How families matter for health inequality during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
We theorize that the social conditions surrounding the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic have the potential to increase the importance of families for health and widen existing inequalities. We suggest three primary tenets important for understanding families and health during COVID‐19. First, risks of specific COVID‐19 outcomes and other health problems are unevenly distributed across families. Second, how families impact health during the COVID‐19 pandemic is conditional on public policies, organizational decisions, and concurrent events. Third, many health inequalities driven by racism, sexism, classism, and other oppressive societal forces are amplified during COVID‐19, but the extent to which this is occurring is shaped by families and by the public policies, organizational decisions, and concurrent events that also impact families and health. As health disparities continue to emerge from this pandemic, we call on researchers and policymakers to pay attention to the multiple ways that families matter.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
COVID-19 has widened gaps among married people, single people, those living with others, and those living in isolation.
“COVID-19 has widened gaps among married people, single people, those living with others, and those living in isolation [10].”
From Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
The Conclusion says the fallout from COVID-19 “suggests that we are headed for widening gaps” between married and single people and between those living with others and those in isolation. The claim presents those projected gaps as already widened, which is stronger than the source’s qualified statement. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723 · Cited by 7,004 · see citing works
Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z · Cited by 4,964 · see citing works
Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Tehranifar, P. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510383498 · Cited by 2,533 · see citing works
Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000660 · Cited by 2,272 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Racial/Ethnic Disparities
Hooper, M. W., Nápoles, A. M., & Pérez‐Stable, E. J. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8598 · Cited by 2,047 · see citing works
COVID-19 and African Americans
Yancy, C. W. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6548 · Cited by 1,932 · see citing works
Delay or avoidance of medical care because of COVID-19–related concerns—United States, June 2020.
Czeisler, M. É., Marynak, K., Clarke, K. E. N., Salah, Z., Shakya, I., Thierry, J. M., Ali, N., McMillan, H., Wiley, J. F., Weaver, M. D., et al. (2020) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6936a4 · Cited by 1,516 · see citing works
Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic
Brown, S. M., Doom, J. R., Lechuga-Peña, S., Watamura, S. E., & Koppels, T. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699 · Cited by 1,344 · see citing works
Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives
Fowler, I. N. A. C. I. J. H. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,336 · see citing works
COVID‐19 and the gender gap in work hours
Collins, C., Landivar, L. C., Ruppanner, L., & Scarborough, W. J. (2021) · Gender, Work & Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12506 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
The long arm of childhood: The influence of early-life social conditions on men’s mortality
Hayward, M. D., & Gorman, B. K. (2004) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0005 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic
Boserup, B., McKenney, M. G., & Elkbuli, A. (2020) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077 · Cited by 717 · see citing works
Laster Pirtle, W. N. (2020) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198120922942 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Going solo: the extraordinary rise and surprising appeal of living alone
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-7198 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Herd, P., & Moynihan, D. P. (2019) · Russell Sage Foundation eBooks · doi:10.7758/9781610448789 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Understanding family process: Basics of family systems theory.
Broderick, C. B. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 545 · see citing works
We’re Not All in This Together: On COVID-19, Intersectionality, and Structural Inequality
Bowleg, L. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305766 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Berg‐Weger, M., & Morley, J. E. (2020) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1366-8 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Pietromonaco, P. R., & Overall, N. C. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000714 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Hamadani, J. D., Hasan, M. I., Baldi, A., Hossain, S. J., Shiraji, S., Bhuiyan, M. S. A., Mehrin, S. F., Fisher, J., Tofail, F., Tipu, S. M. M. U., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30366-1 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Fish, J. N., McInroy, L. B., Paceley, M. S., Williams, N. D., Henderson, S., Levine, D. S., & Edsall, R. N. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.002 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrant communities in the United States
Clark, E. H., Fredricks, K., Woc-Colburn, L. E., Bottazzi, M. E., & Weatherhead, J. E. (2020) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008484 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Tracking the reach of COVID-19 kin loss with a bereavement multiplier applied to the United States
Verdery, A. M., Smith-Greenaway, E., Margolis, R., & Daw, J. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2007476117 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
LGBTQ populations: psychologically vulnerable communities in the COVID-19 pandemic
Salerno, J. P., Williams, N. D., & Gattamorta, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000837 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Parenthood and happiness: effects of work-family reconciliation policies in 22 OECD countries
Glass, J., Simon, R. W., & Andersson, M. A. (2016) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/688892 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Biological sex impacts COVID-19 outcomes
Klein, S. L., Dhakal, S., Ursin, R. L., Deshpande, S., Sandberg, K. L., & Mauvais‐Jarvis, F. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008570 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Wealth Disparities Before and After the Great Recession
Pfeffer, F. T., Danziger, S., & Schoeni, R. F. (2013) · The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213497452 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Krieger, N. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305886 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Family Matters: Research on Family Ties and Health, 2010 to 2020
Umberson, D., & Thomeer, M. B. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12640 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationIntersections of Race, Class, Gender, and Nation: Some Implications for Black Family Studies
Collins, P. H. (1998) · Journal of Comparative Family Studies · doi:10.3138/jcfs.29.1.27 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Death of family members as an overlooked source of racial disadvantage in the United States
Umberson, D., Olson, J. S., Crosnoe, R. L., Liu, H., Pudrovska, T., & Donnelly, R. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1605599114 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Neff, L. A., & Karney, B. R. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.013 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Donnelly, R., & Farina, M. P. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113557 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The Schooling of Offspring and the Survival of Parents
Friedman, E. M., & Mare, R. D. (2014) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-014-0303-z · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Caregivers’ Mental Health and Somatic Symptoms During COVID-19
Park, S. S. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa121 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
US racial inequality may be as deadly as COVID-19
Wrigley‐Field, E. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2014750117 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
McLanahan, S., & Jacobsen, W. C. (2014) · National symposium on family issues · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08308-7_1 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
When Paid Work Invades the Family: Single Mothers in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hertz, R., Mattes, J., & Shook, A. (2020) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x20961420 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Making Motherhood Work: How Women Manage Careers and Caregiving
Hodges, M. J. (2020) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/0094306120915912l · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Familial cluster of COVID-19 infection from an asymptomatic
Zhang, J., Tian, S., Lou, J., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-020-2817-7 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Comparisons between countries are essential for the control of COVID-19
Pearce, N., Lawlor, D. A., & Brickley, E. B. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa108 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Huang, X., Zhang, R., Fan, G., Wu, D., Lu, H., Wang, D., Deng, W., Sun, T., Xing, L., Liu, S., et al. (2020) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-020-03112-0 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Umberson, D., Donnelly, R., & Pollitt, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518790560 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Williams, D. T. (2019) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-019-09538-x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The Linked Lives Principle in Life Course Studies: Classic Approaches and Contemporary Advances
Carr, D. (2018) · Frontiers in sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71544-5_3 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Challenges posed by COVID-19 to children with cancer
Kotecha, R. S. (2020) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30205-9 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A Double Pandemic: Domestic Violence in the Age of COVID-19
Bettinger-López, C., & Bro, A. (2020) · eYLS (Yale Law School) · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Inequality in Poverty and Affluence, 1959–2015
Iceland, J. (2019) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-019-09512-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Intergenerational Relationships, Family Caregiving Policy, and COVID-19 in the United States
Stokes, J. E., & Patterson, S. (2020) · Journal of Aging & Social Policy · doi:10.1080/08959420.2020.1770031 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Educational Homogamy in Two Gilded Ages
Mare, R. D. (2015) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716215596967 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Berger, L. M., & Carlson, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12650 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Family Complexity, the Family Safety Net, and Public Policy
Cherlin, A. J., & Seltzer, J. A. (2014) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716214530854 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hout, M., Levanon, A., & Cumberworth, E. (2011) · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Family: Diversity, Inequality, and Social Change
Cohen, P. N. (2014) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Yahirun, J., Sheehan, C. M., & Mossakowski, K. N. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby135 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationOf Masks and Men? Gender, Sex, and Protective Measures during COVID-19
Cassino, D., & Besen‐Cassino, Y. (2020) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x20000616 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Evaluating the Effects of the Great Recession
Danziger, S. H. (2013) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213500454 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“My Husband Thinks I’m Crazy”: COVID-19-Related Conflict in Couples with Young ChildrenPreprint
Calarco, J. M., Meanwell, E. V., Anderson, E. M., & Knopf, A. (2020) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/cpkj6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Conceptualizing Family Structure in a Social Determinants of Health Framework
Russell, L. T., Coleman, M. J., & H.Ganong, L. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12296 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Evandrou, M., Falkingham, J., Qin, M., & Vlachantoni, A. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100761 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
van Mulukom, V., Muzzulini, B., Rutjens, B. T., Lissa, C. J. V., & Farias, M. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab072 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tebb, S. S., & Jivanjee, P. R. (2000) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1300/j083v34n02_06 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
How children's education affects caregiving: Evidence from parent’s last years of life
Jiang, N., & Kaushal, N. (2020) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100875 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Huang, V., Sutermaster, S., Caplan, Y., Kemp, H., Schmutz, D., & Sgaier, S. K. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.06.04.20119131 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Relationship Functioning During COVID-19 QuarantinePreprint
Overall, N. C., Chang, V. T., Pietromonaco, P. R., Low, R. S. T., & Henderson, A. M. E. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7cvdm · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Thomeer, M. B., Umberson, D., & Williams, K. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384978-6.00045-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationEvamdrou, M., Falkingham, J., Qin, M., & Vlachantoni, A. (2020) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/kv8dg · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Montez, J. K. (2020) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781529735994 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 70 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Fine GA, & Abramson CM (2020). Ethnography in the time of Covid-19. Vectors and the vulnerable. Etnografia e ricerca qualitativa, 13(2), 165– 174.
- Prickett KC, Fletcher M, & Chapple S (2020, 7, 3). The parenting myth revealed by lockdown. https://www.newsroom.co.nz/ideasroom/the-parenting-myth-revealed-by-lockdown
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health and Mental Health Care During The COVID-19 Pandemic
Thomeer, M. B., Moody, M. D., & Yahirun, J. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01284-9 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, Y.-C., Byrne, E., & Vélez, T. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x21994153 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Changes in BMI During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Knapp, E. A., Dong, Y., Dunlop, A. L., Aschner, J. L., Stanford, J. B., Hartert, T. V., Teitelbaum, S. L., Hudak, M. L., Carroll, K. N., O’Connor, T. G., et al. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-056552 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Depression, anxiety, and stress in Korean general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Lee, H., Choi, D., & Lee, J. J. (2022) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih.e2022018 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A descriptive literature review of early research on COVID-19 and close relationships
Bevan, J. L., Murphy, M. K., Lannutti, P. J., Slatcher, R. B., & Balzarini, R. N. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221115387 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Relationship Status-Based Health Disparities during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Thomeer, M. B. (2022) · Social Currents · doi:10.1177/23294965221099185 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationVergauwen, J., Delaruelle, K., Dykstra, P. A., Bracke, P., & Mortelmans, D. (2021) · Journal of Family Research · doi:10.20377/jfr-695 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
E-Learning and Social Work Education during COVID-19
Gad, S. (2022) · Public Organization Review · doi:10.1007/s11115-022-00613-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ballerini, J., Alam, G. M., Zvaríková, K., & Santoro, G. (2022) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-06-2021-0695 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Uccheddu, D., & Rizzi, E. L. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbac196 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Couples’ Experiences Managing Young-Onset Dementia Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bannon, S. M., Wang, K. E., Grunberg, V. A., Dickerson, B. C., & Vranceanu, A. (2021) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnab162 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bratter, J. L., Casarez, R. S., Farrell, A. P., Mehta, S. K., Zhang, X., & Carroll, M. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02244-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Thomeer, M. B., Brantley, M., & Reczek, C. (2024) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465241230505 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationApart, but still together: Separated parents living in limbo during COVID‐19
Allen, K. R., & Goldberg, A. E. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12556 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Du, S., Yang, Y., Zheng, M., Zhang, H., Li, T., & Cai, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1365241 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Guo, C., & Sim, T. (2025) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2024.348 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Disrupted Family Plans and Exacerbated Inequalities Associated With COVID-19 Pandemic
Cohen, P. N. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24399 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Herreweghe, L. V., & Lancker, W. V. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1418472 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Level of Knowledge and the Phenomenon of Domestic Violence in the East Coast of Malaysia
Ayob, N., Rauf, S. H. A., & Chik, A. B. (2021) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.210615.081 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Understanding CRT and its implications for family science
Dow, D. M., & Gordon, M. S. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.13017 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mental Health Decline During Corona Virus Outbreak
Swaminathan, B., & Tamilarasan, A. K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-3227-3_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rural Remote Learning in Manitoba During COVID-19: Opportunities and Challenges of Action Research
Smith, C. A., & Moura, G. (2023) · The Canadian Journal of Action Research · doi:10.33524/cjar.v23i2.610 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Michaud, M., Evans, M., Mendez, R., Zapanta, J., Tróchez, A., Mehta, K. M., Márquez-Magaña, L. M., & Parangan-Smith, A. (2024) · Integrative Medicine Reports · doi:10.1089/imr.2024.0009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Motherhood Biographies and Health Over the Life Course
Thomeer, M. B., Ferguson, D., Crutchfield, C., & Reczek, C. (2025) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.70036 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationJamison, T. B., & Scheibling, C. (2025) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.70006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Social Sciences and Inequalities in the New Post-COVID-19 “Normal”
Sá, M. J., & de Serpa, S. N. F. (2022) · Journal of Educational and Social Research · doi:10.36941/jesr-2022-0001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Adult children's responsiveness to parental needs during the pandemic
Lin, I., Wiemers, E., Chin, J. A., Strauss, A. W., Seltzer, J. A., & Hotz, V. J. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.13043 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reconceptualizing risk: toward a theory of small risks in informal family play settings
Stamatis, K. M., Jakopovic, P. M., Rende, K., & Wisneski, D. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1379372
Russell, M. B., King-Meadows, T. D., & Waghmode, A. (2025) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid5090146
Socioeconomic Status and Health
Onge, J. M. S., & Mahmoud, K. (2025) · The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society · doi:10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs0680
Bahhouth, V., & Bahhouth, A. (2025) · Journal of International Health Sciences and Management · doi:10.48121/jihsam.1753550
Family conflict and COVID ‐19: The toll of pandemic‐driven stressors
Bonhag, R., & Brewer, M. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70059
- Authors
- Thomeer, M. B., Yahirun, J., & Colón‐López, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Bowling Green State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thomeer, Mieke Beth
- Venue
- Journal of Family Theory & Review
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 448-463
- ISSN
- 1756-2570 (ISSN-L)
- 1756-2589
- PMC
- PMC8034594
- OpenAlex
- W3114398694
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Family Theory & Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- SocArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG069251)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD050959, R24HD050959)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, health disparities, family, racism, sexism, classism, public policy, organizational decision-making, family health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review