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Expert range maps of global mammal distributions harmonised to three taxonomic authorities

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Marsh, Charles J., Sica, Yanina V., Burgin, Connor J., Dorman, Wendy A., Anderson, Robert C., del Toro Mijares, Isabel, Vigneron, Jessica G., Barve, Vijay +141 more·2022·Journal of Biogeography
DOI 10.1111/jbi.14330PMC PMC9060555
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Abstract

Aim: Comprehensive, global information on species' occurrences is an essential biodiversity variable and central to a range of applications in ecology, evolution, biogeography and conservation. Expert range maps often represent a species' only available distributional information and play an increasing role in conservation assessments and macroecology. We provide global range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species harmonised to the taxonomy of the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) mobilised from two sources, the Handbook of the Mammals of the World (HMW) and the Illustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World (CMW). Location: Global. Taxon: All extant mammal species. Methods: Range maps were digitally interpreted, georeferenced, error‐checked and subsequently taxonomically aligned between the HMW (6253 species), the CMW (6431 species) and the MDD taxonomies (6362 species). Results: Range maps can be evaluated and visualised in an online map browser at Map of Life (mol.org) and accessed for individual or batch download for non‐commercial use. Main conclusion: Expert maps of species' global distributions are limited in their spatial detail and temporal specificity, but form a useful basis for broad‐scale characterizations and model‐based integration with other data. We provide georeferenced range maps for the native ranges of all extant mammal species as shapefiles, with species‐level metadata and source information packaged together in geodatabase format. Across the three taxonomic sources our maps entail, there are 1784 taxonomic name differences compared to the maps currently available on the IUCN Red List website. The expert maps provided here are harmonised to the MDD taxonomic authority and linked to a community of online tools that will enable transparent future updates and version control.

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  • The IUCN Red List subsequently provided the sole source of digital range maps for mammals until Marsh et al. (2022) digitized range maps aligned to 3 alternative taxonomies: HMW (6,253 species); CMW (6,431 species); and MDD version 1.2 (6,362 species).

    “The IUCN Red List subsequently provided the sole source of digital range maps for mammals until Marsh et al. (2022) digitized range maps aligned to 3 alternative taxonomies: HMW (6,253 species); CMW (6,431 species); and MDD version 1.2 (6,362 species; note that each taxonomy also contains unmapped species that are extinct or data deficient—see tables later in the text Tables 1 and 2).”

    From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Marsh et al. 2022

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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  • A collaboration with Yale University researchers enabled the digitization of geographic range maps as polygon shapefiles for all mammal species, as matched to the taxonomies of MDD v1.2, HMW series, and CMW.

    “A further collaboration with Yale University researchers enabled the digitization of geographic range maps as polygon shapefiles for all mammal species, as matched to the taxonomies of MDD v1.2, HMW series, and CMW (see Marsh et al. 2022 and map downloads updated to MDD v1.4 via the “mddmaps” R package; Robles-Fernández 2024).”

    From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Marsh et al. 2022

    The Introduction and Materials and Methods describe digitized range maps harmonized to MDD v1.2, HMW, and CMW and provided as shapefiles; the Biosketch identifies the lead author as based at Yale University. However, Table 1 and the Harmonisation between data sources section state that a few species in each taxonomy lack georeferenced range maps, so the claim that shapefiles were produced for all species is too absolute. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Marsh, C. J., Sica, Y. V., Burgin, C. J., Dorman, W. A., Anderson, R. C., del Toro Mijares, I., Vigneron, J. G., Barve, V., Dombrowik, V. L., Duong, M., Guralnick, R., Hart, J. A., Maypole, J. K., McCall, K., Ranipeta, A., Schuerkmann, A., Torselli, M. A., Lacher, T., Mittermeier, R. A., Rylands, A. B., Sechrest, W., Wilson, D. E., Abba, A. M., Aguirre, L. F., Arroyo‐Cabrales, J., Astúa, D., Baker, A. M., Braulik, G., Braun, J. K., Brito, J., Busher, P. E., Burneo, S. F., Camacho, M. A., Cavallini, P., de Almeida Chiquito, E., Cook, J. A., Cserkész, T., Csorba, G., Cuéllar Soto, E., da Cunha Tavares, V., Davenport, T. R. B., Deméré, T., Denys, C., Dickman, C. R., Eldridge, M. D. B., Fernandez‐Duque, E., Francis, C. M., Frankham, G., Franklin, W. L., Freitas, T., Friend, J. A., Gadsby, E. L., Garbino, G. S. T., Gaubert, P., Giannini, N., Giarla, T., Gilchrist, J. S., Gongora, J., Goodman, S. M., Gursky‐Doyen, S., Hackländer, K., Hafner, M. S., Hawkins, M., Helgen, K. M., Heritage, S., Hinckley, A., Hintsche, S., Holden, M., Holekamp, K. E., Honeycutt, R. L., Huffman, B. A., Humle, T., Hutterer, R., Ibáñez Ulargui, C., Jackson, S. M., Janecka, J., Janecka, M., Jenkins, P., Juškaitis, R., Juste, J., Kays, R., Kilpatrick, C. W., Kingston, T., Koprowski, J. L., Kryštufek, B., Lavery, T., Lee, T. E., Leite, Y. L. R., Novaes, R. L. M., Lim, B. K., Lissovsky, A., López‐Antoñanzas, R., López‐Baucells, A., MacLeod, C. D., Maisels, F. G., Mares, M. A., Marsh, H., Mattioli, S., Meijaard, E., Monadjem, A., Morton, F. B., Musser, G., Nadler, T., Norris, R. W., Ojeda, A., Ordóñez‐Garza, N., Pardiñas, U. F. J., Patterson, B. D., Pavan, A., Pennay, M., Pereira, C., Prado, J., Queiroz, H. L., Richardson, M., Riley, E. P., Rossiter, S. J., Rubenstein, D. I., Ruelas, D., Salazar‐Bravo, J., Schai‐Braun, S., Schank, C. J., Schwitzer, C., Sheeran, L. K., Shekelle, M., Shenbrot, G., Soisook, P., Solari, S., Southgate, R., Superina, M., Taber, A. B., Talebi, M., Taylor, P., Vu Dinh, T., Ting, N., Tirira, D. G., Tsang, S., Turvey, S. T., Valdez, R., Van Cakenberghe, V., Veron, G., Wallis, J., Wells, R., Whittaker, D., Williamson, E. A., Wittemyer, G., Woinarski, J., Zinner, D., Upham, N. S., & Jetz, W.
Affiliations
  • Yale University (US)
  • University of New Mexico (US)
  • Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
  • Florida Museum of Natural History (US)
  • SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (US)
  • Texas A&M University (US)
  • Re:wild Austin Texas USA
  • Smithsonian Institution (US)
  • Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
  • Universidad Mayor de San Simón (BO)
  • National Institute of Anthropology and History (MX)
  • Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (BR)
  • Queensland University of Technology (AU)
  • University of St Andrews (GB)
  • University of Oklahoma (US)
  • Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (EC)
  • Boston University (US)
  • Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (EC)
  • Faunalia Pontedera Pisa Italy
  • Núcleo de Pesquisa em Evolução Animal Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo São Mateus, Espírito Santo Brazil
  • Hungarian Natural History Museum (HU)
  • Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman
  • Vale Technological Institute Belém Pará Brazil
  • Species Conservation & Science (Africa) Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) Arusha Tanzania
  • Escondido California USA
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • Desert Ecology Research Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
  • Australian Museum (AU)
  • Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
  • Environment and Climate Change Canada (CA)
  • Iowa State University (US)
  • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
  • Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (AU)
  • Pandrillus Foundation Portland Oregon USA
  • Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BR)
  • Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (FR)
  • Siena College (US)
  • Edinburgh Napier University (GB)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • Field Museum of Natural History (US)
  • Department of Anthropology Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
  • BOKU University (AT)
  • Louisiana State University (US)
  • Duke University (US)
  • Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
  • Bruckmühl Germany
  • American Museum of Natural History (US)
  • Michigan State University (US)
  • Pepperdine University (US)
  • Whitby Ontario Canada
  • University of Kent (GB)
  • Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig (DE)
  • Estación Biológica de Doñana‐CSIC Sevilla Spain
  • Department of Biological Sciences Duquesne University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • Natural History Museum (GB)
  • Nature Research Centre (LT)
  • North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences (US)
  • University of Vermont (US)
  • Texas Tech University (US)
  • University of Wyoming (US)
  • Slovenian Museum of Natural History (SI)
  • Australian National University (AU)
  • Abilene Christian University (US)
  • Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (BR)
  • Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (BR)
  • Royal Ontario Museum (CA)
  • Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution (RU)
  • Natural Sciences Museum of Granollers Granollers Spain
  • GIS In Ecology Glasgow UK
  • University of Stirling (GB)
  • James Cook University (AU)
  • University of Siena (IT)
  • Borneo Futures Bandar Seri Begawan BA Brunei Darussalam
  • University of Eswatini (SZ)
  • University of Hull (GB)
  • The University of Texas at Austin (US)
  • Cuc Phuong Commune Nho Quan District Ninh BInh, Province Vietnam
  • The Ohio State University at Lima (US)
  • Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
  • National Parks and Wildlife Service (AU)
  • Rua Terezina Cascavel Paraná Brazil
  • Orlandia Avenue Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
  • Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (BR)
  • La Conception Quebec Canada
  • San Diego State University (US)
  • Queen Mary University of London (GB)
  • Princeton University (US)
  • Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
  • Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria
  • Dublin Zoo, Phoenix Park Dublin Ireland
  • Central Washington University (US)
  • Western Washington University (US)
  • Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
  • Prince of Songkla University (TH)
  • Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
  • Kingscote South Austalia Australia
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (IT)
  • Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Natureza Deptartamento de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) ‐ Campus Diadema, Diadema São Paulo Brazil
  • University of Venda (ZA)
  • Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
  • University of Oregon (US)
  • Fundación Mamíferos y Conservación (EC)
  • Zoological Society of London (GB)
  • Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Ecology New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico USA
  • Laboratory for Functional Morphology, Biology Department University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken Antwerpen (Wilrijk) Belgium
  • Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles Paris France
  • Kagando Hospital (UG)
  • Flinders University (AU)
  • Colorado State University (US)
  • Charles Darwin University (AU)
  • German Primate Center (DE)
Corresponding author
  • Sica, Yanina V.
  • Upham, Nathan S.
  • Jetz, Walter
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Biogeography
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-03-27
Volume
49
Issue
5
Pages
979-992
ISSN
  • 0305-0270 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2699
DOI
10.1111/jbi.14330
PMC
PMC9060555
OpenAlex
W4220979228
Cited by
150
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 16
FWCI
74.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
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  • St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka (DEB‐144173)
  • Arizona State University (1R21AI164268‐01)
  • E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation
  • Yale University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
Keywords
native range, IUCN Red List, conservation status assessment, biodiversity data

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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