). ESG did not immunize stocks during the COVID‐19 crisis, but investments in intangible assets did. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12523
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.