Parenthood and happiness: effects of work-family reconciliation policies in 22 OECD countries
Open accessAbstract
The recent proliferation of studies examining cross-national variation in the association between parenthood and happiness reveal accumulating evidence of lower levels of happiness among parents than nonparents in most advanced industrialized societies. Conceptualizing parenting as a stressor buffered by institutional support, we hypothesize that parental status differences in happiness are smaller in countries providing more resources and support to families. Our analyses of the European Social Surveys (ESS) and International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) reveal considerable variation in the parenthood gap in happiness across countries, with the U.S. showing the largest disadvantage of parenthood. We also find that more generous family policies, particularly paid time off and childcare subsidies, are associated with smaller disparities in happiness between parents and non-parents. Moreover, the policies that augment parental happiness do not reduce the happiness of nonparents. Our results shed light on macro-level causes of emotional processes, with important implications for public policy.
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Country-level policies contribute to the adverse impact of parenthood on wellbeing.
“In particular, as demonstrated in an international analysis (Glass, Simon, & Andersson, 2016), country-level policies (e.g., relative childcare costs, parental leave, work flexibility) contribute to the adverse impact of parenthood on wellbeing.”
From Couples becoming parents: Trajectories for psychological distress and buffering effects of social support (2020) · cites this paper as Glass, Simon, & Andersson, 2016
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- Authors
- Glass, J., Simon, R. W., & Andersson, M. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- Baylor University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Sociology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 886-929
- ISSN
- 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5390
- PMC
- PMC5222535
- OpenAlex
- W2559840796
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 42.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Sociology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042849, P2CHD042849)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- parenthood, happiness, work-family reconciliation policies, family policy, paid time off, child care subsidies, parental stress, cross-national variation, OECD countries, United States
- MeSH terms
- Happiness, Humans, Parents, Organizational Policy, Parenting, Workplace, Family Leave, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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