A review of contemporary patterns of endemism for shallow water reef fauna in the Red Sea
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Aim: The Red Sea is characterised by a unique fauna and historical periods of desiccation, hypersalinity and intermittent isolation. The origin and contemporary composition of reef‐associated taxa in this region can illuminate biogeographical principles about vicariance and the establishment (or local extirpation) of existing species. Here we aim to: (1) outline the distribution of shallow water fauna between the Red Sea and adjacent regions, (2) explore mechanisms for maintaining these distributions and (3) propose hypotheses to test these mechanisms. Location: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea, Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean. Methods: Updated checklists for scleractinian corals, fishes and non‐coral invertebrates were used to determine species richness in the Red Sea and the rest of the Arabian Peninsula and assess levels of endemism. Fine‐scale diversity and abundance of reef fishes within the Red Sea were explored using ecological survey data. Results: Within the Red Sea, we recorded 346 zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate scleractinian coral species of which 19 are endemic (5.5%). Currently 635 species of polychaetes, 211 echinoderms and 79 ascidians have been documented, with endemism rates of 12.6%, 8.1% and 16.5% respectively. A preliminary compilation of 231 species of crustaceans and 137 species of molluscs include 10.0% and 6.6% endemism respectively. We documented 1071 shallow fish species, with 12.9% endemic in the entire Red Sea and 14.1% endemic in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Based on ecological survey data of endemic fishes, there were no major changes in species richness or abundance across 1100 km of Saudi Arabian coastline. Main conclusions: The Red Sea biota appears resilient to major environmental fluctuations and is characterized by high rates of endemism with variable degrees of incursion into the Gulf of Aden. The nearby Omani and Arabian Gulfs also have variable environments and high levels of endemism, but these are not consistently distinct across taxa. The presence of physical barriers does not appear to explain species distributions, which are more likely determined by ecological plasticity and genetic diversity.
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The Red Sea is a marine biodiversity hotspot with high endemism, including 5.5% of scleractinian coral species, 10% of crustaceans, 8.1% of echinoderms and 14.1% of fish.
“The Red Sea is a marine biodiversity hotspot with a high percentage of endemic species (5.5% of scleractinian corals species, 10% of crustaceans, 8.1% of echinoderms and 14.1% of fish; DiBattista et al. 2016).”
From Population genetics of the brooding coral Seriatopora hystrix reveals patterns of strong genetic differentiation in the Western Indian Ocean (2021) · cites this paper as DiBattista et al. 2016
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A new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) from the Indian Ocean
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The Big Gamble in the Saudi Desert
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Self-citationA Revision of the Surgeon Fish Genera Zebrasoma and Paracanthurus
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Self-citationCoral Faunas of the Red Sea and Tahiti.
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
van der Ven, R. M., Flot, J.-F., Buitrago-López, C., & Kochzius, M. (2021) · Heredity · doi:10.1038/s41437-020-00379-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- DiBattista, J. D., Roberts, M. B., Bouwmeester, J., Bowen, B. W., Coker, D. J., Lozano‐Cortés, D. F., Howard Choat, J., Gaither, M. R., Hobbs, J. A., Khalil, M. T., Kochzius, M., Myers, R. F., Paulay, G., Robitzch, V. S. N., Saenz‐Agudelo, P., Salas, E., Sinclair‐Taylor, T. H., Toonen, R. J., Westneat, M. W., Williams, S. T., & Berumen, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (SA)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology (US)
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology James Cook University Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
- Durham University (GB)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Seaclicks/Coral Graphics Wellington FL 33411 USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History (US)
- Austral University of Chile (CL)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Natural History Museum (GB)
- Corresponding author
- DiBattista, Joseph D.
- ORCID
- DiBattista, Joseph D.
- Roberts, May B.
- Bouwmeester, Jessica
- Bowen, Brian W.
- Coker, Darren J.
- Lozano‐Cortés, Diego F.
- Gaither, Michelle R.
- Hobbs, Jean‐Paul A.
- Khalil, Maha T.
- Kochzius, Marc
- Paulay, Gustav
- Robitzch, Vanessa S. N.
- Saenz‐Agudelo, Pablo
- Salas, Eva
- Sinclair‐Taylor, Tane H.
- Toonen, Robert J.
- Westneat, Mark W.
- Williams, Suzanne T.
- Berumen, Michael L.
- Venue
- Journal of Biogeography
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-11-03
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 423-439
- ISSN
- 0305-0270 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2699
- OpenAlex
- W1939464186
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 20.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Biogeography (publishedVersion)
- Flanders Marine Institute (Flanders Marine Institute) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Geographic Society (9024‐11)
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (USA 00002, KSA 00011)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Fish Biology and Ecology Studies
- Keywords
- Red Sea, endemism, scleractinian corals, reef fish, Polychaeta, Echinodermata, ascidians, Crustacea, Mollusca, biogeography, vicariance, Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, species richness, ecological plasticity, genetic diversity, desiccation, hypersalinity, physical barriers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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