How many species of mammals are there?
Open accessAbstract
Accurate taxonomy is central to the study of biological diversity, as it provides the needed evolutionary framework for taxon sampling and interpreting results. While the number of recognized species in the class Mammalia has increased through time, tabulation of those increases has relied on the sporadic release of revisionary compendia like the Mammal Species of the World (MSW) series. Here, we present the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD), a digital, publically accessible, and updateable list of all mammalian species, now available online: https://mammaldiversity.org. The MDD will continue to be updated as manuscripts describing new species and higher taxonomic changes are released. Starting from the baseline of the 3rd edition of MSW (MSW3), we performed a review of taxonomic changes published since 2004 and digitally linked species names to their original descriptions and subsequent revisionary articles in an interactive, hierarchical database. We found 6,495 species of currently recognized mammals (96 recently extinct, 6,399 extant), compared to 5,416 in MSW3 (75 extinct, 5,341 extant)—an increase of 1,079 species in about 13 years, including 11 species newly described as having gone extinct in the last 500 years. We tabulate 1,251 new species recognitions, at least 172 unions, and multiple major, higher-level changes, including an additional 88 genera (1,314 now, compared to 1,226 in MSW3) and 14 newly recognized families (167 compared to 153). Analyses of the description of new species through time and across biogeographic regions show a long-term global rate of ~25 species recognized per year, with the Neotropics as the overall most species-dense biogeographic region for mammals, followed closely by the Afrotropics. The MDD provides the mammalogical community with an updateable online database of taxonomic changes, joining digital efforts already established for amphibians (AmphibiaWeb, AMNH’s Amphibian Species of the World), birds (e.g., Avibase, IOC World Bird List, HBW Alive), non-avian reptiles (The Reptile Database), and fish (e.g., FishBase, Catalog of Fishes). Una taxonomía que precisamente refleje la realidad biológica es fundamental para el estudio de la diversidad de la vida, ya que proporciona el armazón evolutivo necesario para el muestreo de taxones e interpretación de resultados del mismo. Si bien el número de especies reconocidas en la clase Mammalia ha aumentado con el tiempo, la tabulación de esos aumentos se ha basado en las esporádicas publicaciones de compendios de revisiones taxonómicas, tales como la serie Especies de mamíferos del mundo (MSW por sus siglas en inglés). En este trabajo presentamos la Base de Datos de Diversidad de Mamíferos (MDD por sus siglas en inglés): una lista digital de todas las especies de mamíferos, actualizable y accesible públicamente, disponible en la dirección URL https://mammaldiversity.org/. El MDD se actualizará con regularidad a medida que se publiquen artículos que describan nuevas especies o que introduzcan cambios de diferentes categorías taxonómicas. Con la tercera edición de MSW (MSW3) como punto de partida, realizamos una revisión en profundidad de los cambios taxonómicos publicados a partir del 2004. Los nombres de las especies nuevamente descriptas (o ascendidas a partir de subespecies) fueron conectadas digitalmente en una base de datos interactiva y jerárquica con sus descripciones originales y con artículos de revisión posteriores. Los datos indican que existen actualmente 6,495 especies de mamíferos (96 extintas, 6,399 vivientes), en comparación con las 5,416 reconocidas en MSW3 (75 extintas, 5,341 vivientes): un aumento de 1,079 especies en aproximadamente 13 años, incluyendo 11 nuevas especies consideradas extintas en los últimos 500 años. Señalamos 1,251 nuevos reconocimientos de especies, al menos 172 uniones y varios cambios a mayor nivel taxonómico, incluyendo 88 géneros adicionales (1,314 reconocidos, comparados con 1,226 en MSW3) y 14 familias recién reconocidas (167 en comparación con 153 en MSW3). Los análisis témporo-geográficos de descripciones de nuevas especies (en las principales regiones del mundo) sugieren un promedio mundial de descripciones a largo plazo de aproximadamente 25 especies reconocidas por año, siendo el Neotrópico la región con mayor densidad de especies de mamíferos en el mundo, seguida de cerca por la region Afrotrópical. El MDD proporciona a la comunidad de mastozoólogos una base de datos de cambios taxonómicos conectada y actualizable, que se suma a los esfuerzos digitales ya establecidos para anfibios (AmphibiaWeb, Amphibian Species of the World), aves (p. ej., Avibase, IOC World Bird List, HBW Alive), reptiles “no voladores” (The Reptile Database), y peces (p. ej., FishBase, Catalog of Fishes).
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The American Society of Mammalogists launched the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) in 2018, which then recognized ∼20% more mammal species (+1,251 and -172 species) compared to MSW3.
“the American Society of Mammalogists launched the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) in 2018, which then recognized ∼20% more mammal species (+1,251 and –172 species) compared to the previous authoritative compendium, the Mammal Species of the World, third edition (MSW3; Wilson and Reeder 2005; Burgin et al. 2018).”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Burgin et al. 2018
In mammals, recent advances in morphometric, molecular, statistical, and ecological tools used to distinguish previously cryptic taxa-coupled with the increasing globalization of mammalogical research efforts-have led to widespread taxonomic changes.
“In mammals, recent advances in the morphometric, molecular, statistical, and ecological tools used to distinguish previously cryptic taxa—coupled with the increasing globalization of mammalogical research efforts—have led to widespread taxonomic changes (Patterson 2000; Reeder et al. 2007; Burgin et al. 2018; Álvarez-Castañeda et al. 2019).”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Burgin et al. 2018
The release of MDD1 7 years ago marked a shift from decadal printed volumes to semi-annual online versions.
“The release of MDD1 7 yrs ago marked a shift from decadal printed volumes to semi-annual online versions (Burgin et al. 2018).”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Burgin et al. 2018
Total recognized species richness has increased by ~4% since the release of MDD1 (2018).
“Similarly, total recognized species richness has increased by ∼46% in the 4 decades since MSW2 (Wilson and Reeder 1993; Cole et al. 1994), ∼25% since MSW3 (Wilson and Reeder 2005; Reeder et al. 2007), and ∼4% since the release of MDD1 (Burgin et al. 2018).”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Burgin et al. 2018
These estimates are considerably higher than those given by Burgin et al. (2018) and Reeder et al. (2007), but are nonetheless realistic owing to the combined consideration of species splits, lumps, and de novo descriptions.
“Both of these estimates are considerably higher than those given by Burgin et al. (2018) and Reeder et al. (2007), but are nonetheless realistic owing to the combined consideration of species splits, lumps, and de novo descriptions.”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Burgin et al. 2018
In 2018, the MDD team estimated that recognized extant and recently extinct mammal richness will increase to 7,409 species by 2050 and to 9,009 by 2100 if observed trends in historical species descriptions were to continue.
“Using this approach in 2018, the MDD team estimated that recognized extant and recently extinct mammal richness will increase to 7,409 species by 2050 and to 9,009 by 2100 if observed trends in historical species descriptions were to continue (Burgin et al. 2018).”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Burgin et al. 2018
These geographic concentrations of mammal taxonomic activity are consistent with previous estimates.
“These geographic concentrations of mammal taxonomic activity are consistent with previous estimates (Patterson 2000; Reeder et al. 2007; Burgin et al. 2018; Moura and Jetz 2021).”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Burgin et al. 2018
The 64.9 species/yr rate is higher than the rate of 27.4 species/yr reported in Burgin et al. (2018) based on de novo descriptions alone.
“which is higher than the rate of 27.4 species/yr reported in Burgin et al. (2018) based on de novo descriptions alone.”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Burgin et al. 2018
The 2000-2009 decadal total was 315 currently valid species, compared to originally 341 species in Burgin et al. 2018, reduced by synonymizations in MDD2.
“That decadal total compares to 315 during 2000 to 2009 (originally 341 species in Burgin et al. 2018, but reduced by synonymizations in MDD2).”
From How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge (2025) · cites this paper as Burgin et al. 2018
Bats are natural reservoirs for a wide range of zoonotic viruses, including coronaviruses, rhabdoviruses, and paramyxoviruses.
“Bats (Chiroptera), representing ~22% of all mammalian species, are natural reservoirs for a wide range of zoonotic viruses, including coronaviruses, rhabdoviruses, and paramyxoviruses ( 1 – 3 ).”
From Ecological vaccination: A strategy to prevent zoonotic spillover from bats (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Burgin, C. J., Colella, J. P., Kahn, P. L., & Upham, N. S.
- Affiliations
- Boise State University (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (US)
- Field Museum of Natural History (US)
- Corresponding author
- Upham, Nathan S
- Venue
- Journal of Mammalogy
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-02-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 0022-2372 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1542
- OpenAlex
- W2788008213
- Semantic Scholar
- b5d457ac5669833a9dee3071e52201a69e0bccc4
- Cited by
- 1,127
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 73 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 146 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 186 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 32
- FWCI
- 57.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Mammalogy (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- American Society of Mammalogists
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Research Data Management Practices
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- mammal diversity, taxonomic changes, new species description, species extinction, Neotropical region, Afrotropical region
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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